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By Charles H. Fulton

FOR some time it has been thought that there should be > closer relationship between the members' of the Institute engaged in education in the mining schools, the mining, metallurgical, ceramic, and geological departments of universities, and the members of the Institute actually engaged in the production of mineral products and the operation and direction of works. The American Society of Chemical Engineers and the American Ceramic Society have for some years past devoted especial attention to the educational matters of their respective fields. The Engineering Foundation, representing the great engineering societies of the country, is deeply interested in technical education and maintains a Committee on Educational Research.

Jan 1, 1932

By Walter W. Bradley, OLAF P. JENKINS

IN April of this year the California State Division of Mines (formerly known as the State Mining Bureau) observed its 50th anniversary. The Division serves as a bureau of information and, an encyclopaedia of California's economic minerals. Its primary function is to make economic surveys of the mineral resources of California, their development and utilization. Geological studies also constitute a related part of the work as being necessary in tracing and out- lining ore deposits and the most likely areas in which to find them. The results of the Bureau's data-gathering are published in the form of annual reports of the State Mineralogist, and in bulletins on specific substances. The Division is just completing a series of reports on the mineral resources of the State arranged by counties.. It is now starting .a new series of reports arranged according to substances particularly the so-called non- metallic commercial groups. Of these the following are now available: clays, barite, and mineral paint. These will be followed by reports on feldspar and silica, diatomaceous earth, limestone and others

Jan 1, 1930

By Zay Jeffries

A SURVEY of rare metals and minerals for the past year places uranium as one of two partners, the other being the neutron, in what historians will probably say is the greatest discovery in physics at least during the year and probably for a consider- ably longer period. The uranium atom has been made to divide into parts somewhat after the style of reproduction of the amoeba. When an amoeba divides into two parts, however, it produces two amoebae substantially alike and each substantially like the parent: furthermore, there is no considerable change of energy when this happens. When the uranium atom divides it yields other atoms such as barium and krypton with the complete destruction of the original uranium atom but with the liberation of a tremendous amount of energy. This will be discussed more at length later.

Jan 1, 1940

By H. Biloni, R. Morando

The surface structure and substructure of Al-Cu alloys solidified as conventional ingots and under particular conditions such as those used by Bower and Flemings are studied. The influence of lampblack coating on the mold walls is especially considered and the results compared with those obtained in copper and graphite molds where no coatings exist. When high heat extraction conditions exist the observations show that mechanism of copious nucleation is responsible for most of the chill zone. When the heat extraction through the mold walls is low, a coarse grain structure with dendritic morphology arises, with a size that depends on the degree of convection present, analogous to that analyzed by Bower and Flemings. In both cases the effect of the convection on the macroscopic and microscopic appearance is discussed. The ingot macrostructure consists of one or more of three zones: "chill zone", "columnar zone", and central "equiaxed zone". The mechanism of the columnar-equiaxed transition has been subject of considerable interest and at present at least three theories exist about the formation of the equiaxed region: 1) the constitutional supercooling theory1 maintains that the equiaxed crystals nucleate after the columnar zone has formed, as a result of the constitutional supercooling of the remaining liquid; 2) chalmers2 pointed out, however, that there were several objections to this proposal, and that consideration should be given to the possibility that all the crystals, equiaxed as well as columnar, originated during the initial chilling of the liquid layer in contact with the mold; 3) Jackson et aL3 and O'Hara and ~iller~ suggested that a remelting mechanism of the dendrite arms is responsible for the formation of the equiaxed region. After the work of Cole and Bolling and other authors6 it became evident that convection (natural, reduced, or forced) plays a very important role in the transition from columnar to equiaxed and on the size of the resultant equiaxed structure. Until recently the accepted explanation of the chill zone was that it occurs as a result of copious nucleation in the liquid layer in contact with the mold walls.798 The columnar region is a subsequent result of the growth of favorably oriented grains and, as a result of a selection mechanism studied by Walton and Chalmers,9 elongated grains with marked texture are formed. Recently, however, Bower and Flemings" using an ingenious laboratory experiment introduced the idea that the "copious nucleation" mechanism is not responsible for the formation of the chill zone and that the presence of convection, introducing some form of "crystal multiplication", plays a decisive role in the formation of the chill zone. Unfortunately, it is important to consider that for their conclusions Bower and Flemings extrapolated the results obtained in their special experiments to the case of conventional ingots, and that these authors only analyzed the macrostructures of the specimens. Let us consider the work by Biloni and chalmers" concerning predendritic solidification. These authors were able to show that a study of the segregation substructure of A1-Cu gives information about the nucleation and growth of crystals formed in contact with a cold surface. A spherical predendritic region characterizes the first part of every grain nucleated in contact with the surface as a result of the chill effect. The aim of this paper is to elucidate through the observation of the segregation substructure the conditions under which (in the Bower and Flemings type of experiments and in conventional ingots) either the nucleation or the multiplication mechanism gives rise to the structure in contact with the mold walls. I) EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES The experiments were performed on two alloys: Al-1 wt pct Cu and A1-5 wt pct Cu. The purity of the aluminum was 99.99 pct and the copper 99.999 pct. The results obtained with both alloys were similar. In the Bower and Flemings type of experiments the apparatus employed to obtain rapid solidification against a surface was similar to that used by those authors. The liquid was drawn by partial vacuum into the thin section mold cavity. Plate casts were 5 cm wide and usually 7.5 cm high. The thicknesses of the cast were 0.1 and 0.3 cm. Two different materials were used for the mold, copper and nuclear-grade graphite. The internal mold surfaces were polished and left uncoated for some experiments. In other experiments, the copper or graphite surface was coated with a thin film of lampblack material. In some of these particular experiments one of the mold walls was left with an uncoated region (usually in the form of a cross). The conventional ingots were cast in graphite or copper molds. In different experiments the mold walls were sometimes uncoated or coated with lampblack material. The results obtained in conventional and Bower and Flemings copper molds were compared with those obtained with copper molds coated with a very thin film of graphite; the results obtained were essentially similar. The size of the conventional ingots was 5 cm diam and 7 cm high in all cases. The cast surfaces produced by the Bower and Flemings type of experiments and conventional methods were observed macroscopically and microscopically without any metallographic preparation. As Biloni and Chalmers showed," the observation of the chill surface can give considerable information about the structure and segregation substructure.

Jan 1, 1969

S. F. Emmons, Washington, D. C.: Mr. Malcolmson's paper on the intensely interesting deposits of the Sierra Mojada creates a strong desire to visit the region so well described. Although it is difficult to intelligently discuss a locality that one has never seen, I cannot refrain from offering some remarks in the nature of a tentative suggestion: 1. Age of Beds.—Mr. Malcolmson speaks of the enormous thickness of limestone forming the Sierra Mojada as belonging to the Carboniferous series. If this is not a typographical error, it seems that he should present some evidence for such age, for Chism,* in his previous article on the district, says the only fossils found there were said to be Cretaceous; and it is well known by the investigations of R. T. Hill and others that the great thickness of limestone in this part of Mexico is of Cretaceous age. 2. Structure of Mountains.—Mr. Malcolmson presents good reasons for thinking that the structure of the two related mountain masses (Sierra Mojada and Sierra Planchada) is not the simple anticlinal fold given by Mr. Chism's section, it being evident that there has been faulting as well as flexure. I venture to add that the facts presented by Mr. Malcolmson seem to suggest the possibility that, instead of being simply an eroded anticline, the valley between the two ranges may have been formed, in part at least, by the irregular faulting down of the intermediate block, on the surface of which the volcanic breccia had originally accumulated at a higher level. The sections of the Exploradora and the San Josh mines, in the smooth surface of the contact, with clay selvages and the occasional slickensides, certainly suggest a structural fault between the limestone and breccia. The arrangement of some of the

Jan 1, 1902

By Lyden, Joseph P.

THE Picher Mining Field, fig. 1, which lies between Baxter Springs, Kansas, and Commerce, Okla., is the most intensely mineralized and the largest zinc-lead ore producing area in the Tri-State District of Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. It has a vast lateral extent of underground workings that is unequaled for the observation of the geology of zinc-lead ore bodies in sedimentary horizons; and thousands of churn drill holes in the unmined areas supplement the underground observations with useful data for the interpretation of the geology. This paper is confined to the ore deposits of the Picher mining field. The reader is referred to the bibliography for the general geology of the Tri-State district which has been ably covered by many geologists. The writer was co-author of several publications on the Tri-State district.- This paper is necessarily a repetition of parts of those publications but contains a few changes and additions on the deposition of the minerals. The parts of this paper concerning mineralization maps and pipe slump-structures are not covered in the above publications.

Jan 1, 1950

By C. Morrow

Deformation studies were performed on tuffaceous rocks fran Yucca Mountain, Nevada Test Site to determine the strengths and coefficients of friction under confining pressures from 10-50 MPa at room temperature. Frictional strengths of 30ºsawcut samples increased with pressure and reached values of around 150 MPa at the higher confining pressures. However, the failure strengths of the intact samples were quite unpredictable. The coefficients of friction ranged between 0.7 and 0.9 for all specimens. These data can be used in conjunction with in situ stress measurements at Yucca Mountain, to evaluate the potential for earthquake activity in the region.

Jan 1, 1984

By H. C. Fiedler

It was recently shown with 3.3 pct Si-Fe containing 0.026 pct S and 0.06 pct Mn that the extent of secondary recrystallization to a cube-on-edge texture is determined by the cooling rate from the solution temperature of the manganese sulfide inclusions.1 With a rapid cooling rate, many small inclusions rather than a few large ones are formed, which leads to increased restraint to normal grain growth and more complete secondary recrystalliza-tion. Strip samples 12 mils thick, rolled from 1-in.-thick slabs that were cooled at 130°C per min

Jan 1, 1964

By Roshan B. Bhappu, Milton F. Lewis, Jean A. McAllister

Several alternatives are available for treating lower grade gold ores averaging 0.04 to 0.10 oz per ton. These include heap, vat, and agitation leaching and may involve conventional zinc precipitation or carbon adsorption-electrowinning systems. Each of these processes have their inherent economic and operating advantages and disadvantages and the selection of the optimum method for a given gold ore is solely based on economic evaluation of the applicable processes. In this paper an effort is made to provide engineering feasibility estimates for the above processes under varying operational conditions such as ore grade and price of gold.

Jan 1, 1974

By AIME AIME

THE fall meeting of the Petroleum Division, held at Tulsa, Okla., on Oct. 11 to 14, devoted two days to technical sessions and two to field excursions. A representative attendance of 250 to 300 engineers and operating officials engaged in oil production marked the sessions and paid close attention throughout to a notable series of highly technical papers. Restricted as the program was to consideration of production problems only, the time proved too short for discussion or even the presentation of the 20 papers submitted. Much informing and pertinent discussion none the less took place, and the sentiment was general to the effect that the meeting was one of the best ever held by the Division. The meetings were held in the auditorium of the Municipal building and local arrangements were well looked after by the Mid-Continent Section of the Institute and the Oil and Gas Association. The combination of the three organizations served to bring together engineers and operators most usefully. F. Julius Fohs, chairman of the Division, presided at the sessions on Monday. Tuesday morning John M. Lovejoy of the local section took over this responsibility in the absence of T. E. Swigart, who was detained in California. The afternoon session was presided over by A. G. Heggam of the Oil and Gas Association and the Tuesday evening banquet by W. C. Franklin of the same organization.

Jan 1, 1926

By W. H. Bassett, J. C. Bradley

In their paper on the directional properties in cold-rolled and annealed commercial bronze,' Phillips and Samans suggest that cupronickel, under distinctly different treatments, shows both "45" ears" and "90" ears. Fig. I shows the ears on some cupronickel cups made some 17 years ago for bullet jackets for small arms ammunition. In this case the material heated to 425° C. had "45" ears, while that annealed at 950°C. showed long "90" ears" when drawn with the same tools. The method of cupping, the shape of cupping tools, etc., were found to have very little influence on the earing tendency, but the deeper the cup was drawn, the higher the ears would be. Method of Manufacture Cupronickel cast bars were 1 in. thick. Ordinarily, they were rolled with numerous passes to a thickness of 0.4 to 0.2 in., according to conditions. They were then given a single intermediate anneal, and rolled to finish thickness, frequently 0.032 in. After a last anneal the material was cupped with a "cut and draw" operation. Progress of this is indicated in Fig. 2, illustrating five different stages at which the drawing

Jan 1, 1933

By L. C. De Jong, J. F. Shirley, M. L. Campbell

The Toquepala concentrator of the Southern Peru Copper Corp., located approximately 720 miles southeast of Lima near the Chilean border, processes 36,500 tons of ore daily containing between 0.50% and 3.00% copper. The molybdenite content in the ore also varies greatly, ranging from essentially nothing to as high as 0.15%. The 1966 yearly averages were approximately 1.20% copper and 0.03 % molybdenite. The three basic problems that plague the opera- tion of any molybdenite recovery plant are all present at Toquepala in large measures. Both the quantity of plant feed and the quantity of molybdenite contained in the plant feed are continuously changing. Even more detrimental to an efficient operation is the fact that the copper mineralization in the feed frequently changes once in every 24 hours and occasionally once a shift. From the point of view of the molybdenite plant metallurgist, there are four distinctive chalcopyrite concentrates and, at least, an equal number of chalcocite concentrates treated in the molybdenite recovery circuit. The various types of concentrates are distinguished mainly by their mineral content and how effectively the copper minerals are depressed by the different reagents used in the circuit.

Jan 9, 1967

By R. R. Sayers

VENTILATION may be defined as the process by which vitiated air of an inclosed or partly inclosed space is continuously replaced by fresh air. Fresh air has been defined as invigorating pure air. Pure dry air at sea level contains the following gases:1 Analysis of Air at Sea Level PER CENT. Oxygen 20.94 Nitrogen 78.09 Carbon dioxide 0.03 Argon 0.94 Helium, krypton, neon, xenon, hydrogen, hydrogen peroxid, ammonia, ozone traces CARBON DIOXIDE LIMIT For many years carbon dioxide was used as an index of the purity of the air vitiated by the metabolism of people. It was, however, well known that the untoward effects produced on those exposed to such air was not due to the concentration of the carbon dioxide. It has been found that the untoward effects on the comfort and efficiency of those so exposed are due to the increased temperature and humidity. It has been found that men can breathe air containing many times the amount of carbon dioxide found in our worst ventilated theaters and assembly halls, which, according to Rosenau, do not contain above 0.5 per cent. carbon dioxide.

Jan 7, 1926

By R. R. Sayers

VENTILATION may be defined as the process by which vitiated air of an inclosed or partly inclosed space is continuously replaced by fresh air. Fresh air has been defined as invigorating pure air. Pure dry air at sea level contains the following gases:1 Analysis of Air at Sea Level PER CENT. Oxygen 20.94 Nitrogen 78.09 Carbon dioxide 0.03 Argon 0.94 Helium, krypton, neon, xenon, hydrogen, hydrogen peroxid, ammonia, ozone traces CARBON DIOXIDE LIMIT For many years carbon dioxide was used as an index of the purity of the air vitiated by the metabolism of people. It was, however, well known that the untoward effects produced on those exposed to such air was not due to the concentration of the carbon dioxide. It has been found that the untoward effects on the comfort and efficiency of those so exposed are due to the increased temperature and humidity. It has been found that men can breathe air containing many times the amount of carbon dioxide found in our worst ventilated theaters and assembly halls, which, according to Rosenau, do not contain above 0.5 per cent. carbon dioxide.

Jan 7, 1926

By H. J. Levinstein, W. H. Robinson

A method of chemically polishing silver for metal-lographic examination has been developed. The samples are prepared by polishing on 0, 2/0, and 3/0 paper. They are then polished on 600 micro-cut paper, followed by a final mechanical polish on a cloth containing 5µ diamond paste. The samples are then chemically polished in a solution of 100 cc of saturated chromic acid and 5 cc of a 5 pct HC1 solution. The chemical polishing is performed by swabbing with a cotton ball saturated with the solution. During the chemical polishing, the sample is rinsed frequently in running water. Polishing in this manner for 5 min is sufficient to remove the strained material from the previous polishing operations. The amount of material removed is approximately 4µ/min. The surface obtained is flat and free of pits. Fig. 1 is an interference micrograph of a silver surface polished by this technique. If the solution employed is of improper HC1 content, an interference color film will form on the sample. This film can be removed either by swabbing with a cotton ball saturated with ortho-

Jan 1, 1962

By J. W. Downey, M. V. Nevitt

DURING the course of the present investigation of alloy phases involving transition metals, phases were found in the systems Os-Ta, Os-W, and Ir-Ta. The (Os, W) phase was also recently reported by Raub.1 Pertinent information is given in Table 1. The approximate composition range of sta- bility was determined metallographically on arc-melted buttons that were annealed 72 hr at 1200°C and water quenched. X-ray powder patterns were obtained with a 114.6 mm diam powder camera using filtered copper radiation. The composition for (Os, W) given by Raub (66 atomic pct W) is in agreement with the composition range reported here. However, the lattice constants reported by Raub are: a0= 9.913±0.007, c/a= 0.515. The reason for the discrepancy between the lattice constants reported by Raub and those given here is not known. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank M. H. Mueller and H. W. Knott for assistance with the X-ray diffraction work, and R. A. Morris for the preparation of the alloys. This paper is based upon work performed at the Argonne National Laboratory under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Commission.

Jan 1, 1958

JAN. 17-In what appears to be a general spirit of post-Christmas emotional malaise, most adult Americans have bidden farewell to the Forties and turned with no perceptible enthusiasm toward the Fifties. The dying decade had started amid a phoney war which verged on the romantic, stirred the pulse with excitement and seemed far away. A phoney peace dominates the new decade. The romance is no longer there. Nor is the excitement. Nor is the distance. While most of the world preferred to be chronologically correct and hold off for another year before celebrating the demise of the first half of the twentieth century, the United States with true competitive enterprise and a great whirl of words scurried into the second half a year early. This undue haste might perhaps have been dictated unconsciously by a yearning for the pattern of history to be repeated. For many centuries, ever since Roman times, the second half of most centuries tended to be far more tranquil than the first half. In Washington, Mr. Truman got on both sides of the mid-century line with all the aplomb of a good politician. He told Congress early in January that "the state of the Union continues to be good," as it nears "the midpoint of the twentieth century." Later he spoke of moving forward into the second half of the century. He promised an infinitely better life for everyone, whichever side of the mid-century line, and reaffirmed his prescription toward that end: assistance for small businesses; more houses for the middle-income groups; tougher anti-monopoly laws, retention of rent controls; development of natural resources; better insurance against the hazards of old age, idleness and unemployment; better medical care and education, civil rights legislation; new labor relations law and production payments to support farm incomes. All this was to be coupled with suggestions on how to balance the budget. The bloody and confusing 1940's had brought to most men's minds a fear of the future such as they had not known for centuries, and Mr. Truman's objective is to temper that fear. Only time will tell whether the terminal point of such a philosophy would or would not belie the old English proverb citing inability to both eat and have a cake. Brave words to the contrary, the national budget persisted in sliding off into the red. The smell of further inflation was equally persistent. And just to impart a little more zip to the trend, the American Federation of Labor announced its intention of seeking "substantial" and "large" wage increases this year. The AFL forewarns of a business slump after June and a 10¢ an hr wage in¬crease for each worker "will be enough to reverse the prospective downward trend and start a rise." Thus it goes-"the way to halt a drop in demand for labor is to raise the price of labor." Elsewhere in the harassed world, beleagured individualists in New York achieved a local triumph of sorts for one of the freedoms denied by the Soviet and Nazi systems-the right of escape, some escape at least, from the servitude to decibels. Grand Central Station weakened perceptibly at Christmas on its 5-min commercials and bore down heavily on "Hark, The Herald Angels Sing," and on New Year's Day capitulated entirely by abandoning the broadcasting of canned music and slugs of advertising slogans. In Europe, M. Bidault's Assembly majority fell away and newspaper accounts of the incredible monstrosities of political trials beyond the iron curtain were supplanted by headlines marking the birth of Princess Yasmin. The latter was surrounded by Byzantine splendor but otherwise showed no apparent deviation from the accepted norm. In Western Germany, Dr. Adenauer began to speak up more boldly, and the whole fabric of Allied policy towards the defeated enemy further dossolved under the impact of rivalry with the Russians. In the Far East both the Americans and British seem somewhat embarrassed by Chiang Kai-shek's refusal to lie down. Dual thinking regarding the "squalid and useless struggle in the China seas" is such that newspapers give sympathetic accounts to an American ship running supplies to the Communists at Shanghai while calling for help for the recognized Chinese government in Formosa. And with Britain recognizing Communist China they may well have to team up with Russia against the United States to kick the Chinese representative off the UNO Security Council, the Far Eastern Commission and the Allied Council in Tokyo. Far Eastern policy has never been a bipartisan matter and as General Chiang retreated to his final redoubts in Formosa and Hainan, a number of Republicans pecked away at Administration lassitude. Senator Smith advocated the occupation of Formosa and Messrs. Hoover and Taft asked for use of the Navy. Mr. Acheson has stood firm, however, against military aid. None the less, a study will be made of the Generalissimo's chances. Mr. Truman has a private purse of $75 million for the Far East and some $94 million in frozen ECA funds. Mr. Truman will likely trade some of this money for support of new Marshall plan appropriations, always mindful, of course, of Mr. Acheson's plan to drive a wedge between the Chinese and Moscow, and his wish to avoid any revival of imperialist nightmares throughout the Orient. Mr. Acheson is very convinced that the victories of Communism in China will be short-lived and South Asia will not fall

Jan 2, 1950

By John Riegle

To date. utility company underground storage of gas has generally been restricted to depleted dry gas fields. The Playa del Rey project is probably the first to successfully store gas in a partially depleted oil reservoir with the recovery of large volumes of pas at high rates as the main objective. Oil recovery has been a secondary consideration. Problems encountered unusual to those of storage in a dry gas zone were: (1) the removal and retardation of formation of emulsion. (2) the upstructure movement of fluid during withdrawal periods which formed fluid blocks, and (3) reservoir shrinkage resulting from encroachment of edgewater. The solution of these problems as outlined in the paper has resulted in increasing the withdrawal rate from the original design capacity of 4,000 Mcf per hour to the current 10.000 Mcf per hour. Additional increase is anticipated as the operations continue. Migration. reservoir performance. operational procedure and a historical record are included to make this a resume of the project from its war-time inception in 1942 to the first of 1952. INTRODUCTION The Playa del Rey underground gas storage project is probably the first project in which gas has been stored in a partially depleted oil reservoir, with the recovery of large volumes of gas at high rates as the main objective and the recovery of oil a secondary consideration. Problems unusual to those of storage in dry gas zones have made this a pioneer endeavor. The total storage capacity of approximately 1,500,000 Mcf of this reservoir is small in comparison with other underground gas storage projects. However. by study and experiment the deliverability into transmission lines. operating at pressures in excess of 150 lbs., has been nearly tripled in the past three years. to the current 10.000 Mcf per hour late, without the use of compression. It is anticipated this rate will gradually increase as additional fluid is removed from the formation. LOCATION AND HISTORY Playa del Key is located on Santa Monica Bay about two miles south of the beach commuity of Venice and 15 miles southwest of the renter of the City city Los Angeles. Fig. 1. The discovery well was completed at 6,194 ft in 1929. An upper zone at 3,905 ft was found on June 18. 1930. Townlot development was very rapid and by the end of 1930 there were 141 producing wells in the field. The Union Oil Co. completed a lower zone well south of the Townlot Field in May, 1931, which was believed to be an extension, until additional drilling of about 50 wells during 1934 and 1935 indicated this area to be a separate accumulation as shown on Fig. 2. The lower oil horizon, which is now the storage zone, had no original gas cap and is believed to be a continental detrital deposit of conglomerate that accumulated in valleys and depressions of a weathered schist high. which later subsided and was overlain by an impervious nodular shale. This type of formation has rapid variation of porosity. permeability and thickness due to lack of sorting action common to marine deposition. and the uneven surface of the original schist high. Production was limited on the upstructure sides by the pinching out of the conglomerate, and downstructure by edgewater. Unrestricted production, together with high permeabilities, led to large wastage of gas from this new area as facilities were not available for transport of gas to market. The decline was very rapid and by 1942 the portion of the new area south of Ballona Creek was nearly depleted. ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY The rapid increase in industrialization of Southern California during World war 11 forced upon the local gas com-

Jan 1, 1953

By Charles Hardy

ACTIVATED alumina is an aluminous material which may be 1 classified chemically as a partially dehydrated aluminum trihydrate having a high porosity and a perma¬nent physical structure. In general, it may be employed effectively and economically for the complete removal of water vapor from gases and vapors; for the selective adsorption of certain as especially those of the higher boiling points, and as a catalyst or catalyst carrier. Other forms of alumna are available and may be employed similarly but not so effectively nor can reactivation be accomplished with uniformity over many cycles without deterioration. The adsorption-reactivation cycle of activated alumina can be repeated many times without any apparent depreciation ill

Jan 1, 1934

By Joseph Jensen

CURTAILMENT of oil production in California began in 1922 and 1923 when certain of the major companies completely shut down some pumping properties. Efforts of this kind were generally carried on without coordination by individual companies until 1923. From May to August of 1923, oil production in the Los Angeles Basin was curtailed because of lack of pipe-line outlets. This work was handled by a small committee of executives and engineers of some of the pipeline companies without any established. Method such as obtains at present. Not all of the major companies participated in ibis curtailment and the effort was not well organized. The problem then was principally to move the oil. The crisis passed in September of 1923 from then on the major companies each on it own initiative, shut in additional production. At Domiuguez, in 1921, Shell, Union and Associated agreed to limit drilling to a 100-ft. zone for one Near. In the summer of 1925, operators at Ingde-wood agreed to limit developments to a 1300-ft. zone during the 1925 drilling campaign. In the summer of 1927, the Ventura operators cut back their production one-third and deft it thus for 90 day. Drilling in this field has always been at a slow and conservative rate.

Jan 1, 1932