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AN economist at MIT provided Americans with myth destroying information which should prove effective against the gentlemen of the extreme left. For a number of years they have charged that a small number of companies in each industry has been grabbing more and more of the industry's business. M. A. Adelman has shown that the concentration of business in the hands of big corporations has not shown any sign of growth during the last 50 years. Quite the contrary, there has been a slight decline in this concentration, according to Adelman. There are more small companies per thousand population than ever before. Bearing this out is the fact that International Harvester is now doing 41 pct of the possible market against a former 85 pct; American Can Co. has dropped from 90 pct to 50 pct; American Smelting is down to 31 pct compared with 90 pct; and lastly, U. S. Steel which has plummeted from 65 pct to slightly more than 30 pct of the steel market. Declines of the same proportions have hit big companies in other industries. Price cuts on Detroit's 1953 automobiles indicate that even among the biggest competition is still one of the most important household gods. Big business is still slugging it out for the attention of the American consumer. It's a battle which can only have one result-benefit to the man who buys.

Jan 1, 1953

The Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them of certain properties. United Engineering Trustees, Inc. When Mr. Carnegie made his gift which made possible a home for the engineering societies, a separate corporation was organized to act as a holding company and to manage the common property. This was long known as the United Engineering Society but the name has now been changed to one which more nearly reflects the real function of the corporation. It holds title to the Engineering Societies Building and to various funds placed in its charge and is managed by a Board of Trustees of which three are chosen by each of the four societies, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers and American Society of Civil Engineers, which own equal and undivided interests in the property. The land and building cost two million dollars. The interest of each of the Founders societies, aside from especial trust funds, is now valued at $493,352. The A. I. M. E. trustees are Arthur S. Dwight, J. V. N. Derr and George D. Barron. The President of the Board is Francis Lee Stuart and the Secretary, Alfred D. Flinn.

Jan 1, 1923

Where Does the Mine Dollar Go? BY PAUL M TYLER (Min & Met, April, 183 3900 words) Wage earners on the job get nearly 50 per cent of the mine dollar; salaries normally take over 5 per cent (less for large metal mines); and less than 20 per cent is expended for supplies, materials, fuel, and power The total of all such specified expenditures, which may be loosely described as "direct costs," has tended over several decades to decline from over 75 per cent to under 70 per cent of the gross receipts from the sale of products of mines and quarries The item of supplies and material is far less important in the extractive industries (mines, forests, and fisheries) than in manufacturing For manufactured products the average cost of raw materials was 30 4 per cent of gross sales, almost double the proportion for the mineral industries, whereas factory wages and salaries accounted for only 33 2 per cent instead of 51 9 per cent Within reasonable limits, the margin above direct costs as herein calculated affords a measure of capital's share in the total realized from sales A preponderant group of mineral industries operate under conditions that permit or require a margin of 25 to 45 per cent At one end of the scale are highly organized industries such as sulfur, fuller's earth and iron ore mining employing much

Jan 1, 1935

By AIME AIME

PAST President R. C. Allen, then State Geologist of Michigan, gave George Corless his first job-tracing ?magnetic? with the dip compass in northern Wisconsin. His second job was also with a man now Past President of the Institute-"Chief" Buehler, for whom he worked at Joplin three years. Then came seven years as geologist and later as assistant manager of the Chanute Spelter Co., a subsidiary of The American Metal Co., Ltd. His entrance into the oil business was not planned. During a lull in the zinc industry in July, 1926, he stopped at Houston, after a trip to the Rio Grande Valley, and was so impressed with the city that he decided to migrate. His first job there was with the Texas Company, whose impressive building across from the Post Office caught his eye after he had mailed a letter saying that he was settling in Houston and would not be home until Christmas. Some months later, A.I.M.E. Past President Philip N. Moore learned that he was in. Houston and wrote an unsolicited recommendation that resulted in his present employment with the Humble Oil & Refining Co. Today he is superintendent of the Gulf Coast Division of its production department. The Division extends from Jackson County, Texas, to New Orleans, and includes such pools as Sugarland, Conroe, Toni Ball, Thompsons, Anahuac, and Friendswood. -

Jan 1, 1938

E. M. BROHL. It seems as though the physicists in this crowd in the case of the cartridge cases have been a little in advance of the chemists in the crowd. What I am curious about here, and the way this appears to me, without too much study, is that in season cracking we get an atomic distortion so that both by sound means and by magnetic means we are finding a reluctance of the atomic planetary system to line up in accordance with the so-called good metal. The point that is brought up, or rather that has not been brought up-and I think perhaps we could think of that from the chemical point of view-is that this season cracking as I am used to the stress-corrosion cracking, appears to act much as though it were copper oxide. You remember when YOU take copper oxide films in which we again use this distortion of the atomic system to allow currents to pass selectively in one direction only, we get results almost identical with what we saw on the oscillograph report. In other words, on the one section of this season cracking we had a trace of one phase and if you notice on the sections three and four of the numbered oscillograph trace we had what appears 180 deg. out of phase.

Jan 1, 1945

The Institute conducts jointly with the American Society of Civil Engineers, 'American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Institute of Electrical Engineers, certain activities as listed below, and is joint owner with them if certain properties. United Engineering. Trustees, Inc. When Mr. Carnegie made his gift which made possible a home for the engineering societies, a separate corporation was organized to act as a holding company and to manage the common property. This was long known as the United Engineering Society but the name has now been changed to one which more nearly reflects the real function of the corporation. It holds title to the Engineering societies Building and to various funds placed in its charge and is managed by a Board of Trustees of which three are chosen by each of the four societies, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers and American Society of Civil Engineers, which own equal and undivided interests in the property. The land and building cost two million dollars. The interest of each of the Founders societies, aside from especial trust funds, is now valued at $493,352. The A. I. M. E. trustees are Arthur S. Dwight, J. V. N. Don and George D. Barron. The President of the Board is Francis Lee Stuart and the Secretary, Alfred D. Flinn.

Jan 1, 1929

By Bernard Lallement

INTRODUCTION Geostatistics have been used for five years at the B. R. G. M. to compute the ore reserve estimation. At present this technic is also used at the beginning of the exploration project to determine the best way to prove the orebody. The best way is a compromise between the cost of the exploration and the precision of the estimation. It is clear that geostatistics cannot be used without any data, but very often an exploration project is decided on an orebody which has already been drilled. Old data can therefore be used. This was the case this year for two orebodies: an iron deposit and a lead deposit. The iron deposit was explored by drifts and has now to be proved. We used geostatistics to determine the best drilling pattern. The variograms computed with these old data showed that an anisotropy existed between the two directions of the orebody, which meant that the drill pattern had to be rectangular. The lead deposit was explored by drill holes and a short drift in part of the orebcdy. The problem was to choose between a regular pattern of drill holes or a long drift and some added drill holes. The case of this study will be exposed afterwards. On the other hand, if the orebody is completely unknown, the exploration project generally forecasts two exploration steps (the first step

Jan 1, 1977

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Engineer of many years' experience in mining engineering, construction, public works, contracting, water-power development and operation, having heretofore retired on a sufficient competence, wishes to have employment with thoroughly reputable concern where his experience would be of value; the question of remuneration is of secondary importance. A-2591. Engineer, in military service nearly two years, desires, when discharged, to secure permanent position offering future opportunities. Experienced as mechanical and metallurgical engineer, investigator, teacher. Technical graduate and post-graduate from two of best American schools. Ability as executive, organizer and industrial leader. Especially fitted for industrial position of administrative nature or as technical assistant to industrial manager. Salary expected $4500 to $5000. A-2619. Member A. I. M. E., age 36, twelve years' experience in smelting and hydrometallurgy of copper ores, desires research or works position with responsible company. Speaks fair Spanish. Can handle men. Will welcome difficult metallurgical problems. Salary $5000. A-2627. Mining engineer, recently discharged from the Army as Captain, Engineers, age 38, 15 years' experience in the Southwest and in Mexico in gold, silver and copper mining, engineering, surveying, sampling and assaying, with special training in prospect and mine examination and the development of prospects. Speaks Spanish; immediately available; references. A-2136.

Jan 6, 1919

By AIME AIME

The following persons have been proposed for election as members or associates of the Institute during the period, March 16 to May 1, 1907. Their names are published for the information of members and associates, from whom the Committee on Membership earnestly invites confidential communications, favorable or unfavorable, concerning these candidates. A sufficient period (varying in the discretion of the Committee, according to the residence of the candidate) will be allowed for the reception of such communications, before any action upon these names by the Committee. After the lapse of this period, the Committee will recommend action by the Council, which has the power of final election. The names of candidates were formerly published in the various circulars of the Institute, issued from time to time to the members. Hereafter, they will appear regularly in the Bi-Monthly Bulletin, each number of which will contain the names received since the issue of the preceding Bulletin.

May 1, 1907

By H. J. Rose

SIXTY-FIVE million net tons of coal were carbonized in the by-product and beehive coke ovens1 of the United States during 1924. This tonnage represented 13.4 per cent. of the bituminous coal which was mined in that year. Table 1 shows production and disposition.2 TABLE 1.-Production and Disposition of Oven Coke in 1924 BY-PRODUCT BEEHIVE TOTAL Coal charged into ovens, tons 49,061,339 15,914,310 64,975,649 Coke produced (exclusive of screenings and breeze), tons 33,983,568 10,286;037 44,269,605 Average yield of coke, per cent 69.3 61.6 68.1 Disposition of coke: PER PER PER CENT. CENT. CENT. Blast furnace 82.5 82.8 82.6 Foundry 4.6 13.3 6.6 Domestic 8.3 1.4 6.7 Water gas manufacture and all other uses 4.6 2.5 4.1 Cokes having somewhat different combinations of chemical and physical properties are desired for the various uses listed above, and these properties depend primarily upon the types of coal used. American coals have a wide range of purity and coking quality, and the chief subject of this paper will be the selection of coals for the manufacture of blast furnace, foundry, domestic, and water-gas coke, in by-product coke ovens. It will obviously be necessary to include a discussion of those physical and chemical characteristics that are generally considered essential or desirable for each type of coke.

Jan 7, 1926

By ANTON GRAY

In considering the possibilities and costs of discovering minerals by exploration. mineral occurrences may be classified roughly according to the size of the target they offer to the various methods that have been used to search them out. This classification is advantageous because the methods of search which might be expected to give results in one case may be totally inapplicable in others. Mineral deposits for the most part have been found in groups, or districts, in which the individual deposits occur under the same general geological conditions and usually contain more or less the same metals. There are, also, what are apparently isolated de- posits, although if the truth were fully known many of these probably would not be isolated. These districts, such as the Belgian Congo copper fields, the California Mother Lode, and the Linares lead district of Spain, form the first division of my classification. The second division is formed of the individual deposits of these districts, for example, Kambove mine in the Congo, the Kennedy-Argonaut vein in California, and the Cruz vein at Linares. The third division consists of the separate ore bodies that make up the deposits

Jan 1, 1949

THE first session of the Institute was held in the hall of the Washington University, Wednesday evening, May 27th, President Raymond in the chair. After the address of welcome by Hon. Thomas Allen, and the reply of Mr. Raymond, the following names were presented for election as members and associates, duly indorsed by the Council. They were unanimously elected : *Henry Booth, - New York City. *Charles H. Morgan, - Worcester, Mass. *Howard Painter, - West Chester, Pa. *Dr. M. J. Goodfellow, - Eberhardt, White Pine Co., Nevada *Otto Wittelshach, - Eureka, Nevada. *John T. Williams, - New York City. †Charles A. Young, - Philadelphia. *Charles E. Stafford, - Boston, Mass. *Arnold Hague, - Orange, N. J. *Richard Pearcé, - Black Hawk, Colorado. *W. R. Maffet, - Wilkes-Barre, Pa. *Prof. George A. Koenig, - University of Pa., Philadelphia *Prof. R. Nutting, Jr., - Indianapolis, Indiana. *Edwin Mickley, - Hockendauqua, Pa. *G. C. Broadhead, - St. Louis, Mo. *Dr. Adolph Schmidt, - St. Louis, Mo. *Alexander Leonhard, - St. Louis, Mo. *Edward D. Meier, - St. Louis, Mo. *John W. Meier, - St. Louis, Mo. *Prof. Forrest Shepherd, - St. Louis, Mo. *Edward Walsh, - Pilot Knob, Mo. *George Riggs, - St. Louis, Mo. †Col. Chas. B. Parsons, - Cadet, Mo. † W. A. Scott, - Mine La Motte, Mo. *Prof. Paul Schweitzer, - Columbia, Mo. *William E. Guy, - St. Louis, Mo. †William Harris, - St. Louis, Mo. *Henry Black, - Pittsburgh, Pa. †W. Noyes, - New York City. *W. Lorenz, - Philadelphia. †E. A. Whetmore, - New York City. * Members. †Associates.

Jan 1, 1875

By Leon Hart

THE nickel-chromium alloys of importance are those containing iron and those free from iron. The most important alloys containing iron, with regard to high tonnage, are the nickel-chromium steels. Straight nickel steel was introduced about the year 1889, but it was not until 1895, when it was found that the addition of chromium greatly increased the FIG. 1.-RESISTIVITY OF NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS. strength and resistance to shock, that nickel-chromium steels came into use. The three types of nickel-chromium steels developed at this time were: Type 1, containing 3.50 per -cent. nickel and 1.50 per cent. chromium; type 2, containing 2.00 per cent. nickel and 1.00 per cent. chromium; and type 3, containing 1.50 per cent. nickel and 0.50 per cent. chromium.

Jan 1, 1921

By J. A. Herbst, J. L. Sepulveda, J. D. Miller

Effective bismuth removal from flue dust residues has been accomplished for flue dusts from both zinc and copper smelters. Selective dissolution of bismuth, with respect to silver and lead, can be achieved by the proper manipulation of temperature, sulfuric acid addition and sodium chloride addition. Optimum levels of these variables were determined using a response surface technique to maximize the objective function: Y = %Bi/(1 + %Ag). In the case of the flue dust residue from a zinc smelter, which contains bismuth as an impurity (0.05%), 86% bismuth removal can be realized with less than 1% combined silver and lead dissolution. Similarly, in the case of flue dust from a copper smelter, which contains bismuth as a primary constituent (3.3%), 93% bismuth removal was obtained with little dissolution of silver and lead values.

Jan 1, 1977

By David R. Mitchell

IT is impossible to mention by name all the men and organizations that contributed to this volume. The original manuscripts of the chapters contained acknowledgments of various lengths, but space limitations make it impossible to print them. Suffice it to say that virtually everyone active in coal preparation in the United States contributed directly or indirectly to the contents of the volume. Special thanks are given to manufacturers of preparation machinery for their courtesy and willingness to furnish data, photographs and drawings. I am extremely grateful to Lupo Cinco, Alfred C. Arnold, Alfred E. Flowers, James M. Krese, J. H. Kelley, E. E. Vaccaro, E. J. Sandy, Edward Steidle, Jr., Joseph Fiedorek, David Scanlon, and Joseph T. Weber, former mining engineering students who contributed much of their leisure time for proofreading, checking references, and drafting, and without whose assistance it would have been difficult to prepare the manuscripts for publication this year. All sizes are for round-hole screens and tons are 2000 pounds, unless otherwise stated or indicated. Much of the manuscript material was prepared and edited during the war year of 1942 and I wish to offer my sincere thanks to contributors for their willingness to cooperate during these trying times. No doubt errors and omissions will be found in this book and for these I ask the readers' kindly indulgence.

Jan 1, 1943

The regular meeting of the Trustees of United Engineering Society was called to order at 4 P. M. Thursday, Feb. 27, 1919, in the Board Room of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Engineering Societies' Building, New York. Minutes of a joint meeting of the Finance Committee of United Engineering Society with finance committees of Founder Societies on Feb. 14, were presented. The President called attention to actions relating to the recataloging of the Library and the support of Engineering Societies Employment Bureau of Engineering Council. The activity of the Employment Bureau was approved and support by the Societies informally assured. In response to a communication from the Fifth Avenue Association, the Secretary was instructed to write favoring the continuance of the daylight saving law. As to recataloging of Engineering Societies Library, it was announced that the Mining, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineers had voted appropriations, as requested, and the action of the Civil Engineers was awaited. A list of applications for offices in Engineering Societies' Building, revised to Feb. 27, was read, showing requests for a total of 29 rooms. The President stated that a decision must be reached soon as to what reply shall he made to these applications. Charles F. Scott, one of the original trustees, who was present, remarked upon the growth of United Engineering Society and his satisfaction at its success. ALFRED D. FLINN, Secretary.

Jan 4, 1919

By Mark E. Smith

To allow recovery of gold values from ore which cannot be economically processed by the mill, Pinson Mining Company has developed a run-of-mine heap leaching facility. In order to estimate production scale recovery rates, reagent consumption and percolation problems, a series of pilot scale tests were performed. These tests typically consisted of 3,630 metric tons (mt) (4,000 tons) leach ore at a grade of .94 to 1.56 grams Au per metric ton (g/mt) (.03 to .05 oz. Au/ton). Test heaps were loader stacked to approximately 4.3 meters (14 feet) high. Information from these pilot scale tests was employed in the design and construction of the production scale facility. Parameters such as spray rate, leach cycle, sprinkler placement, and barren solution chemistry were determined by the pilot tests.

Jan 1, 1984

By H. Scott

SINCE Böhler discovered, in 1903, on cooling certain alloy steels, the phenomenon of a new and lower temperature transformation than the usual Ar3_2_1 obtained by increasing the maximum temperature to which the material was heated, much has been published' connecting this phenomenon with a large number of dissimilar steels of high alloy content. From the fact that the transformation divides itself, taking place at two widely separated temperatures, it has been called a "split transformation." The, significant facts established by recent investigators' are: that when the' transformation occurs at the higher temperature Ar', troostite or a decomposition product is formed, and that when the transformation occurs at the lower temperature Ar", the resulting structure is martensite. The terminology Ar' and Ar" adopted here is that of Portevin.3

Jan 2, 1919

By T. F. Witherbee

In the sections, Figures 1, 2, and 3, are shown three crucibles that have been applied to substantially the same furnace, all the conditions having been the same except a variation of one foot of bosh, and a slight variation in the angle of the same. The bosh of No. 3 was originally the same as No. 2, the additional foot in diameter being the result of three months' cutting. Beginning with No. 1, which mas 5 feet 6 inches diameter, with tuyeres 5 feet 4 inches high, and cinder-tap four feet from bottom, great trouble was found in holding iron a proper length of time, four hours being the outside limit when working well, and two hours or less if working badly. "Break-outs" through the iron

Jan 1, 1880

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Apr. 10, 1918 to May 10, 1915. Robert H. Chapman, Washington, D. C. Francis Nicholson, Charlotte Court House, G. A. Collins, Seattle, Wash. Va. W. N. Cummings, Orange, Cal. F. S. Platt, Australian Imperial Force. W. A. Deane, Summitville, N. Y. H. Rabling, Melbourne, Australia. H. W. Edmondson, Camp Lee, Va. James C. Ray, Palo Alto, Cal. H. F. E. Gamm, Rutherford, N. J. Jasper T. Robertson, Chicago, Ill. A. L. Gholz, Minneapolis, Minn. John A. Root, Kings Mills, Ohio. H. H. Hodgkinson, Dover, N. J. Robert H. Seip, Franklin, N. J. Norman L. Jenks, Marmato, Colombia, Trevor B. Simon, Morristown, N. J. South America. H. N. Stronck, Chicago, 111. Paul S. King, Wilmington, Del. Benjamin F. Tillson, Franklin, N. J. Ray G. Knickerbocker, Rolla, Mo. J. R. Underwood, Granby, Mo. Carl A. Lewis, Habana. Thor Warner, Phoenix, Ariz. Robert S. Lewis, Salt Lake City, Utah. G. B. Waterhouse, Buffalo, N. Y. Edmund Newton, Minneapolis, Minn. W. M. Weigel, Renfrew,. Ont., Canada. Alexander Nicholas, Australian Imperial Chas. F. Willis, Tucson, Ariz. Force. Ralph Arnold is devoting a part of his time to work as a member of the Board of Tax Reviewers in connection with the administration of the War Revenue Act.

Jan 6, 1918