Search Documents

By Robert L. Hoss

The application of Muskat's differential equations for predicting the performance of a solution gas-drive reservoir to the Fullerton field indicates that a recovery may be expected of 14,030 bbl per acre under primary depletion, and 15,910 and I7,190 bbl per acre, respectively, under the two pressure-maintenance programs analyzed. In this analysis it is assumed that fluid properties are the same throughout the reservoir, that the core data used are typical of the Clear Fork limestone in the locality, and that injected gas is completely diffused through the pay zones. The economic study of the three recovery programs considered indicates that the one in which 60 pct of the produced gas is returned to the formation is the most profitable. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of pressure maintenance by gas injection on the ultimate recovery of oil from a solution gas-drive reservoir. This prediction of reservoir behavior is the result of calculations based on the equations presented by M. Muskat in the Journal of Applied Physics, March 1945. Reservoir The reservoir analyzed is the Fullerton field in Andrews County, West Texas. It is situated on a broad anticlinal structure with approximately 330 ft of closure, and extends approximately eight miles north and south and five miles east and west. The areal extent is taken as 16,642 acres. The producing horizon is the Lower Clear Fork limestone of Permian age, occurring at depths from 6650 to 7350 ft. It is divided into four zones. For the purposes of this study, the fluid characteristics in all zones are assumed to be the same. Therefore an equivalent zone is assumed of thickness equal to the sum of the thicknesses of the four zones, or an average of 216 ft. The reservoir contains 3,586,991 acre feet of producing limestone, with an initial volume of stock tank oil in place of 918,-403,100 bbl. The average connate water saturation is 24.0 pct. The permeability ranges from 6.7 md. to 12.6 md., and the porosity ranges from 7.7 pct to 11.4 pct, except for occasional cavernous streaks. Based on these values, the limestone may be considered intergranu1ar.l Production histories and material-balance studies have indicated that the driving mechanism is solution gas. Water levels have been established. Theory It is possible to express mathematically the change in residual oil saturation with pressure decline in a solution gas-drive reservoir as being equal to the change in the physical properties of the fluids present in the reservoir as this pressure decline occurs. Essentially these equations, in differential form as presented by M. Muskat,2 express quantitatively the instantaneous net effect

Jan 1, 1948

By P. Campbell, E. M. Gardy, L. Hachkowski

Introduction The efficient process control of a uranium mill and its associated mining operation requires a nearly continuous knowledge of the uranium concentration in the ore. Generally, the approach is to use laboratory assays of grab samples from the mill feed belt. In some cases, elaborate and expensive systems have been used to ensure random sampling, but even with these systems, mass-balance discrepancies still exist. There is a requirement for an on-line instrument that can give a prompt, accurate analysis of a large portion of the feed stock. The authors have recently evaluated a laboratory system that achieves these goals using neutron activation and delayed neutron counting. The development of the on-line uranium ore analyzer is a consequence of previous work done at the Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (WNRE) (Campbell et al., 1978 and 1981), and is based on the emission of delayed neutrons after the neutron irradiation of fissionable materials. The mechanism of delayed neutron emission has been described (Keepin, 1965), but briefly is as follows. The fission fragments resulting from irradiation are in an excited state. Certain of these delayed fission products, precursors, decay to a more stable state by the emission of a delayed neutron. The delayed neutrons can be divided into six groups with effective half-lives ranging from 0.2-55 sec. It is important to note that more than 50% of the delayed neutrons are emitted within the first 6 sec after irradiation; this has an influence on the design of the analysis instrument. Measurement Cycle The measurement cycle involves a neutron irradiation, a delay time, and a counting period. The laboratory demonstration model of the ore analyzer comprises a californium-252 neutron source, a source chamber, a pneumatic transfer facility, and a neutron irradiation and counting module [(Fig. 1)]. The ore sample is placed in the irradiation chamber. The neutron source is transferred to the center of the chamber for a 5-sec irradiation while the helium-3 thermal neutron detectors are switched off. As the source returns to the storage chamber, the detectors are switched on and the delayed neutrons counted. The total assay cycle is 16 sec. The current instrument design calls for the ore to be cut from the main belt every 16 sec by a mechanical arm and dropped into the analyzer directly, or via another belt. The cycle starts when there is a sufficient mass of ore in the irradiation chamber to depress a switch and stops when the delayed neutron count is finished. The ore is then dropped through the bottom of the analyzer chamber and returned to the main belt. The counts from each cycle are accumulated and the data reduced to give the desired information.

Jan 1, 1985

By I. D. Shah

A roasting procedure for synthetic copper sulfide which results in a reproducible transient melting at 450° and 470°C is described in this paper. Possible causes for this melting phenomenon are suggested, and also a procedure to avoid it during the roasting. This melting is believed to be responsible for the occasional occurrence of stickiness in the commercial roasting of copper sulfide concentrate. Many workers have studied the roasting of copper sulfides, but only Lewis et al. have reported that fusion and, in some cases, fusion with "boiling" occurred in the neighborhood of 450°C. The DTA and TGA apparatus, the materials used in this investigation, and the discussion of chemical reactions occurring during the CuS roasting are described in an earlier publication. CuS, in the form of either pellet or powder, was heated at 280° to 330°C in a flowing air or 30% 02: 70% N2 atmosphere. Heating was continued at this temperature until no further weight increase due to sulfates formation was observed on the TGA thermogram. This is believed to be due to the inability of SO, to diffuse out from the sulfate layer on the surface of the pellet, thus halting the sulfate-forming reactions. Hereafter, the sample oxidized in this manner will be referred to as "partially oxidized CuS." X-ray analysis and microscopic examination of a polished cross section of a partially oxidized CuS pellet showed the following order of layers starting from the center of the pellet: Cu2S, Cu2O, CuO • CUSO4, and CuSO4. A bare thermocouple inserted in the center of a partially oxidized CuS pellet (2.5 g) did not indicate any noticeable change in the temperature of the pellet when melted at 450° to 470°C in an inert or oxidizing atmosphere. During the preparation of a partially oxidized pellet, the temperature of a CuS pellet increased by 50°C due to the exothermic formation of sulfates in air at 320°C. The endothermic peak associated with the melting phenomenon at 450°C is shown in [Fig. 1.] A CuS pellet (0.2 g) was oxidized in flowing air (150 cc per min) at 10°C per min up to 320°C and held there for about 2 hr. Then, N2 replaced air and heating was continued up to 500°C. The exothermic peak at 320°C represents an overall formation of sulfates, and an endothermic peak at 450° to 470°C represents the melting phenomenon. To observe the melting visually, a small (50 mg), partially oxidized CuS pellet was heated (in static air) in a hot-stage microscope. The melting phenomenon was observed on an auxiliary TV screen. The sample

Jan 1, 1976

By Bunting S. Crocker

DISCUSSION Fred C. Bond (Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee)—This is a very complete description of the screened ore fine grinding installation at Lake Shore. The only important data which might be desired are the operating screen analyses and power consumption in each stage. The statement that the energy consumption, or kw-hr per ton, remains constant for all mill diameters is of great interest, but the opinion is widely held that the kw-hr per ton decreases as the mill diameter increases. More definite test work is needed to establish this point. Screened ore fine minding has been successful on hard Lake Shore ore &d on about equally hard South African Rand ore. However, it is still not determined whether it would be successful on ores of average or less than average hardness. It is possible that with softer ores the consumption of ore pebbles might be exceedingly high, or might even exceed the available supply. Also, the softer feed might result in a rapid buildup of harmful intermediate sizes in the mill circuit. These factors can be determined only by a full scale or long pilot mill test. In any case the Lake Shore staff is to be congratulated for this pioneering work. Bunting. S. Crocker (author's reply)—As requested, the operating screen analyses and Bower consumption for each of the four stages of pebble milling are given, see Table XII. The fist three stages are in series circuit; the last stage is in closed circuit. The primary circuit had rock feed averaging 124 g per piece and the final stages rock feed weighing 63 g. The intermediate stages had mixtures of the two. Regarding Mr. Bond's statement that "the opinion is widely held that the kw-hr per ton decreases as the mill diameter increases," I would say that I have frequently been told this but have never yet been shown any evidence or seen any evidence published that would prove this statement. It may be true that some of the big mills recently installed have mechanical power savers such as micarta bearings and better lubrication, but as far as the power consumed inside the mill is concerned, we at Lake Shore think that it varies as D2 .", and that is all. We published extensive information on this point in our 1939 paper. Recently Mr. Banks at Consolidated published the figures on his 10 ft 8 in. x 12 ft 0 in. rod mill. As reported in this discussion by the writer: we calculated the power necessary to run this mill based on our 7x6-ft rod mill to within 1 pct of the actual power reported by Mr.

Jan 1, 1953

By Bunting S. Crocker

DISCUSSION Fred C. Bond (Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee)—This is a very complete description of the screened ore fine grinding installation at Lake Shore. The only important data which might be desired are the operating screen analyses and power consumption in each stage. The statement that the energy consumption, or kw-hr per ton, remains constant for all mill diameters is of great interest, but the opinion is widely held that the kw-hr per ton decreases as the mill diameter increases. More definite test work is needed to establish this point. Screened ore fine minding has been successful on hard Lake Shore ore &d on about equally hard South African Rand ore. However, it is still not determined whether it would be successful on ores of average or less than average hardness. It is possible that with softer ores the consumption of ore pebbles might be exceedingly high, or might even exceed the available supply. Also, the softer feed might result in a rapid buildup of harmful intermediate sizes in the mill circuit. These factors can be determined only by a full scale or long pilot mill test. In any case the Lake Shore staff is to be congratulated for this pioneering work. Bunting. S. Crocker (author's reply)—As requested, the operating screen analyses and Bower consumption for each of the four stages of pebble milling are given, see Table XII. The fist three stages are in series circuit; the last stage is in closed circuit. The primary circuit had rock feed averaging 124 g per piece and the final stages rock feed weighing 63 g. The intermediate stages had mixtures of the two. Regarding Mr. Bond's statement that "the opinion is widely held that the kw-hr per ton decreases as the mill diameter increases," I would say that I have frequently been told this but have never yet been shown any evidence or seen any evidence published that would prove this statement. It may be true that some of the big mills recently installed have mechanical power savers such as micarta bearings and better lubrication, but as far as the power consumed inside the mill is concerned, we at Lake Shore think that it varies as D2 .", and that is all. We published extensive information on this point in our 1939 paper. Recently Mr. Banks at Consolidated published the figures on his 10 ft 8 in. x 12 ft 0 in. rod mill. As reported in this discussion by the writer: we calculated the power necessary to run this mill based on our 7x6-ft rod mill to within 1 pct of the actual power reported by Mr.

Jan 1, 1953

E. P. Pfleider, University of Minnesota I would like to ask Bob Merrill whether he considers that horizontal concave curvature of a slope has any stabilizing effect, such as Jenike 1 suggested several years ago. R. H. Merrill, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Denver Federal Center The stabilizing effect is due to the restraint offered to radial movement by the curvature. We found in laboratory tests that if we constrained the rock with the same stresses as those measured in the pit then it would sustain a maximum stress about two or four times greater than when the same rock type was unconstrained. We are therefore definitely of the opinion that a constrained situation in a slope is favorable towards stability. G. A. Leonards, Purdue University I was interested in Mr. Lane's observations concerning the correspondence between rate of slide movement with rise of reservoir. Perhaps the most interesting feature is that the rate of movement at the time the rock slope failed was less than the rate at an earlier time when it did not fail. This is difficult to explain from current slope stability theory. K. S. Lane, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers I believe that reduced rate of movement is the result of the progressive type of failure, such as described by Patton and Deere. which occurs along the sliding surfaces. It is difficult to analytically define the progressive failure condition for inclusion in slope stability conditions, but its existence should be recognized in design. We should also realize that many apparently stable slopes undoubtedly contain overstressed regions. To design a slope with no overstressed region would be uneconomical and conservative. D. H. Deere I would pose the question-"What is the meaning of a factor of safety of one?" We were involved in the design of a large, irregularly shaped, underground cavity with an unsupported span of several hundreds of feet. Tests on rock specimens indicated a strength of 1300 lb per sq in. The RQD would have been between 90 to 100 percent indicating excellent structural continuity. In-situ stress determinations indicated an approximately hydrostatic state of stress at a level of 1400 lb per sq in. Calculation of stress concentrations at the walls indicated that the stresses there would be about 3000 to 4000 lb per sq in. Admittedly the rock is in a confined condition everywhere except at the very skin of the wall and the rock walls would thus on the average be somewhat stronger. Allowing for the effect of restraint the factor of safety was found to be less than 0.5 over a region several feet into the wall. Construction was started, using rockbolts only to support the walls. Failure around the immediate skin occurred after each

Jan 1, 1967

By Frederick C. Langenberg

IT has been shown1 that copper can be removed from iron-base alloys by solvent extraction with molten lead and sodium sulfide slags. In these processes copper removal is favored by a positive deviation of copper in iron from ideal behavior. Chou' determined the distribution of copper between liquid silver and iron and obtained a value for the activity coefficient of copper in iron at 1600°C, y°, of 9.12. Chipman" calculated the activity coefficient from the Fe-Cu phase diagram to be 12 at 1600°C. More recent work by Koros and Chipman" yields a value at 1600°C for y V equal to 8.0. In this latter work, the distribution of copper between silver and iron was measured at 1600°C, while the activity of copper in the silver phase was determined from calculations based on the Ag-Cu phase diagram. The present work presents another value of based on calculations from the Cu-Pb phase diagram, on the heat of mixing data for the Cu-Pb system, and on an experimental study of the distribution of copper between iron and lead at 1600°C. These experiments were part of a larger research on the removal of copper from iron-base alloys conducted at The Pennsylvania State University. Experimental Procedure—The distribution of copper between pure iron and lead at 1600°C was made in the furnace assembly shown in Fig. 1. The melts were made in high purity alumina crucibles under an atmosphere of prepurified argon. Temperatures were read with an optical pyrometer sighted into a %-in. hole drilled in the inductor. Extensive calibration of the optical readings with immersion readings had been carried out previously. The initial charges consisted of 100 g of electrolytic iron and varying weights of copper. The melts were brought rapidly to 1600°C and 75 g of lead added. The temperature was quickly readjusted to 1600°C, and the melts were held for 10 min at this temperature. A sample was then drawn from the iron layer in a fused silica tube. This sample was analyzed to determine the copper content of the iron layer at equilibrium, while the copper content of the lead layer was determined from a material balance. The validity of the material balance was confirmed by a chemical analysis of the entire lead layer for one heat in which the crucible was removed and quenched after the iron sample was taken. The calculated copper content of the lead-rich phase was 1.18 pct; while the entire lead layer analyzed 1.20 pct Cu. The distribution results are shown in Fig. 2. The distribution constant, N,.'r'"/N, is equal to 3.95. Discussion—From the Cu-Pb phase diagram' it can be seen that lead-rich liquid Pb-Cu solutions

Jan 1, 1957

Discussion of the paper of K. Huessener, (Trans., vol. 53, pp. 402 to 4333, and of the papers of Linn Bradley, H. D. EGbert and W. W. Strong, pp. 303, 319. R. J. WysoR, So. Bethlehem, Pa. (communication to the Secretary*). —At our plant (Bethlehem Steel Co.), we have had several Bradshaw burners under course of construction and erection for some time, but up to the present we have not had opportunity to put them in service. I regret that I can not take part in the discussion with some actual results from these burners. Mr. Huessener properly emphasizes the importance of obtaining the highest combustion temperature practicable in boiler practice, which demands a near approach to perfect combustion conditions. The ideal burner is the one which, while meeting the various mechanical requirements, fulfills the above condition under a wide range of gas pressure. The question as to the relative value of hot raw gas and cold washed gas for boiler use is a very interesting one. I think that in the past the importance of low temperature of washed gas sometimes has been overemphasized. Mr. Huessener has pointed out that so far as temperature is concerned, no advantage accrues in washing gas below 100" F. In many plants, there is a notable operating economy in using furnace cooling water, which is appreciably warmer than the supply water. However, in a given type of washer, other conditions being constant, the lower the exit gas temperature the lower will be the dust content; this is equivalent to saying that the more washing water is used, other conditions being constant, the lower will be the dust content of the exit gas. For each type of washer there is a certain desired average temperature difference between inlet water and exit gas, concomitant with known average dust and moisture contents, and with economical operation. With the present tendency toward smaller stove checkers, it is generally agreed that gas for stove use should be cleaned to a dust content of 0.20 grain or less. The method employed and extent of gas cleaning are clearly problems for individual furnace plants. As a general proposition, wet washing is decidedly more attractive for furnaces smelting soft, fine Lake ores than for those reducing chiefly hard, lumpy ores, such as the foreign and domestic magnetites. In the former case the average moisture content of the gas is probably 35 grains per cubic foot, the dust content is relatively high and the top temperature relatively low. In our plant, the ore mixtures consist almost exclusively of hard magnetites. The average dust content of the gas leaving the dust catcher will average only about 2 grains and the moisture about 12 grains per cubic foot, corresponding to saturation at about 83" F. The temperature is fully 100" F. higher

Jan 1, 1917

By Walter E. Lewis

Myriad problems face all of us in the next decade. Vietnam, poverty, and pollution are perhaps the most pres- sing. A lesser one but still vital to us as a Nation is the slow hut apparently relentless extinction of the mining, metallurgical. geological and petroleum engineer. Are we doomed to take our place in the crossword puzzle with the moa. to be defined like it as an "extinct bird"? Or can we reverse the trend perhaps, in the next decade? The plain fact is we are an endangered species, and must resign ourselves to virtual extinction in the 1970's unless the trend is reversed. Probably, many of us have felt the problem will solve itself if left in the in-basket long enough, believing, that the trend will reverse solely on the basis of demand for these disciplines. This approach has not worked up to now, it gives no promise of working in the future, and furthermore, the problem has been in the in-basket much too long. The point is simply this: What can each of us do as an individual, or as part of a company, a State agency, a Federal agency, a university, or an organization such as AIME?

Jan 1, 1970

By AIME AIME

In the uniform of his country for the second time, Harry Phillip Stolz. Chairman of the A.I.M.E. Petroleum Division, holds a commission as Lieutenant-Commander in the Naval Reserve and is attached to the office of Inspector of Naval Petroleum Reserves in California. During World War I he left his studies at Stanford University to join the Army and was granted a commission as Second Lieutenant of Infantry. He remained in the Army Reserve until 1938 when he resigned to accept a commission as a member of the Naval Petroleum Reserves Advisory Board. Born in San Francisco Jan. 29,1899, where his father had lived since 1880, he was in that city during the turbulent year of 1906 where the city was ravaged by fire and earthquake.

Jan 1, 1942

By J. E. Tobey

UNDER war conditions coal immediately assumes a position of highest importance for coal must carry the basic load for industry. The upward trend in production continued through 1941. Bituminous coal production alone about equaled the total output of bituminous and anthracite in 1940. The figures for 1941 approximated 500,000,000 tons for bituminous, and 54,000,000 tons for anthracite, and production of by-product and beehive coke exceeded that of the previous year. The coal industry, under the National Bituminous Coal Act, is going through a period of readjustment, and is beginning to stabilize itself under the statute. The Federal Mine Inspection Nill became law during the year.

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

FOUK fields of activity are now recognized by the A.I.M.E. in its award of medals for conspicuous achievement: the Saunders medal for mining, the Douglas medal for non- ferrous metallurgy the Lucai medal for petroleum, and the Rand medal for distinguished achievement in the broad field of mining administration including the organization and development of enterprises in all branches of the mineral industry. This last is known officially as the Charles F. Rand Memorial Medal, and it award is made possible through funds supplied by the Charles F. Rand Foundation. Until this year money thus available was used for other special projects, so that the forthcoming presentation of the Rand medal to Robert C. Stanley is notable as being the first time that achievement in mining administration has been thus recognized.

Jan 1, 1940

BECAUSE of the impetus given to placer mining since the price of gold was advanced to $35, several types of small dredges have made their appearance, especially in the Lincoln and Oroville areas of California. Some of these are known as "doodle bugs," and have been given considerable publicity, though many believe their performance has been overrated and that complete costs of construction and operation, if known would not put them in so favorable a light. Fig. 1 is a doodle bug owned by E. M. Clark and operated near Lincoln, Calif. It is understood that it was abandoned because of inability to handle deep ground. A similar machine that has been operated-profitably by Comstock Placers is shown in Fig. 2.

Jan 1, 1938

By AIME AIME

As already announced, the XCIIId meeting of the Institute will be held at Toronto, beginning July 23, 1907. Hotel Headquarters will be at the King Edward Hotel, in which also the sessions will be held. The Queens, Rossin, Wallen, Iroquois and Palmer are good hotels not far from the King Edward. Members must secure their hotel-accommodations beforehand, by direct correspondence with the hotel they select. For those who neglect this precaution, the Local Committee will doubtless do what it can, but is unable to promise anything. Correspondence concerning this meeting (including notices of intention to attend it) should be addressed hereafter exclusively to Mr. W. G. Miller, Provincial Geologist, Bureau of Mines, Toronto, who is the representative of the Local Committee. The excursion to Cobalt, Lake Tenagami, Sudbury, etc., arranged by that Committee, involves the use of a special Pullman train for meals and lodging. After waiting a reasonable time to hear from members, the Local Committee has made its contract for Pullman cars. According to its latest report, there was still room for additional excursionists. Under this head, application made immediately to Mr. Miller may not be too late. Sessions for the presentation of papers, etc., will be held at the King Edward Hotel on Tuesday afternoon, July 23, and Wednesday morning and afternoon, July 24. The following papers have been accepted: 1. Sonic Reflections on Secrecy in the Arts, by James Douglas, New York, N. Y. .2. The Wilfley Table, by R. H. Richards, Boston, Mass. 3. The Tar-Sands of the Athabaska District, by' Robert Bell, Ottawa, Can. 4. The Occurrence of Nickel in Virginia, by Thomas L. Watson, Blacksburg, Va. 5. Coal-Briquetting in the United States, by E. W. Parker, Washington, D. C.

Jul 1, 1907

By Arthur Notman

YEAR ago, the Committee on Mineral Economics ventured to predict a more realistic attitude by the public toward the folly of seeking to have more by making less under the guidance of the Blue Eagle. A unanimous decision of the Supreme Court of the United States has now laid that embattled bird to rest. De rnortuis nil nisi bonum. In spite of dire predictions of disaster to follow its early demise, the metal industries and many others have improved substantially. One could name many indications of that improvement, and on the strength of stock-market activities might assume

Jan 1, 1936

By AIME AIME

THE Petroleum Division will hold two meetings this fall, one on the Coast at Los Angeles, Sept. 29, with the technical sessions in the assembly room of the California Oil and Gas Association and a banquet Friday evening at the Richfield Cafe atop the Richfield building; the other in the Southwest, at Dallas, Texas, Oct. 6 and 7, with the Baker Hotel as headquarters. Dr. Frederick M. Becket, President of the Institute, and A. B. Parsons, Secretary, will attend both meetings. Arrangements for the meetings are not yet complete but the respective local committees, working in close touch with the officials of the Division are rapidly shaping up the programs and other detail.

Jan 1, 1933

By R. N. Hunt

GEOLOGICAL and exploration work of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company are handled by the mines geological and the exploration divisions of a geological department under the direction of the chief geologist. The mines division at present includes, in Utah. a geologist in charge, resident at Bingham, assisted by a geologist stationed at each operation, and a small group of geologists resident at the Bayard unit, in New Mexico. The duties of the mines division include the mapping and delineation of the geology of the mines, direction of sampling and diamond drilling, and the periodic calculation of ore reserves. At Bingham an amount of underground drilling within the limestone and porphyry formations which are hosts to the ore bodies supplements and completes development by mine workings. At Bayard, five to seven drills are kept busy underground, and eight to twelve drills operate on the surface. The mines division men live at the mine and work in close co-operation with mine superintendents and foremen. Development work is discussed, initi-

Jan 1, 1948

By R. W. Raymond

THE death of Privy Councilor Bruno Kerl, on March 25, 1905, terminated a distinguished and useful career. Bruno Kerl was born March 24, 1824, at St. Andreasberg in the Harz, and entered in 1840 the mining school of Clausthal, where he studied for three years, working at the same time in the mines and stamp-mills. After an additional year of practice in the silver-reduction and iron-works of the Upper Harz, he passed his examination as a metallurgical graduate, and studied for a year at Göttingen under WV filer in chemistry, Hausmann in mineralogy, and eminent teachers in other branches. In 1846 he was employed at the Oker works, but very soon left this post, to become a tutor in chemistry, metallurgy, etc., at Clausthal, where he continued to labor until 1867. During this period the Clausthal school became a completely equipped Mining Academy, and Kerl was made in 1862 a full professor. Meanwhile, in addition to the work of instruction, he discharged, simultaneously or successively, the duties of many responsible official positions in the Royal Hanoverian administration of mines and smelting-works, and also published many valuable books and treatises. Among these were professional guide-books to the Upper and Lower Harz, and their characteristic metallurgical processes; a manual of qualitative and quantitative blow-pipe analysis; another of metallurgical assaying ; and, most important of all, a Handbook of Metallurgy in four volumes, the second edition of which was issued in Leipzig, 1861-1865. This book was speedily recognized as the leading authority in its field. In this country, the English translation and revision, by Crookes and Röhrig, published about 1869, had a large circulation. In addition to these literary labors, Prof. Kerl became in

Jul 1, 1905

By Scott Turner

OUR Institute, in its annual Directory, states the following: The purpose of each Technical Committee is to further the development of the special mineral industries in its field, chiefly through obtaining and discussing papers suitable for publication by the Institute. The proper field of the new Health and Safety in Mines Committee is judged to include the entire mining industry, and involves the multitude of health and safety problems arising in all kinds of mining operations. The mining industry in the United States has made much progress during recent years in reducing accidents. This advance has been widespread, and has been especially notable in the mining of iron ore. Yet the statistics of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, when compared with figures of the National Safety Council for other industries, show that mining still has a higher personal mishap rate than any other major industry in this country. In addition, studies of dollars-and-cents cost of casualty occurrences indicate that an important part of our mining cost, held by various authorities to be as much as 10 per cent of the total, is due to accidents.

Jan 1, 1933

By AIME AIME

SECTION DELEGATES were given an opportunity to see how the machinery of Institute administration functions, on Tuesday evening, Feb. 16, when they were the' guests at the regular monthly meeting of the Directors. Of the new board of 25 members, 19 were present at the meeting, including directors from Seattle, Los Angeles, Wyoming, Oklahoma, Chicago and Pitts-burgh, the new junior past-president from Jerome, Ariz., and the new president from .Washington, D. C. The complete list of the 72 in attendance at the dinner,: held in the main dining room of the Engineers' Club, which pre-ceded the general session of the Directors'. meeting, follows:

Jan 1, 1932