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By John D. Morton, J. H. LaVerne Palmer, Douglas J. Belshaw

An extensive programme of ground instrumentation and observation was carried out for the West Duff in Outfall Sewer tunnel project prior to and during construction, to establish the performance characteristics of the rock through which the tunnel and appurtenant openings were dug and to examine the nature of the lining-to-ground interaction. The existence of high horizontal residual ground stresses was confirmed, and values established by overcoring. Rock deformations and stress changes were monitored during tunnelling. Permanent stress and strain monitoring devices were set into the final lining and these are continuing to operate. INTRODUCTION The site is located on the north shore of Lake Ontario at Pickering, some 20 miles (32 kilometres) east of Toronto, Canada where a variable thickness of glacial or interglacial sediments overlies bituminous shale bedrock of. the Collingwood Formation which is lower Ordovician age. Approximately 50 feet (15 metres) of glacial cover exists at the shaft, though this thins abruptly at the regressing cliffed shoreline such that several small areas of exposed bedrock exist in the lakebed. The general location, overall geological section and detailed site plan and profile are illustrated in Figs.1,2 and 3 respectively. General properties of the rock as established during an extensive test drilling and site investigation programme are listed in Table 1, while stress determination by USER overcoring stress meter device are given in Table ll. These data formed the basis of analyses which were done to examine the intended outfall design, and to detail the construction procedure and the observational instrumentation programme.

Jan 1, 1979

By W. J. Nokleberg, B. A. Bouley, T. K. Bundtzen

Central Alaska contains a wide variety of pre-, syn-, and post -accretionary mineral deposits that are related to the growth and evolution of the north-west North American continental margin. Withinpre-accretionary terranes, the Devonian-Carboniferous, carbonate platform-hosted MVT zinc-lead deposits of the Kandik and Reef Ridge districts in central Alaska, and the Devonian-Mississippian volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) polymetallic deposits of the Bonnifield, and Delta mineral belts of eastern Interior Alaska have received the most exploration interest to date. Syn-accretionary rift related, mafic and ultramafic sill swarms and zoned plutons of the Kluane-Nikolai igneous belt are currently being explored for Ni-Cu-Co-PGE deposits. Syn-accretionary granitoid complexes in the PurcellMountains, Illinois Creek, and Sitylemenkat areas have been explored for uranium-REE-gold, and tin-silver mineralization respectivelyPost-accretionary granitoid intrusions and associated volcanic fields that range in age from mid-Cretaceous to early Tertiary contain significant gold-silver-polymetallic resources in the East Central Alaska, Hogatza, and Kuskokwim Mineral belts. Collectively the three main post-accretionary plutonic/volcanic belts of central Alaska are part of the Tintina Gold Province, where exploration since 1990has identified about 848 tonnes gold.

Jan 1, 2000

By V. Svalbonas, M. Fresko

The present versions of the Welding Codes, such as BS7608, have long been known to be compatible with hand computations of membrane and bending stress, rather than detailed finite element solutions. However, in the last five years, in the mining industry, this incompatibility has been largely ignored, and the code interpretations have been pushed into the realms of ground welds, residual stresses, and even flaw growth. Such techniques have to be recognized as extrapolations not necessarily sanctioned by the original code documents. The safety of such extrapolations, as they are related to grinding mill fatigue design, is investigated herein.

Jan 1, 2002

By Charles W. Daugherty

INTRODUCTION The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority's (WMATA's) rapid transit system, Metro, ultimately will comprise 162.5 km (101 miles) of line divided among 10 routes. As shown in Figure 1, about 24 km (15 miles) of the system will consist of mined rock tunnels distributed along the A, B, C and K Routes. The structural construction contracts for all of the A, C and K Route rock tunnels are complete and trains are running in about one-third of them. A contract for construction of rock tunnel section B-9, the southernmost third of the B Route, was awarded on June 27, 1980. The final design of Sections B-10 and B-lla, the remainder of the rock tunnel portions of the B Route and the Metro system, are well advanced and should be under con¬struction by 1982. Of Metro's 87 stations, 11 will have been constructed by mining in solid rock, a not inconsiderable achievement, since each structure must be over 183 m (600 feet) long, wide enough to accommodate two trains and one or two passenger platforms, and high enough to achieve a stable arching action without encumbering columns. With the passage of years, some original priorities have been reordered, and ways have been sought to streamline and simplify this most complex of Metro structures without grossly violating the architectural standards that make it unique. This paper will summarize that search, and describe the design and construction aspects of the resulting product, the dual chamber rock tunnel station.

Jan 1, 1981

By M. Ahrens

Gearless mill drives (GMD) are a well established solution for grinding applications in the minerals and mining industries. The paper describes the functionality and technical features of such drive systems as well as the development and the progress of GMD systems over the years. With an increasing installed base and many drives operating for many years, there is an increasing need to modernize or revamp existing GMD installations. The first installations of GMD took place in the cement industry and have demonstrated that ringmotors can achieve a lifetime well above 40 years, if maintained properly. The life cycle time of many other components, especially electronic parts, is usually shorter. It is therefore necessary to replace aged or out-dated components early enough in a planned manner in order to reduce the risk of component failures and the related shutdown times. Modernization upgrades can range from minor software updates to a revamp of the cycloconverter. The paper describes typical examples of such upgrades and shows the most important aspects that need to be considered.

Jan 1, 2008

By F. N. Kissell, C. D. Litton

This study predicts the level of smoke that miners might meet while trying to escape a coal mine fire and describes how smoke would impede their safe escape. For this study, the authors assumed that miners exit through an escapeway adjacent to the burning entry, that some air would leak from the burning entry to the escapeway. The following conclusions were made: • A very low amount of air leakage to the escapeway can produce a critical level of visual obscurity from smoke. This shows that intake airways may be as susceptible to smoke visibility problems as return airways. • This critical level of smoke obscurity is reached much before a critical level of carbon monoxide is reached. • Small fires can cause a severe sensory irritation that further limits vision. Thus, reliable eye protection is very important. These results show that methods to guide miners through dense smoke will contribute greatly to saving lives during mine fires.

Jan 1, 1993

By Beth Robinson

This first of two articles on the Second Mexican Mining Rail Excursion describes some of the more casual experiences participants enjoyed on last fall’s rail tour of major Mexican mining operations. In this article, Beth Robinson, a graduate student at Colorado School of Mines, describes trip organizers, participants, and some of the unique events occurring during the two-week excursion. Next month, part two of the series will highlight various Mexican mines and plants.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. Kracht

Frothers are surfactants used in floatation to aid generation of small bubbles. Studying events at the moment of bubble creation is a challenge because of the short time frame. This presentation introduces a novel acoustic approach. The technique has the resolution capable of detecting events that occur within 1-2 ms. The transition from coalescence to non-coalescence is tracked as a function of surfactant concentration and gas rate through the capillary. Results are given for some common flotation frothers and n-alcohols (C4-C8). A stress model is used to give a qualitative explanation to the observed action of frothers on coalescence prevention. Results for salt (sodium chloride) are included for comparison).

Jan 1, 2009

By L. B. Hales

Expert control of grinding and flotation plants has been successfully used in the minerals industry since the 1970?s. The earliest of these systems were written in a hard-coded fashion in FORTRAN, BASIC or Pascal. Second generation systems were built using the first experimental expert system shells that were being developed in the artificial intelligence community. Later systems were deployed in expert systems designed for real-time processing plants that also include the ability to model the process with neural network models and optimize setpoint selection through the use of genetic algorithms. [1,2] In spite of the fact that significant performance increases have been achieved using these systems they are not perfect and can be improved. They suffer from the static nature of their rules and to a degree the process models. There is an opportunity to further increase system performance by systematically taking advantage of the tremendous amount of data produced by the expert system to improve the design, the heuristic rules, the model topologies and the use of the models. Data mining refers to extracting or mining knowledge from large amounts of data where the objective is to automatically analyze, classify and summarize the data to automatically discover and characterize trends in it and to automatically flag anomalies. [3] Clearly, modern process control systems are capable of collecting vast amounts of data. Without a doubt, these data contain important information on the operation of our plants and their ultimate optimization. Coupling the information mined from these data with Expert Control Systems should produce more effective control and greater knowledge of the grinding process and the flotation process. Now, with the advent of effective monitoring of entire minerals plant electric consumption it is possible to not only optimize plant production in real-time it is possible to analyze total plant electrical consumption and incorporate it into the plant control logic thereby improving the overall plant economic performance. This is particularly important with the ever more complex power contracts that plants operate under.

Jan 1, 2012

By A. Sand

A 2-dimensional computational model based on the discrete element method (DEM) is utilized for modeling of stamp-charged coke making. In this process, a large volume of coal is compacted to one single coal cake before entering the coke oven. Cake densification and mechanical strength development are key factors for the subsequent production of a high-quality coke. An approach is introduced for model calibration utilizing multiple control parameters obtained from a laboratory-scale stamping device. Experimental data on stamper rebound amplitude, attenuation and peak force are compared with simulation output in a pairwise manner by constructing a criteria space, which allows identification of model settings best satisfying the control parameters. The calibration procedure carried out by multiple criteria comparison aided model parameter selection for reproducing stamper behavior in response to the properties of the cake subjected to compaction. This modeling and calibration procedure offers possibilities for numerically studying the densification and mechanical strength development of coal cakes. However, the approach is also more widely applicable to other compaction processes.

Feb 27, 2013

"Lax, misguided, and dangerous" is Rep. James Santini's description of the official US position on strategic nonfuel minerals. Santini (D-NV), chairman of the House Mines and Mining Subcommittee, criticized the Interior Department for "its long record of benign neglect" regarding the domestic minerals crisis. Santini made his remarks at a news conference at the American Mining Congress convention in San Francisco, where he released his subcommittee report "US Minerals Vulnerability: National Policy Implications." The report-said to be the first major congressional study of the minerals issue by a committee of jurisdiction is the result of a two-year inquiry. The investigation was undertaken, according to the chairman, "because no person or agency in the executive branch of government fully grasps the critical importance of nonfuel minerals to the nation's economy, defense, and quality of life." The report also urges a larger role for the Department of Defense, which has "stood passively by for many years as a consuming by-stander," according to the report. President Carter's incomplete Non-fuel Minerals Policy Review also drew the committee's ire; Santini calls it "a tragic waste that cost tax-payers $3.5 million and the loss of some 13,000 person-days." The subcommittee examined the following issues for its report: • The US minerals industry's inability to meet national raw material needs under a "hodgepodge of contradictory, restrictive, and irrational" federal regulations; • Dependency on foreign sources of strategic minerals in times of "increasing resource nationalism" and "Soviet mineral expansionism;" • National security needs for foreign mineral resources that do not have effective substitutes; • The US government's approach to national minerals policy "amid a growing realization that such a policy does not exist." The subcommittee report includes an analysis of public and private studies on nonfuel minerals and discusses a series of policy problem areas that negatively affect domestic production. Capital formation disincentives, tax policies, antitrust enforcement, environmental laws, health and safety regulations, technical problems, and restricted access to federally-controlled public lands contribute to what Santini calls a "tragic irony." "The irony is that we are a nation vastly rich in mineral resources yet our own government chooses to stifle development of these critical raw materials and thereby increase offshore reliance. The tragedy is that we also are ensuring US vulnerability to severe economic dislocations and a weakening of our national security." In just six years, from 1973-1978, the US trade deficit in nonfuel minerals rose from $2 billion per year to $8 billion, according to the report. The country imports more than 50% of 23 critical minerals, including 100% of its manganese, chromium, cobalt and platinum. The US is promoting its dependence on foreign mineral sources at the very time the security of many of those sources is becoming less certain, the report notes. Santini said the subcommittee investigation revealed a vulnerability that may be more serious and pervasive than that of foreign oil. The US may be able to develop alternate energy resources, but there are no effective substitutes for many nonfuel minerals. The report also discloses that US stockpiles of critical and strategic minerals are of inadequate supply and quality. Holdings of some vital minerals are far below present objectives, and for some there are no holdings at all, according to Santini. To resolve the current crisis, the report makes the following recommendations: • Complete immediately President Carter's Interagency Nonfuel Minerals Policy Review; • Implement (throught the Interior Department) the 1970 Mining and Minerals Policy Act; • Create an Office of Energy and Minerals with the same stature, power, and oversight responsibilities as the Council on Environmental Quality; • Ease federal restrictions on mineral exploration and development on public lands and implement a complete review of public land use policies; •Fund for and fulfill US nonfuel minerals stockpiling objectives; •Increase federal funding for non-

Jan 11, 1980

The trend for using larger equipment in open pit mining to achieve cost effectiveness raises the question about the optimum economic point of scale in the current world of globalization. The present paper treats this question through the prism of a new methodology of assessing the impact of the size of production equipment on the economic outcomes of coal mining ventures. The methodology incorporates a production scheduling optimization model that implements both principles of mine planning, coal quality optimization and waste deferment. The implementation of the waste deferment principle dealing with the spatial and time aspects of the mine sequence arrangement allows the adequate modeling of the optimality of production equipment scale through the use of mine investment parameters, such as, purchase and ownership costs and discounted cash flows analysis. A case study is provided to illustrate the applicability of the new methodology.

Jan 1, 2004

By D. Küster, G. Franken, P. Schütte, J. Vasters

The CTC (Certified Trading Chains) mineral certification system has been piloted in Rwanda since late 2008. CTC project implementation is jointly driven by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and the Rwanda Geology and Mines Authority (OGMR), in cooperation with other national stakeholders. Five Rwandan mineral producers participate in the CTC project with their flagship mining concessions. Based on independent third-party audits, CTC certifies supply chain due diligence measures of these companies engaged in the artisanal mining sector through on-the-ground assessments of mining conditions, transparency, as well as mineral origin and traceability. The CTC system thus allows responsible mineral producers and their clients to verifiably demonstrate supply chain due diligence and good governance in conflict-affected and high-risk areas.

Jan 1, 2011

By D. Campos, J. M. Macedo, S. Chadwick

The incorporation of low cost technology transfer to increase the ability of locals to acquire and maintain long term employment are key ingredients for sustainable industrial development. Alcoa’s Alumar plant on the island of Sao Luis is the largest and most modern refinery/smelter complexes in northern Brazil. The plant has one of the most advanced Environmental, Health, and Safety management process in the aluminum industry. Technical assistance, training and financial support were made available to Alumar to address social sustainability issues. Through several programs led by employees on a voluntary basis and applying intensive and extensive training programs, Alumar has enabled local people to develop skills on agriculture and land management, wastes minimization, small business development and administration, all based on sustainable development and social responsibility concepts.

Jan 1, 2004

By M. M. Botz

There are currently more that 460 mines worldwide that utilize cyanide for gold and silver extraction. Despite this large number of cyanide-related mining operations, there have been no published accounts during the previous 25 years of the death of humans due to cyanide as a direct consequence of major mining-related environmental incidents. All published accounts of human deaths due to mining-related environmental incidents have been the result of physical inundation with tailings or waste rock materials. It appears that major mining-related environmental incidents have not been concentrated in any geographic location, are likely to occur regardless of the size of the mining company and do not occur more frequently with a specific type of mining activity. Several cyanide treatment and recovery technologies have been widely demonstrated to reliably control cyanide levels in mining solutions. With proper use of these technologies, tailings cyanide concentrations can be maintained at levels protective of wildlife while reducing the potential for adverse environmental incidents. The development of an international cyanide code of practice or management plan is recommended and should take into consideration the adoption of a weak-acid-dissociable (WAD) cyanide standard that maintains the levels entering a tailings impoundment below 50 mg/L.

Jan 1, 2001

By SH. Shahsavari, H. Akbari, M. Noaparast, M. Oliazadeh

Mejel valley zircon ore in Iran is located in north part of Iran and was sampled to evaluate its concentration. The aim of this project was to define the mineralogy of this zone and separating zircon from other minerals using gravity concentrators and magnetic separators. It is constituted of various valuable minerals, mainly zirconium, niobium-tantalum, titanium, rare earth elements particularly cerium-bearing minerals namely zircon, sphene and rare earth elements oxides. We used statistical method for designing of experiments. Yates method used for analysis of basic experiments results. The grade of zircon in primary sample was 1.1%. Different experiments were designed to optimize all required parameters. The final concentration with 75% zircon was produced and final recovery was 79%. Finally, lab-scale based flow sheet was prepared using experiments results.

Jan 1, 2005

By Dan Witkowsky

For the 36th consecutive summer, the Colorado Mining Association Education Foundation and the Colorado School of Mines have sponsored “A Total Concept of the Mining Industry” for kindergarten through grade 12 teachers. Teachers from 34 states, plus the District of Columbia and two foreign countries, have graduated from the four-week course. They received six hours of recertification credit. This summer 31 teachers from Colorado, Kentucky, Virginia and Alaska completed the program. The course is unique from other shorter courses in that it solicits teachers of all disciplines from all K-12classes. In addition to the expected earth science and mathematics teachers, the Class of 2004 consisted of educators who teach music, chemistry, biology, social studies, history, basic English and world history. Others in the program included those who teach American history, physical and life science, remedial reading, consumer/family studies, “world of work,” language arts, engineering technology, environmental science, world geography, human anatomy and physiology, and business.

Jan 1, 2004

By E. Bakhtavar

Finding a ?practical spacing between the holes? for use of the expansive mortars is an important problem in dimension stone quarries. Objective has been to first introduce a relationship between this spacing and the dependent parameters in such a way that the required size and shape of the blocks is produced with the maximum efficiency and safety, minimum wastage, conservation of reserves and protection of environment. For this purpose, a dimensional analysis was used. On the basis of granite and marble rock types in Iran two separate relations are hence established to calculate the practical spacing between the holes.

Jan 1, 2011

There are multiple stages in a mining operation that a mining engineer has to draw polygons to be used as operation guidelines. These polygons are drawn by hand and based on engineer?s experience. However, having automatic procedures for forming the shapes can increase the quality and decrease the efforts required. These shapes need to be homogenous in grades and rock types so that the quality and dilution of material sent to the plant can be estimated with the good approximation. In this paper, a clustering algorithm with shape control is introduced which can provide reasonable guidelines for all the aforementioned shapes by manipulating its parameters. At the end, implementations of the algorithm on a small part of a gold deposit with different mining strategies is presented and evaluated based on homogeneity of grade, rock types and determined destinations as well as the shape.

Feb 27, 2013

By Samer Sadek

The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) undertook an exploratory feasibility study to one of the most ambitious tunneling projects in the United States. HNTB Corporation was retained to perform the study, deemed the Atlanta North-South Tunnel, which is approximately 7 miles long and consisting of four lanes (or six lanes) starting at the southern terminus of SR 400 extending to the south connecting with the northern terminus of I-675, providing substantial relief to the Downtown Connector (I-75/I-85), the most congested portion of Atlanta?s freeway system. This paper summarizes the analysis performed during the first phase of this challenging assignment which, if constructed, would be one of the longest roadway tunnels ever built in the United States.