Search Documents

By Peter J. Nicholson

The methods of reinforcement to be discussed in this paper are all insitu methods, ones that can be used on the soil structure as it exists in the ground, and do not rely on excavation and replacement of the soil. Current practice in the United States, as well as new ideas and methods, will be discussed as they relate to slope stability, retaining walls, and to other uses such as control of mine or cavity related subsidence and to liquefaction control under existing structures. The method is based on the concept of "nailing" or reinforcing the soil in place, and thereby causing a mass of soil to act as a coherent unit. When performed properly, a true gravity structure can be constructed, one that will remain intact under both horizontal and vertical loadings and that will also resist vibrational and seismic loadings.

Jan 1, 1991

"Many advances in glass technology and processing are being made and the possibilities for glass as a material in the future appear unlimited. Float glass, glass-ceramics, high-strength sheet and container glass, glass-reinforced plastics, glass for electronic equipment, aerospace glass, glass fibres, glass vehicles, glasses with selective-reflective coatings and glare-reducing glasses, to name a few, provide areas of significance at present and for the future. There appear to be great opportunities, in certain localities of Canada, to develop new sources of raw materials for an expanding Canadian glass industry.New developments in the structural clay products industry have centered around facing brick as a structural load-bearing material, prefabricated brick panels, large-sized units, isostatic pressing of sewer pipe and auto-matic settmg of brick. Fast-firing techniques, using prefired or calcined raw materials, and the development of high-strength products will result in the use of a wider range of raw materials in the whiteware and structural clay products industries.Porcelain enamel, a material used for many years in domestic appliances and for sanitary ware, now is used extensively in architecture, agriculture, water tanks, highway signs and reflectors, and in products where resistance to corrosion-plus-temperature is important. Exotic composites of ceramics and metals, and specialized ceramic coatings applied on metals by various techniques such as flame spray, plasma jet, or vapour and chemical deposition have proved useful in materials for aircraft power plants, rockets, missiles and nuclear applications."

Jan 1, 1967

By Barry A. Hillman

The rapid evolution of computer and field sensor technology is now providing the ability to integrate mine and office operations. Digital maps and mine plans as well as CAD and GIS can be transferred to ruggedized field computers for development of real-time mine surveys and real-time GPS machine navigation and monitoring. Surveyors can insure that their surveys are accurate before returning to the office. Engineers and surveyors are also able to upload field computer-based surveys to mine planning software and directly to mine equipment including shovels, drills, and dozers providing the operator of the equipment with a real-time view of their work space. Production information can be transmitted through dispatch and/or centralized mine servers to update mine plans with mining progress and production data. Static mine models then become a dynamic element of operations, providing greater use of information that emphasizes the spatial aspects of the mine by providing real-time maps, productivity charts, and graphs. This information can be disseminated through various mine communication systems to provide operators and management with real-time feedback as well as daily and weekly reports. Integrated systems now being used in extensive trials are reporting productivity increases of 4 -7% or more thereby providing rapid payback to the mine.

Jan 1, 1998

By E. C. Yeager, E. O. Wagner, A. W. Koth, V. F. Parry, J. B. Goodman, D. G. Gernes, W. L. Patty

"In July 1943, the Bureau of Nines received an appropriation to investigate the beneficiation of Minnesota iron ores through the use of lignite. The broad objective was to find a way to link the large deposits of lignite in North Dakota with the low-grade iron ores of Minnesota. It was proposed that sponge iron might be made through new methods of processing, and one of the objectives was to determine the possibilities of gaseous reduction of fine ore. The problem of obtaining high-hydrogen reducing gases from lignite was assigned to the Subbituminous Coal and Lignite Section of the Bureau of Mines in August 1943.Through the advice of technical consultants and men familiar with the mineral resources of Minnesota and North Dakota, a tentative program of development was outlined. The first proposal was to study the gasification of lignite briquets in a standard water-gas machine. Previous experience with gasification of lignite indicated that the raw fuel would not be suitable for use in the conventional water-gas process on account of degradation, but gasification of lignite briquets appeared possible. Through the cooperation of the Northern State Power Co„ a series of tests was made at the company's plant in Grand Forks, N. Dak., on lignite-char briquets made by the Lehigh Briquetting Co. at Dickinson, Dak. These briquets are made by the Lurgi process, and they have been used satisfactorily as a domestic fuel. The object of the tests was to compare gasification properties of lignite-char briquets with those of gas. coke made from Kentucky coal, normally used in the Grand Forks plant. The tests revealed that the lignite-char briquets were not suitable for gasification, in the standard water-gas process because of disinte-gration and low efficiency caused by loss of fine carbon.While these investigations were underway, a joint Minnesota-North Dakota Development Commission was formed to aid in planning investigations on development of mineral resources of the two States. Some members of this commission were technical men, who with consulting engineers on the Bureau's staff made up an unofficial technical committee, and assisted in solving certain problems connected with gasification of lignite and beneficiation of iron ores. This committee has been of 'real assistance in guiding the investigation.A technical meeting was held in Minneapolis on November 10 and 11, 1943, for further discussion of objectives and certain technical problems. Results of tests on lignite briquets were presented, and several reports analyzing other methods of gasification were discussed. The Reyerson-Gernes process for the continuous gasification of lignite in an externally heated retort was considered from several angles. This process differs from others in that the natural moisture in the coal is utilized to help gasify the coal, and the volatile matter is largely decomposed. Although this process had been carried out successfully in a small steel retort, no definite design for a commercial-scale retort had .been developed. It was first proposed that the process might be carried out in a Glover-West retort. However, it was brought out that a Glover-West retort would require modification to simulate the process correctly, and that good results might not be obtained even then owing to the leakage of gas through the refractory walls and to an anticipated low rate of heat transfer at the gasification temperature suitable for lignite. Further, the probable leakage of inert furnace gas into the water-gas would be adverse to the Objective to obtain a gas that could be purified to 96 percent hydrogen."

Jun 1, 1946

By Arístides Sotomayor

El presente texto señala la importancia del oro a nivel financiero y minero ya que los inversionistas suelen utilizar este metal para obtener ganancias debido al mínimo riesgo existente en la pérdida de su valor comparado con otras divisas. Así, se estima que en el Perú, existen 480 unidades mineras de oro, de las cuales 28 concentran cerca del 90% de la producción nacional, como la Minera Yanacocha, Minera Barrick, Compañía de Minas Buenaventura, Consorcio Minero Horizonte, Aruntani y Aurífera Retamas. Entre las dos regiones que producen mayor cantidad de oro está: Cajamarca y La Libertad ( 38%) y la tercera región es Arequipa, seguida por Madre de Dios (9%).

May 1, 2016

"Guideline Augered Cast-In-Place (ACIP) Pile Specification and Commentary11.0 GENERAL1.1 SCOPEThe Pile Contractor shall furnish all labor, materials, tools and equipment necessary for furnishing, installing and testing Augered Cast-in-Place (ACIP) piles as shown on the Contract Drawings and as specified herein.ACIP piles are commonly referred to by several other names. Some of them are trademarks or service marks owned by Foundation Contractors and some are names that try to describe the installation process. The term “cast-inplace” is sometimes replaced with “cast-in-situ,” especially in Europe. Some common names are Auger Cast Piles, Intruded Mortar Piles, Augerpress Piles, Augered Pressure Grouted Piles, AugerPile Foundations, Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Piles, Grouted Bored Piles, Augered Grout-Injected Piles, Drilled or Augered Uncased Piles, and Uncased Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles. To avoid confusion, ACIP pile will be used exclusively herein.1.2 PILE CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONSThe ACIP piles shall be installed by an experienced Pile Contractor who upon request of the Engineer shall submit evidence of successful ACIP pile installation under similar job and subsurface conditions, including a job supervisor who shall have a minimum of five years of method specific experience.The proper installation of the ACIP piles is dependent upon the procedures used by the Pile Contractor’s field representatives and equipment provided. The Pile Contractor’s personnel responsible for the installation should have relevant experience with the auguring and pumping equipment, experience placing piles under similar site conditions (including restricted headroom if appropriate), in similar subsurface conditions, as well as experience handling the special grout mixes, admixtures, etc."

Jan 1, 2016

By Robert S. Hill

"In November 1942, a preliminary report on the Swartz Mining District by John H. Soule, an engineer of the Bureau of Mines, recommended an exploratory program of diamond drilling. The existence of zinc and lead deposits in this region had been known for many years. In 1943 and 1944, the Federal Geological Survey made a detailed study of the same area. Later work done by the Bureau of Mines in this district followed the suggestions made by these geologists.3/In the latter part of 1944, Felix A. Vogel, Jr., another Bureau engineer, made a study of the Grey Eagle mine in the Kingston Mining District, a few miles northeast of the Swartz district, and his recommendations for diamond drilling were followed in so far as funds permitted. Drilling was started in October 1943 and was completed in June 1945.4/In its program of exploration of Mineral deposits, the .Bureau of Mines 'Ms as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution t national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, R. G. Knickerbocker, chief, analyzes samples of ore and performs beneficiation tests. Both these branches are under the supervision of Dr. R. S. Dean, assistant director.With respect to this report, special acknowledgment for assistance is due to C. H. Johnson, chief of the Rolla Division, Mining Branch, and to various members of the Geological Survey."

Sep 1, 1946

By A. Ludkin

The paper presents the history of the occurrence of spontaneous combustion in the north area, together with the associated problems. These are examined and a description is given of the methods used to combat the danger, including the use of modern scientific instrumentation. Detailed reference is made to the underground trials with pack injection and sealant coatings which were carried out at Seafield Colliery following the formation of a working group to assess the performance, in the same underground conditions, of (1) sandbagging, (2) pack injection, (3) surface coating. Based on these trials, an improved and more economical method of prevention has been established. There is, however, still scope for further improvement in techniques which would take into account the problems of gradient, transport, manpower and cost.

May 23, 1905

By P. T. Craddock, H. V. Paliwal, L. K. Gurjar

The Indian cultural heritage of mining, smelting and the use of minerals and metals dates back to ancient times. Although the exact date of the commencement of such activities in India is not certain, Indians are known to have been familiar with gold, silver, copper, tin and lead and to a lesser extent with iron at least since the Vedic period (Table 1).

Jan 1, 1999

By W. E. Pittman

The Bureau of Mines, as part of its Health and Safety Technology Program, is conducting research on the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) for mine hazard detection. GPR offers a possibility of mapping immediate below-surface geologic conditions, including faulting and other anomalies, thereby exposing potential safety hazards to miners. This report summarizes a literature review of the current status of GPR research in and outside the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1984

By W. G. McBride

INTRODUCTION Preparation of this article, at the request of the Committee on papers, has been undertaken in the hope that it may stir up helpful discussion and constructive criticism. The Canadian mining industry is in the dumps and there is no use trying to deny the fact; nor does it help to say that other industries are in as bad or a worse condition. Let us face the situation honestly and see just how serious it is. The entire financial and industrial world is in a state of depression. The gravity of the case is no doubt exaggerated by contrast with the wave of optimism and false prosperity which pre-ceded it. The prevailing gloom and pessimism are just as irrational as was the former super-optimism. As far as we mining engineers are concerned, the causes are quite beyond our control, and it is the effect upon our own industry which interests us most. This effect is an accumulation of mineral products with consequent depression in price to a point where profits have almost, if not quite, disappeared. Whether this accumulation of stocks is the result of over-production or under-consumption is difficult to say, but it would seem likely that there is a combination of the two. The introduction of selective flotation has brought about a large increase in the production of zinc, a moderate increase in the production of lead, and a comparatively small increase in copper. It has turned relatively small mines into great producers, as in the case of the Sullivan, revived expiring mines like La Cananea, and brought-in new ones like Flin Flon

Jan 1, 1931

By J B. Magee

Sheep Creek Mines Limited has developed several operating techniques that have greatly assisted in keeping unit costs at reasonable levels. Some of the techniques, as described in this paper, include organization, accounting, warehousing, bonus and contracts. INTRODUCTION THIS paper is a non-technical report on operating techniques developed by Sheep Creek Mines Limited at their Mineral King mine, located near lnvermere, B.C. Depressed metal prices and continually rising labour and materials costs have necessitated a continuous search for method to keep operating costs down. The newly developed techniques and practices have greatly assisted in maintaining unit costs. Sheep Creek Mines Limited is a mining company incorporated under the laws of the Province of British Columbia. The Company's share capital is 3,500,000 common shares, witl1 a par value of 50 cents each, of which there are 1,875 000 shares is-sued. The Company has eight di-rectors. The administration, exploration and accounting offices are located in Nelson, B.C. The Company's working capital is approximately $1,500,000.

Jan 1, 1963

By Carl L. Bieniewski

In a Bureau of Mines supply evaluation, the known uranium resources in the United States are estimated to have a total recoverable uranium oxide (U3O8) content of 3,132,400 tons at prices up to $69.32 per pound. Only those resources were evaluated for which sufficient quantity data are available and process technology exists for recovering uranium. A total of 160,800 tons of U3O8 is available at $8 per pound from ore deposits presently mined and an additional 244,700 tons available at prices up to $30 per pound from similar but usually lower grade deposits. A total of 2,726,900 tons of U3O8 is available from four other resources: copper leach solutions, wet-process phosphoric acid, Florida phosphate rock Leached zone, and Chattanooga Shale. These resources contain from 30,000 tons of recoverable U30, at a price of $7.52 per pound as a byproduct of copper leach solutions to 2,557,300 tons at a price of $69.32 per pound from Chattanooga Shale.

Jan 1, 1971

By J. E. Terry

This paper outlines the steps that are being taken to close the gap between training and industry and indicates areas in which more work needs to be done. Although based on experience in the Maritime Provinces, it is applicable to industrial and educational studies across the length and breadth of Canada.

Jan 1, 1970

By Jane Applegate

This report documents efforts to design, develop and test a training approach which would assist front-end loader operators in the acquisition of skills and awareness to reduce the probability of their involvement in accidents in the mining environment. The goal of this project was to prepare and use (on a trial basis) a training method and materials which would be generally applicable to any loader and surface mining operation while at the same time, be adjustable by mine personnel to meet the specific needs of each mining operation. This effort resulted in the Front-End Loader Training System, a structured, performance-based training approach with diverse instructional aids and classroom and on-machine training experiences. Validation of the System at a large western mine demonstrated the utility and flexibility of the training approach and materials.

Jan 1, 1983

By Sara J. Davenport

The human race has been exposed to copper for thousands of years, as copper and gold were the metals first used by man (1). if According to Ramazzini (2), "of all the metals that man's ingenuity has contrived to dig out of the bowels of the earth, iron and copper are the most useful, far more so than silver and gold." Workings of copper in the oldest known copper mine associated with the smelting of this metal have been traced back to 4300 B. C. Facts revealed by archeological research in India, Austria, Hungary, France, Italy, and Spain indicate that the use of copper probably began about 5000 B.C. (3), and that about 4000 B.C. a copper age came intermediate between the stone and bronze ages (4). Copper ores are rather widely distributed and are found in nearly every country. Many of the copper minas of Europe have been worked since before the Roman Empire. The must important mines in Europe occur in the district around Huelva, extending into Spain and Portugal. The German deposits are located mainly about Mansfeld (Rhenish Prussia); they have been worked continuously for 1,000 years. Some of the mines in Africa have been worked by the natives for centuries, and China has produced copper from shallow pits for thousands of years. India also has many ancient mines worked in the early centuries (2).

Jan 1, 1953

By Gino Vogt

In mechanized tunnelling operations, performance, consumption and safety are main factors for jobsites. One of the most important components effecting these factors, especially in slurry TBM operations, are Slurry Treatment Plants (STPs). Inadequately dimensioned and designed STPs create bottlenecks for tunnelling operation and jeopardize time schedules and performance. Inefficiently planned STPs could drastically increase consumption figures such as electrical power, bentonite, water polymers, etc. Inaccurately selected and treated suspension properties can cause a high-risk potential for the whole project. This paper debates the relevant key parameters for STPs from start to finish of a project and its results in influencing factors from the manufacturer’s point of view.

Dec 1, 2022

This report, 27th in a continuing series1, describes Bureau of Mines research and technologic work on coal and related investigations during 1962. While the brief discussion in each section of the report presents only the highlights of Bureau work during the year, details of many investigations can be found in publications cited in this text. Other work, reported here for the first time, will be covered in greater detail in later publications. Recent trends in coal research and technology both at home and abroad were reviewed in several publications2. Bureau research, as in the past3, continued to stress improved methods of mining, preparing, processing, and using coal. The program included a wide variety of applied and basic studies for developing information useful to the coal mining industry and the coal consumer while promoting wise conservation and utilization of our coal resources.

Jan 1, 1963

This report, 27th in a continuing series1, describes Bureau of Mines research and technologic work on coal and related investigations during 1962. While the brief discussion in each section of the report presents only the highlights of Bureau work during the year, details of many investigations can be found in publications cited in this text. Other work, reported here for the first time, will be covered in greater detail in later publications. Recent trends in coal research and technology both at home and abroad were reviewed in several publications2. Bureau research, as in the past3, continued to stress improved methods of mining, preparing, processing, and using coal. The program included a wide variety of applied and basic studies for developing information useful to the coal mining industry and the coal consumer while promoting wise conservation and utilization of our coal resources.

Jan 1, 1963

Quay Magnesium Limited (QMG) listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in late September 2004 having raised approximately A$30 million with the object of designing, constructing, commissioning and operating a 15 000 tpa magnesium alloy production facility in Nanjing, China. Site construction commenced in February 2005, with installation of all major components completed by the end of October 2005. Hot commissioning was simultaneously commenced with the final stages of installation, leading to the first stage of continuous ingot casting by mid November 2005. Since that time, ramp-up to the name plate capacity has been undertaken. This presentation highlights some of the more significant technical and logistical hurdles that have had to be overcome in order to meet the high quality product specifications required by a range of QMG customers.

Jan 1, 2006