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By P. W. Bridgman

DURING the war, the Navy undertook the construction, under my direction, of an experimental gun embodying features designed to lessen the cost and time of production. These experiments were initiated after representations as to their, desirability had been offered by myself, by the Naval Consulting Board, and by the National Research Council. The first drawings were made in June, 1917, and the experiment was completed in November, 1918. For the sake of clearness it will pay to recapitulate briefly the fundamental idea of gun construction. It is well known that if a hollow cylinder is subjected to internal fluid pressure, the maximum stress occurs in the inside layers, the outer parts carrying much less than their due share of the stress. This inequality of stress is more pronounced the thicker the walls of the cylinder. If such a cylinder is pushed to the elastic limit, failure in elasticity will take place long before the outer layers have reached the limit of their capacity. Economical use of the material would demand, however, that all parts of the cylinder reach the limits of their capacity simultaneously. This may be brought about, at least in cylinders of not too great thickness, by producing in. the inner layers an initial compression, and in the outer layers an initial tension. The effect of internal pressure is at, first to relieve the compression of the inside layers, while increasing the tension of the outside layers. If the initial stresses are properly distributed, all parts of the cylinder will reach their elastic limits simultaneously, thus giving a cylinder of maximum strength for its weight. In gun construction as hitherto practiced, this initial distribution of stress is produced either by winding the inner tube with wire, a common English practice, or by shrinking hoops over the inner tube, which has been the standard American practice. Either process is long and expensive, particularly with the larger guns, 12- or 14-in., which require

Jan 2, 1920

By Stephen Royce

[PAGE Ground Movement Adjacent to a Caving Block in the Climax Molybdenum Mine (TP 2000 by JOHN W. VANDERWILT, Min. Tech., May 1946. Discussion by STEPHEN ROYCE and the Studies of the Design of Shaped Explosive Charges and Their Effect in Breaking Concrete Blocks (TP 2157 by GEORGE B. CLARK, Min. Tech. May 1947. Discussion by PHILIP B. BUCKY, V. H. CLARK, E. D. GARDNER, M. H. HAWKINS, H. L. WALKER, and the author) 2 See TP 2377, Min. Tech., May 1948 for discussion of San Manuel ProsPect (TP 2255 by H. J. STEELE and G. R. RUBLY, Min. Tech., Sept. 1947. Discussion by L. KENNETH WILSON, ELDRED D. WILSON and the authors)] Ground Movement Adjacent to a Caving Block in the Climax Molybdenum Mine STEPHEN ROYCE•-It is interesting to note from B, Fig 2, how closely the subsidence limits approximate to the 60° angle of draw, which is so commonly found to rule in large scale rock subsidence. The tension cracks shown at B are commonly found in the initial stages of subsidence movement and spread like a halo about subsidence limits as movement extends. These tension cracks usually grow into escarpments later on. Apparently from the illustrations and description given, a system of vertical fractures is the predominating weakness in the wall rock at Climax, and therefore both tension cracks and escarpments are prevailingly vertical in attitude. The illustrations in Mr. Vanderwilt's article seem to conform to the general rule that yield by subsidence is heralded by tension cracks which foreshadow the appearance of the subsidence scarps which are both described in the paper and shown in Fig 2. The difference between the B side and the A side of Fig 2 is apparently caused mainly by the vertical fracturing which controls subsidence at Climax as compared to the relatively homogeneous rock formation at A upon which the original figure in Peele's Handbook was based. The draw at B is exactly 60°, while the draw at A is a little flatter. The influence of the vertical fractures explains the difference. The surprising feature is the relatively small deviation from the general 60° draw line, which is about the average of rock subsidence experience. The influence of local fracture systems, faults and bedding in controlling subsidence all the way from extremely low angles of draw to vertical is rather fully discussed in the Peele's Handbook article referred to. The more illustrations of subsidence there are published the better will be our knowledge. The general principles are pretty well established. The wide local differences reflect the effect of local conditions. This paper is a very valuable contribution to the subject, and for the benefit of the mining industry, it is to be hoped that there will be many more such clear and concise presentations. Particularly block caving is apt to be of greatly increasing importance in the future of a mining industry that must meet high labor costs. More examples of block caving from small scale to large scale operations like those at Climax will serve a vital need. JOHN W. VANDERWILT (author's reply)-I would like to thank Mr. Royce for his discussion; however, in his comments the meaning of subsidence, draw and tension cracks is not entirely clear. As used in my discussion of subsidence at Climax, subsidence refers to movements involving appreciable downward displacement. Tension cracks indicate only

Jan 1, 1947

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members who registered at Institute headquarters during June: Ralph H. Sweetser, Columbus, Ohio. O. M. Bilharz, Rivermines, Mo. Etienne A. Ritter, Colorado Springs. Colo. Joseph A. Holmes, Washington, D. C. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. Francis Church Lincoln, Urbana, 111. Arthur Chippendale, Mexico City, Me'. William E. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa. E. T. Miller, Louisville, Ky. E. P. Ross, Johnson City, Tenn. Jesse Scobey, Denver, Colo. H. M. Boylston, Cambridge, Mass. Charles Rhodes, Auckland, N. Z. Edward Keller, Perth Amboy, N. J. John W. Finch, Denver, Colo. F. G. Cottrell, San Francisco, Cal.

Jan 7, 1913

Lake Superior Meeting . PAGE Gathmann, Emil.-Casting and Molding Steel Ingots. Discussed by J. W. Richards.. 2 McCaffery, R. S.-The Acid Bessemer Process. Discussed by Bradley Stoughton, J. W. Richards 3 Elliott, S. R.-Athens System of Mining. Discussed by F. W. Sperr, Lucien Eaton 4 Mercer, H. T. and Paulson, A. C.-Handling and Treatment of Rock-drill Steel at Copper Range Mines. Discussed by Harrison Souder, H. T. Mercer, W. H. Schacht, C. M. Haight 5 Hayden, J. E. and Eaton, Lucien.-Building Reinforced-concrete Shaft Houses. Discussed by William Kelly, T. L. Condron, Lucien Eaton 7 Eaton, Lucien.-Mechanical Ventilation at Lake Mine. Discussed by C. A. Mitke 8 Schacht, W. H.-Steam Regenerators Reduce Coal Consumption. Discussed by 0. P. Hood, W. H. Schacht ? 9 Linton, Robert.-Standardizing at North Butte Mining Co. Discussed by Grant H. Tod, C. A. Mitke 10 Smith, H. DeWitt and Sirdevan, W. H.-Mining Methods and Costs at United Verde Mine. Discussed by C. A. Mitke 12 Davy, Myron A.-Reflecting Microscope for the Mining Engineer. Discussed by C. P. Berkey, W. A. Rukeyser 14 , Norden, J. A. and Willson, A. R.-Hoisting Equipment at Utah-Apex Mining Co. Discussed by E. M. Norris 17 Aldrich, H. R.-The Dip Needle in Stratigraphy. Discussed by H. R. Aldrich, W. 0. Hotchkiss, Carl Zapffe, E. A. Kronquist 18

Jan 1, 1921

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. DAVID 11. BROWNE, Chairman. JOHN H. JANEWAY, Vice-Chairman. F. E. PIERCE, Secretary, 35 Nassau St., New York, N. Y. P. A. MOSMAN, Treasurer. LEWIS W. FRANCIS. BENJAMIN B. LAWRENCE. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman. ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman. HENRY A. WENTWORTH, Secretary-Treasurer, 60 India St., Boston, Mass. A. H. EUSTIS, F. G. STANTIAL. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. STANLY A. EASTON, Chairman. FREDERIC KEFFER, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane. Wash. D. C. LIVINGSTON. FRANK A. ROSS.

Jan 4, 1916

By Marlin J. Veesaert

Urban quarries offer one of the greatest opportunities for profit in nonmetallic mining with limited financial risk-if properly evaluated, planned and developed to meet market needs. Location, with respect to market, is the prime consideration. Geologic considerations and quality of rock are nearly as important. Cost factors and return on investment (ROI) are the principal financial considerations. Risk of capital is determined by weighing all factors that should be considered and how well judgments are based on information acquired. It is a simple, true axiom of business that an investment must be founded on amount of capital required with its expected return plus profit, expertise required to operate, and time involved. Urban quarries generally offer excellent stone product market opportunities. Costs of land with mineral containment and processing operations are much greater than in rural areas. Environmental problems have become increasingly severe. Competition from other quarries in the market area is usually directly proportional to the profit attractiveness. Risk of capital (initial, developmental and operational) can be evaluated and reduced only by thorough analysis of the entire situation. Time and money expended on planning and preliminary investigations probably represent the most productive investment of available company resources. Basic Reasons to Establish a Limestone Quarry Profit Motive: Certainly the dominant and overriding motive must be that of attaining a reasonable profit. In certain situations a quarry firm may acquire land, necessary rezoning (if required), and satisfy all of the other prerequisites preparatory to beginning operations but delaying the actual development.

Jan 1, 1980

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY On April 25, the Mining and Geological Society of Lehigh University held a meeting and elected. the following officers for the college year 1918-1919: C. S. SCHUBERT, President, C. G. GILMAN, Vice-president, H. TSAI, Secretary, E. D. HOLLINSHEAD, Treasurer, C. N. TOMLINSON, A. A. KORVES, Curators. After a short business meeting the Society was favored by three interesting and instructive talks. Mr. C. A. Bonine spoke on the "U. S. Geological Survey" and showed a number of beautiful lantern slides; Mr. R. Rosenbaum read a paper on "Geodes;" and Prof. B. L. Miller presented a brief discussion on "War Minerals." H. TSAI, Secretary.

Jan 7, 1918

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members.) Members who registered at Institute headquarters during June: Ralph H. Sweetser, Columbus, Ohio. O. M. Bilharz, Rivermines, Mo. Etienne A. Ritter, Colorado Springs. Colo. Joseph A. Holmes, Washington, D. C. Dwight E. Woodbridge, Duluth, Minn. Francis Church Lincoln, Urbana, III. Arthur Chippendale, Mexico City, Mex. William E. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa. E. T. Miller, Louisville, Ky. E. P. Ross, Johnson City, Tenn. Jesse Scobey, Denver, Colo. H. M. Boylston, Cambridge, Mass. Charles Rhodes, Auckland, N. Z. Edward Keller, Perth Amboy, N. J. John W. Finch, Denver, Colo. F. G. Cottrell, San Francisco, Cal.

Jan 7, 1913

By T. D. Thomas

CONTENTS PAGE T. D. Thomas-Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines 3 W. H. Forbes-Misfires in Bituminous Coal Mines 12 A. W. Worthington-Misfires in Non-metallic Mining (Limestone) 18 Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines BY T. D. THOMAS, * LANSFORD, PA. (New York Meeting, February, 1929) IN THIS paper, major attention is given to misfires in mines where electric multiple shot-firing is the system used. Misfires are sometimes caused by one action or condition and at other times by a combination of two or more. They may be divided into two classes: (1) those caused by workers in the mines, (2) mechanical or manufacturer's causes. The second cause will be discussed first.

Jan 1, 1929

THE Institute assembled in the metallurgical lecture-room of Pardee Hall, Lafayette College, at 7 o'clock P.M. on Tuesday evening, October 21st. The session was opened by the President, R. W. Raymond, with an address on Mining Industry as illustrated at the Vienna Exposition. The second session was held on Wednesday morning. The Council reported the following names for election as members and associates. They were unanimously elected. †Ayres, W. S., - Easton, Pa. *Baker, Prof. A. L., - Easton, Pa. †Browne, Thomas Nicholl, - Hamilton, Nev. *Carter, Frank, - Pottsville, Pa. *Davis, E. F. C., - Pottsville, Pa. *Fox, Prof. J. G., - Easton, Pa. *Haight, Ogden, - Etna, Pa. †Hall, Norman, - Sharon, Pa. *Knap, Joseph, - Fountain Mill, Pa. †Miller William McKeen, - Easton, Pa. †Pardee, I. P., - Easton, Pa. *Plater, John E., - Eureka, Nev. *Platt, Joseph L., Jr., - Franklin Furnace, N. J. *Plumb, W. H., - Mauch Chunk, Pa. *Reis, George L., - New Castle, Pa. *Samuel, Edward, - Philadelphia, Pa. *Smith, William Allen, - Trenton, N. J. *Smock, Prof. John C., - New Brunswick, N. J. *Weberling, Charles, - Salt Lake City, Utah. Also the following as foreign members Beaulieu, Ad. le Hardy de, - Brussels, Belgium.. Beaumont, Major Fred., - London, England. Beck, Alexander, - Mons, Belgium. Bodmer, J. J., - London, England. Brassert, Berghauptmann, Dr., - Bonn, Prussia. Brogden, James, - London, England * Members. † Associates.

Jan 1, 1874

The Institute assembled in the metallurgical lecture-room of Pardee Hall, Lafayette College, at 7 o'clock P.M. on Tuesday evening, October 21st. The session was opened by the President, R. W. Raymond, with an address on Mining Industry as illustrated at the Vienna Exposition. The second session was held on Wednesday morning. The Council reported the following names for election as members and associates. They were unanimously elected. Ayres, W. S.,.......Easton, Pa. *Baker, Prof. A. L.,.. Easton, PR. Browne, Thomas Nicholl,.... Hamilton, Nev. *Carter, Frank,......Pottsville, Pa. *Davis, E. F. C.,... Pottsville, Pa. *Fox, Prof. J. G.,...,..Easton, Pa. *Haight, Ogden,...Etna, Pa. Hall, Norman,...Sharon, Pa. *Knap, Joseph,......Fountain Mill, Pa. Miller William McKeen,.... Easton, Pa. Pardee, I. P.,....Easton, Pa. *Plater, John E.,......Eureka, Nev. *Platt, Joseph L., Jr.,.....Franklin Furnace, N. J. *Plumb, W. H.,......Mauch Chunk, Pa. *Reis, George L.,......New Castle, Pa. *Samuel, Edward,. ..Philadelphia, Pa. *Smith, William Allen,.....Trenton, N. J. *Smock, Prof. John C.,..... New Brunswick, N. J. *Weberling, Charles,.....Salt Lake City, Utah. Also the following as foreign members: Beaulieu, Ad. le Hardy de,. . Brussels, Belgium. Beaumont, Major Fred.,..London, England. Beck, Alexander,.Mons, Belgium. Bodmer, J. J.,..London, England. Brassert, Berghauptmann, Dr.,. .. Bonn, Prussia. Brogden, James,.London, England.

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

I. Sul~harsenites, Sulphantimonites, etc. In these sulpho-salts, as further explained on p. 320, sulphur takes the place of the oxygen in the commoner and better understood oxygen acids (as carbonic acid, H2COs, sulphuric acid, H4S04, phosphoric acid, H3P04, etc.). The species included are salts of the sulpho-acids of trivalent arsenic, antimony and bismuth. The most important acids are the ortho-acids,

Jan 1, 1922

By Henry Emmett Gross

Two types of decline curves are considered and their applications are discussed. The first is the well-known semilogarithmic decline curve having the rate of production plotted on the logarithmic scale and the time on the horizontal scale. The other curve is the percentage of oil in the fluid versus cumulative production, and it is plotted on Cartesian coordinate paper. These curves are illustrated by carefully and adequately labeled graphs. Where conditions permit application of both types of curves for rationally determining the reserves of a well, both should be applied and the most conservative reserve should be chosen. Formulas are given for determining the economic limits. For a semi-l~~arithmic~decline curve the formula is: A = B X C X D X E X F or B = A/C ? D X E X F A = total monthly operating cost (average of past year), B = economic limit in barrels of oil per day, C = days in an average month = 30.4, D = market price of crude per barrel, E = 1-royalty, F = 1-gross production tax, G = water production in barrels per day at the economic limit, H =per cent oil in fluid at economic limit. The economic limit for a per cent oil in the fluid curve is: H = B/B+G X 100 The semilogarithmic decline curve is treated first. Straight-line extrapolations on semilogarithmic paper follow the compound interest compound discount law, hence the ensuing formulas derived from this law may be used in computing reserves for such extrapolations: [1___1/(1+Y)]

Jan 1, 1939

By Henry Emmett Gross

Two types of decline curves are considered and their applications are discussed. The first is the well-known semilogarithmic decline curve having the rate of production plotted on the logarithmic scale and the time on the horizontal scale. The other curve is the percentage of oil in the fluid versus cumulative production, and it is plotted on Cartesian coordinate paper. These curves are illustrated by carefully and adequately labeled graphs. Where conditions permit application of both types of curves for rationally determining the reserves of a well, both should be applied and the most conservative reserve should be chosen. Formulas are given for determining the economic limits. For a semi-l~~arithmic~decline curve the formula is: A = B X C X D X E X F or B = A/C ? D X E X F A = total monthly operating cost (average of past year), B = economic limit in barrels of oil per day, C = days in an average month = 30.4, D = market price of crude per barrel, E = 1-royalty, F = 1-gross production tax, G = water production in barrels per day at the economic limit, H =per cent oil in fluid at economic limit. The economic limit for a per cent oil in the fluid curve is: H = B/B+G X 100 The semilogarithmic decline curve is treated first. Straight-line extrapolations on semilogarithmic paper follow the compound interest compound discount law, hence the ensuing formulas derived from this law may be used in computing reserves for such extrapolations: [1___1/(1+Y)]

Jan 1, 1939

By W. V. Vietti, E. P. Hayes

OpeRations on the Texas Gulf Coast during 1936 increased materially over 1935. A number of new fields were discovered and a few of the older fields were extended, both by the discovery of deeper pay sands and by lateral expansion of the known producing horizons. Twenty-seven new fields have been discovered, of which 25 are oil fields and the others are gas fields that have every indication of becoming oil-producing areas. Amelia, Anahuac, Bay City, North Pettus, Placedo, Pickett Ridge and Tomoconnor have had major extensions. Production for 1936 amounted to 91,224,844 bbl., an increase of 21,627,033 bbl., or 31 per cent, over the 1935 production of 69,597,811 bbl. The number of producing wells at the end of 1936 was 6727, as compared with 4851 at the end of 1935. Proration has continued in force, thus decreasing the rate of depletion and the number of abandonments normally expected. New Fields A brief discussion of the new fields follows, in addition to Tables 1 and 2, which contain the general data on these fields. Aransas (McCampbell).-Buckingham and McCampbell No. 1 McCampbell was drilled to 7501 ft., then plugged back to 6560 ft. and completed in the Marginulina for a 100-bbl. flowing well on July 18. Bee County.—The Voss field, discovered by Swiger and Devonian's No. 1 Voss, and the Holzmark field, discovered by Miller and Donzis on the Holzmark farm, are both of the same type structurally and are caused by folding against a fault, one field being on one side of a fault and the other on the opposite side of the same fault. Brooks County.—-Standard Oil Company of Texas Garcia No. 1, the discovery well in the Alta Mew field, and Dick Young's Singer No. 1, the discovery well of Alta Verde, appear to indicate small fields. Garcia No. 1 was drilled to 8022 ft. and plugged back to 2485 ft., at which depth the well made 189 barrels. Lockridge.—This gas field was discovered by Gulf Production Company's Fairfield No. 1, in Brazoria County. It was originally drilled to

Jan 1, 1937

By William H. Spice

Drilling activities in South Central Texas for the year 1945 continued the steady increase over the past two years, while new fields discovered for the year included four new gas fields and one field extension. In the 30 counties included in this area, which comprises district No. 1, Oil and Gas Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, 141 exploratory wells were completed, compared with 61 drilled in 1944 and 29 drilled in 1943. Of these 141 tests, 55 were field well and 86 were wildcats; 38 were completed as oil wells, S as gas and gas-distillate producers, and 95 were abandoned as dry. Atascosa and McMullen Counties were the most active in the district, accounting for 73 of the wells drilled.

Jan 1, 1946

By Albert Sauveur

IT is not without some hesitation, and even misgiving, that I venture into a discussion of the now classical Roberts-Austen Roozeboom diagram, lest I too fail, like so many other writers, in giving a satisfactory and logical explanation of these interesting curves. Roozeboom's original diagram is reproduced in Fig. 1. The generally accepted meaning of the various curves has been so often described before this Institute that it will suffice to recall it briefly before passing to my own interpretation of the changes involved.

Nov 1, 1906

1938 ABERNATHY, G E Feb 6, 1948 Min & Met Apr 1948 1937 ADAMS, ARMY Aug 20, 1949 Min Eng Dec 1949 1946 ADDY, GEORGE E Sept 24, 1950 Min Eng July 1951 1920 ALDERSON, WILTON P Feb 1951 Min Eng Sept 1952 1896 ALDRICH, T H , JR May 24, 1950 Min Eng Aug 1950 1942 ALDRIDGE, LEONARD June 8, 1952Jrn Met Sept 1952 1919 ALLEN, ROLLAND C July 18, 1948 Min &Met Sept 1948 1950 ANDERSON, C P Unknown Min Eng Feb 1951 1937 ANDERSON, JOHN H May 10, 1950 Min Eng Aug 1950 1914 ANDERSON, L DOUGLASS Unknown Min Eng Nov 1951 1948 ANDRAU, E W K Oct 20, 1951 1936 ANDREWS, CHARLES B Apr 19, 1950 Min Eng June 1950 1918 ARMITAGE, PAUL June 28, 1949 Min Eng Oct 1949 1924 ARMSTRONG, PERCY A E Jan 23, 1949 Min Eng May 1949 1906 ARNOLD, CHARLES LE NEVE Aug 7, 1949 Min Eng Oct 1949 1945 ARNOLD, HAROLD S Aug 7, 1950 Min Eng Oct 1950 1936 ASH, JAMES E Dec 17. 1949 Min Eng Apr 1950

Jan 1, 1952

By Bauer. Larry G.

The vast coal reserves in the Wyoming, Montana, North and South Dakota region are sufficient to supply the total energy needs of the United States for several hundred years. Not only is there an abundance of this sub-bituminous and lignite coal available, but it is easily obtainable by strip-mining . The overburden varies from several feet to several hundred feet. This western coal has yet another asset, namely, a low sulfur content. Whereas eastern and midwestern coal has a sulfur content of 2.5%, the upper Great Plains coal contains sulfur in the 0.5% range. The importance of the sulfur content of the coal is a direct result of federal government emission standards for sulfur dioxide (SO2). Hand (1) points out that "sub-bituminous coals and lignites have a propensity for retaining this sulfur in the ash under certain conditions which is not evident in higher rank coals." This would tend to reduce further the SO2 concentration in the combustion gases of boilers. Western coal is no panacea, however, in that it is far removed from most population and industrial centers. Furthermore, the moisture content of the coal varies from 20 to 40%. This moisture is almost exclusively inherent, that is, it is chemically and physically bound to the organic matter of the coal. It is believed that the water forms a part of the coal structure perhaps as water of hydration of organic salts or organic acids, perhaps by hydrogen bonding, or perhaps by simple adsorption (2). The primary market for this coal is the electric power industry. Lesser markets will be as coke for the steel industry and possible as a raw material for coal gasification and coal liquefaction plants.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. M. Brown

SEQUACHEE Valley includes portions of the counties of Marion, Sequachee, Bledsoe and Cumberland. It extends in a general direction parallel with the Great Valley of East Tennessee, some 75 miles northward from the Alabama state line. It is separated from the Valley of East Tennessee by a mountain arm about a dozen miles wide, known as Wallen's or Walden's Ridge. The genesis of the valley, geologically speaking, is simple. It is an erosion-valley along the axis of an anticlinal. The point of the wedge remains in a row of low "saw-tooth" hills, running up the center of the valley. These hills are of Lower Silurian age, and consist of Trenton limestone, covered and protected in some measure by chert. Walls of Carboniferous age form the inclosing mountains on either side; whilst a magnificent arch of Hudson River, Niagara, Hamilton and Subcarboniferous strata closes the valley at the

Jan 1, 1886