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By N. E. Norman

A great deal of effort has been put forth in recent years to arrive at accurate projections of the demands for tunnels in this decade. In reviewing the statistics presented by various study groups, it appears that during the decade from 1960-69, there were some 1,335 miles of rock and soft ground construction tunnels excavated throughout the world. These statistics indicate 645 miles of rock tunnel and 689 miles of soft ground tunnel were excavated during the last decade. This is expected to increase to 3,000 miles in the 1970's according to projections made by various authorities in the field of construction tunneling. I point out the above statistics to emphasize two main points: (1) The demands for tunneling in this decade alone are staggering. (2) There is a fairly even distribution in the amount of rock tunneling and soft ground tunneling being excavated. Unfortunately, available statistics do not answer many important questions about tunneling which are of great importance to the contractor and to boring machine designers. For example, how many of the projects completed in the past decade involved both soft ground and rock tunneling? How many projects involved tunneling in conditions where both rock and soft ground were contacted at the same face. While the answers to these questions remain unanswered, I am sure most of you can think of numerous examples of projects where mixed face conditions are prevalent. Many of you are probably familiar with the Austin Crosstown Interceptor which was bid last month in Austin, Texas. Here is a project involving 57,000 feet of tunnel where limestones and clay shales are expected to be traversed. Another project, the Tonner Tunnels No. 1 and No. 2, near Los Angeles, involve some 22,000 feet of tunnel where mixed soil and rock conditions are expected. A large majority of the projected tunnels for this decade are to

Jan 1, 1997

By J. M. N. P. C. Teles, Venda Oliveira P. J., Correia A. A. S.

"AbstractA laboratory work was performed to study the mechanical behavior of a Portuguese soft soil chemically stabilized with binders and reinforced with metallic fibers when subjected to tensile stresses. To this end and in order to compare the tensile strength results done by two different tests, there were conducted two types of experimental tests: Tensile Split Strength Tests (TS) and Direct Tensile Strength Tests (T). The samples tested had the same binder quantity and different fiber contents, which allowed the characterization of the tensile behavior of the stabilized and reinforced soil, as well as the definition of the best fiber content. Results show that the binder is the main parameter controlling the behavior of the stabilized and reinforced soil until failure, while the influence of the fibers is noticed mainly at the post-failure behavior. The comparison between the tensile strength done by T and TS tests shows that the tensile split test can be used to estimate the tensile strength, although its results are lower than those obtained by the direct tensile tests in general.IntroductionDue to its poor mechanical characteristics, the construction on soft soils presents difficulties that require the use of soil improvement techniques such as chemical stabilization. However, even when mixed with binders, the tensile strength of the stabilized soil is poor, requiring, in certain cases, the use of expensive steel reinforcement or metallic beams, with obvious impact on the final cost of the work. Thus, for the cases where the tensile strength is a design requirement, the soil stabilization should be design with another element, whose primary role is to give tensile strength to the improved soil (Teles 2013).To fill the lack of published studies focused on soft soils both chemically stabilized and reinforced with metallic fibers, the present research aims to analyze the behavior of the improved soil when subjected to tensile stresses. To support the research there were conducted direct tensile tests (T) to directly measure the tensile strength of the samples and tensile split tests (TS) or Brazilian tests to obtain it indirectly. The samples tested had the same binder quantity but five different fiber contents in order to study the influence of the fibers in the improved soil behavior. In addition, a comparison between the results of both tests was made."

Jan 1, 2014

By Wilson Acchar, Fernando Barcelos, Luis Carlos Pereira

"Porous ceramics have been extensively investigated as structural materials for flow of fluids in many applications, such as filters for molten metals, water purification and hot gases, thermal protection systems and heat exchangers. This class of material must have two special features: high permeability and mechanical strength. However, these parameters are influenced in different ways by the processing method and the consequent cellular structure. In this work two different types of commercial ceramic filter materials are investigated. Characterization included the evaluation of the strength values as well as the permeability behavior and microstructural analyzes of the surface fracture. The results indicate that the strength values are strong dependent on the filament defects.IntroductionCeramic materials with a cellular structure have been extensively investigated as structural materials for flow of fluids applications [1-3]. Microstructural aspects such as morphology, size of the cell and the degree of interconnectedness are mainly parameters that influence the properties of these porous materials [4-6]. The most used industrial process to produce cellular ceramics for filter application is the polymeric sponge replication method. This technique consists in dipping the polymer foam into slurry containing an appropriate binder and the necessary ceramic materials, followed by a heating treatment [2,5].Mechanical properties of cellular ceramics depend basically on cell size, degree of interconnectedness and density [1,2,5,8,9]. Materials used as filters required a good strength and also permeability values. These properties are inversely proportional to each other. Higher porosity increases permeability values but decreases the strength values [1,2,5]. The objective of this work is to study the strength resistance of a commercial porous ceramic material (10, 20 and 30 ppi) based on silicon carbide."

Jan 1, 2012

By F. R. Deluca

"ClassificationClassification is a combination of mechanical and hydraulic operation which separates a pulp into two portions according to their respective settling rate. The finished product, the overflow, is removed from the other product, sand, which requires further grinding.Pulp is the uniform suspension of solids in a liquid. Overflow is the fines and therefore the more slowly settling portion of the pulp which is carried over the top of the classifier by the flow of water; sand is the coarser and more rapidly settling portion of the original pulp which is discharged from the classifier by the mechanical action of the rakes or conveyed out by a ""screw"" .Selective classification is classification that has for its object the concentration of the heavy constituents of the original pulp in the sand product so that it may be ground finer than the lighter constituent.Classification is used as follows:I. To make a size separation, for example, a sand-fines separation so that each product may be given a different treatment.2. For closed circuit grinding so that the maximum size of particles entering the circuit is limited, and so that the useful work is increased by enabling the mill to operate mainly on the particles that require the reduction.3. For differential grinding of the heavy mineral constituent and the gangue. In this case, the heavy mineral is concentrated in the sand product and is reduced further, while the lighter gangue material overflows the classifier.The selection of the proper size and type of classifier is determined by the function required, the character of the ore, and the tonnage to be handled, the initial cost and the operating cost."

Jan 1, 1989

By H. W. Hitzrot

Introduction Mechanical classifiers consist of a settling tank with parallel sides and a sloping bottom equipped with a mechanism which continuously agitates the pulp and removes the settled solids. The functions served by mechanical classifiers include the following: (1) allow the particles larger than the desired size to settle in the tank and provide an overflow product with a minimum of oversize particles, (2) produce an overflow product of sufficiently high solids content to meet the requirements of the subsequent processing steps, (3) agitate the pulp and permit separation of the entrapped undersize particles so they can report in the overflow product, and (4) drain and remove the underflow solids from the settling pool. Various types of mechanisms have been used to agitate the pulp and remove the settled solids, which include: (I) endless belt and chain drags, (2) reciprocating rakes, (3) helical flights mounted on a rotating shaft which extends through the settling pool, (4) helical flights inside of a rotating drum which contains the classifier pool, (5) troughed conveyor belts forming the settling pool in the concave curve of the belt closely following the tail pulley, and (6) low-speed impellers agitating the underflow settled in the apex of cone-type mechanical classifiers.23 The principal use of mechanical classifiers has been in closed¬-circuit wet grinding; however, this application has been widely displaced over the past few decades by the hydrocyclone. The hydrocyclone installation, including its feed pump, offers lower capital costs and requires less floor space. Nominally it produces an overflow prod¬uct of higher solids content, compared with a mechanical classifier, for comparable classification size up to 400µm (35 mesh). However, these advantages of the hydrocyclone are being gained at the sacrifice of some of the advantages of the mechanical classifier. The mechanical classifier requires less power and has lower maintenance costs than the hydrocyclone and its feed pump. The underflow product from the mechanical classifier can have a higher solids content and contain less entrapped undersize particles than the comparable product from the hydrocyclone. Consequently, it is capable of operating at a higher classification efficiency. A reduced circulating load24, 25 results under these conditions in a closed-circuit grinding application. Other applications for mechanical classifiers include desliming, dewatering, and washing operations. Sand-slime separation may be achieved using one or more stages of mechanical classifiers. Typical applications would include washing and deslimining of concrete aggre¬gate or sand; glass sand; abrasives; oyster shells; phosphate rock; iron, nickel, and chromium ores; alumina; zeolites; solar salt; and precipitates from chemical processing. As an example for the latter, Bitzer26 recommended the use of mechanical classifiers for countercur¬rent cementation-in-pulp of copper from the leach liquor. Similarly, mechanical classifiers are used in uranium processing27 for separation of the barren sands from the pregnant leach solution. Depending on the particle size and the effectiveness of the sand¬slime separation, the sand product from mechanical classifiers may be drained to solids content approaching 84%. Thus, mechanical classifiers are frequently used as dewatering equipment for various applications, such as: 1) Make a product having suitable solids content for subsequent transport by belt conveyor. 2) Provide a drained product to reduce cost of drying. 3) Provide a drained, washed, heavy sand product for return to the circuit. 4) Recover fine values from dilute plant effluents from coal, sand, phosphate-rock, and iron-ore washing plants and from steel-mill flue¬dust scrubbers. 5) Drain residual reagents of a preceding process stage prior to conditioning with reagents of different characteristics, e.g., cationic¬anionic flotation of phosphate rock, iron ore, etc. Design and Operating Features The proper selection of mechanical classification equipment re¬quires that the properties of the solids and liquid are adequately de¬fined. The following descriptive information regarding the solids is desired: feed rate, chemical and physical composition, density, tem¬perature, size analysis, and desired separation size. For the liquid used, the following data would be needed: feed rate, density, viscosity, pH, and temperature. Settling Area. The pool area required to permit a particle larger than the separation size to settle depends on the density and shape of the particle and on the density and viscosity of the pulp within the classifier pool. These criteria of the solids and pulp determine the settling rate which, in turn, determines the settling area required. Determination of the settling rate by long-tube batch tests can be used to calculate the settling area. A theoretical approach for estimat¬ing the settling area requirements is discussed in Chapter 1, Classifica¬tion Theory. This procedure can be used when neither test data nor empirical data from similar operations are available. Data on settling-area requirements and settling rates have been compiled by the manufacturers of mechanical classifiers. The approxi¬mate settling area required for a particular separation size can be estimated by using the curve shown in Fig. 65. This curve applies for closed-circuit grinding applications. For dilute velocity classification in open circuit, desliming, the length of the overflow weir, W, multiplied by the weir's mean distance from the feed opening, E, is used as the design criterion, instead of the settling area, in sizing the classifier. The area requirements, W X E, for dilute velocity classification can be expressed in terms of volumetric flow, Q, and settling rate, Rs, as follows: W x E = Q/(18.06 Rs) where W and E are feet, Q is gallons per minute, and Rs is inches per second. Overflow Weir. The hydraulic head, and thus the velocity at which the overflow crests the overflow weir, is one of the factors controlling the particle size of classification. Consequently, the length of the overflow weir must be designed to provide the overflow velocity which allows the particles larger than the desired size of classification to settle in the working area of the pool. Obtaining the necessary

Jan 1, 1985

The problem of separating the constituents of a mixed gas has assumed increasing importance to chemical technology during the last several decades. Metallurgical practice, dealing mostly with the application of gases as fuel, such as for the oxidation or reduction of ores, has not often confronted an important need for such separations. If theory occasionally has indicated advantages in the use of purified or separated gases, as for example the "dry" blast for the iron furnace or oxygen-enriched blast for a variety of smelting operations, the economics of the proposals has not often been satisfactory. It has seemed evident that the practice of the chemical plant was too expensive with regard to installation or material costs, or both, for the needs of the basic smelting industries and indeed was applicable commercially to metallurgical purposes only when the metals in question were especially valuable or pure. This bulletin deals with a new mechanical means of attacking the problem of separation. Although it is improbable that any one type of separation could hope to find universal application, the method described is to be regarded as an alternative to conventional means that has attractive possibilities in certain instances. It extends the number of methods previously available by one that has not before been applied commercially and that utilizes a well-known property of gases that never has received effective technologic attention.

Jan 1, 1940

By Franco de Castro Bubani

Cu-base alloys (Cu-Zn-Al, Cu-Al-Be, Cu-Al-Ni), depending on their composition, have martensitic transformations that can be thermally or mechanically induced between a metastable structure called austenite and one or more metastable structures called martensites. In single crystals, depending on the specific composition of the alloy and the crystallographic orientation of the tensile axis, martensite-martensite transformations can be mechanically induced. The hysteresis associated to these martensite-martensite transitions is usually much greater than the one associated to the austenite-martensite transformation. Thus, martensite-martensite transitions are potential candidates for energy dissipation in a mechanical damper. Possible applications that would benefit from high hysteresis include seismic damping devices, dampers for satellites and the aerospace industry, defense and others. We present pseudoelastic cycling results of alloys submitted to different thermal treatments. Our conclusions highlight the fact that, under certain conditions, Cu-base alloys deliver better damping performance than commercially available SMAs and even the new Fe-base SMAs.

Aug 7, 2018

THE writer of this paper well realizes that the majority of engineering and metallurgieal works have from time to time evolved mechanical devices which are of great value as regards application in an operating plant.Many of these deviees would not be apparent to an individual making a brief inspection of works such as these, and it is for this reason that the writer proposes to outline a few of the devices which have been evolved by the engineering department of the Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty. Ltd.NOVEL METHOD OF MACHINING A SPHERICAL JOINTFig. 1 represents one half of a casing for a ball-joint coupling. In the ordinary methods of boring an external spherical casing, that is with a radius bar attached to the tool rest of a lathe, there is always an error in the bore. It has two flat sides, and this error is inherent in the ordinary orthodox method and cannot be corrected. The engineers of the Broken Hill Associated Smelters Pty. Ltd. undertook a job that had to be extremely accurate, and the tool shown in Fig. 2 was evolved. The tool is not exactly fool proof, but in the hands of an average mechanic an absolutely perfect FIG. 1. sphere can be bored. The casing has to be held in the lathe in such a manner that one half can be removed without affecting the setting of the work. The business end of the tool is then placed inside the...

Jan 1, 1922

By J. P. Matoney, E. J. Sandy, D. A. Dahlstorm

INTRODUCTION Before an understandable discussion concerning coal-dewatering processes can be initiated, it is necessary to define some terms of usage. The many different meanings and interpretations of terms preclude development of standard definitions so that the terms which are defined in this chapter should be regarded mainly as working terms intended to facilitate communication. A coal slurry ' might be defined as a watery suspension carrying particles of fine coal and other assorted material ranging upward in size from the finest clay particles. Some particles may be in the colloidal sue range and exhibit characteristics of suspended colloids. The dilution of the system generally is such that it is in a condition of independent particle subsidence. In some coal mining areas a slurry is regarded as a suspension of fine coal and other materials having a dilution that cannot be economically dewatered by filtration. A coal slime may be regarded as a slurry containing particles of such size range that 50 per cent or more (by weight) will pass a 200-mesh sieve. Slime suspensions generally are difficult to handle without special treatment in conventional sedimentation equipment. A coal sludge is defined as a slurry that has been partly dewatered by sedimentation usually to a thick or viscous consistency where further dewatering can be most readily facilitated by filtration. Culm and silt are terms characteristic of coal-preparation practice which should be defined. In anthracite terminology, culm is the generally coarse residue or waste accumulation of coal, bone and rock from preparation plants most of which are no longer functional. Culm has a wide range of sizes, some rather coarse, and except to differentiate it from silt, the term is of limited interest in this discussion. In anthracite terminology, silt is the accumulation of waste fine coal, bone and slate settled out from preparation plant water in excavated basins. Silt is generally made up of particles ranging in size from 3/32-in. round-opening screen to the very finest sues. Silt is also referred to at times as sludge, fines, slush, and mud and is the partly dewatered derivative of what has been previously defined as slurry. In the terminology of the bituminous coal producing areas, the word culm commonly corresponds to slurry or slime, depending upon the size distribution of the suspended solids. Editor's Note: Because of the numerous and varied contributions of the associate authors of this chapter, the text does not differentiate between sections authored by each individual as is the case in most chapters of this book.

Jan 1, 1968

By J. P. Matoney, E. J. Sandy, D. A. Dahlstorm

INTRODUCTION Before an understandable discussion concerning coal dewatering processes can be initiated, it is necessary to define some terms of usage. The many different meanings and interpretations of terms preclude development of standard definitions so the terms defined in this chapter should be regarded primarily as working terms intended to facilitate communication.

Jan 1, 1979

By Thomas Hauquin, Olivier Deck, Yann Gunzburger

"In this study, 2D numerical modeling of a room-and-pillar mine is conducted along with the calculation of all terms of the mechanical energy balance. Simulations of different geometrical and geomechanical configurations are performed in order to investigate the conditions that favor a high seismic energy release (instability) during the excavation (removal) of one single pillar. At first, classical stressstrain simulations enable us to estimate the elastic and quasi-static response of the mine. Then, owing to the implementation of new functions in the modeling code, the seismic energy released when the pillar is removed is calculated. The obtained values are found to be in agreement with those calculated analytically using a modified energy balance based on the works by Cook (1967) and Salamon (1984).It is shown that the mine’s proneness to release large amounts of seismic energy, after sudden removal of one single pillar, mainly depends on three parameters: the initial extraction ratio of the mine, the depth of the exploited seam and the Young’s modulus of the surrounding rock mass compared to that of the ore. Moreover, it is pointed out that the magnitude of the seismic energy can be greater than that of the stored elastic energy, meaning that the dynamic (seismic) transient stresses should not be neglected when compared to the quasi-static stresses, particularly when trying to prevent the risk of rockburst and collapse in underground mines."

Jan 1, 2015

By H. Kohno

The Onahama No.3 tankhouse started commercial operation in early 1973, with the capacity of 8,500 metric tons per month. When the No.3 tankhouse was constructed, the starter sheet stripping section was rebuilt at the No.2 tankhouse and electrolyte purification section was expanded. The previous AIME paper in 1976 described the design principles of the No.3 tankhouse and its layout, This paper describes the starter sheet stripping machine in the No.2 tankhouse and the electrodes handling system in the No.3 tankhouse and all these equipments were developed for the operation of the No.3 tankhouse. A Hazelette continuous casting machine was also introduced in order to cast thin anodes with accurate shape. Owing to the adoption of thin anodes, gold, silver and copper inventory is reduced by 40%. Jumbo tanks and newly developed mechanical equipments were adopted and no work on cells during pulling up operation was achieved. Using thin anodes with accurate shape, inspection work was completely abolished while maintaining high current efficiency and high cathode quality. Labor cost was reduced by 70% and only six operaters can produce? 8,500 metric tons of cathodes per month. The same new electrolysis process is appreciated and has been used as a newly built independent tankhouse by Kidd Creek Mines Ltd., in Canada in 1981 with excellent results

Jan 1, 1987

By Jacques L. Mauboussin

The EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION for NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN) has undertaken the construction of a LARGE ELECTRON POSITRON COLLIDER (LEP), near GENEVA (Switzerland). The facility includes the main 27 km long tunnelled ring, 18 shafts, 20 experimental caverns and many auxiliary galleries. Roughly 800 000 cu.m were excavated in the molasse at 50-140 m depths, using roadheaders for caverns and auxiliary tunnels and 3 WIRTH, 4.5 m diameter, fullface TBMs for the main circular tunnel. Each TBM performs 25-30 m/day. Provisory lining behind them uses either precast concrete elements or shotcrete. Works a e being carried out by a joint-venture of European contractors led by FOUGEROLLE (France).

Jan 1, 1987

By Inoue T, Takahashi N

To construct the accessing railroad line to the northern portal of Seikan Undersea Tunnel, nine tunnels amounting 7.4km in their total length were excavated through soft mudstones of young- er tertiary era with use of smaller-sized mechanic al excavators. Rocks were classified in four classes to which the tunnel support was designed respectively. Of several combinations of driving equipments stu- died comparatively, the method using the mechani- cal excavators was estimated to be the best choi- ce. The efficiency of the excavator was traced in every construction section and the data colle- cted was reviewed numerically. The result showed that the efficiency of the excavator dropped wh- ere the rocks were as hard as over 200kg/crif for compressive strength. And a few technigues in tunnelling i.e. contr- olling dusts in shotcreting, lattice arch, evaluati- ng measured deformations were tested and review- ed too.

Jan 1, 1987

By William J. Gregg

Mechanical testing results on oriented Devonian gas shale core throughout the Appalachian basin show a preferred fracture direction perpendicular to bedding. The preferred direction is generally parallel to the Allegheny Front, but is only coincidentally parallel with in-situ stresses in some areas of the basin. The strength of the preferred orientation of induced fractures decreases with distance from the Front. It is suggested that strain related to Paleozoic deformation is responsible for this mechanical fabric and thus the direction of induced fractures in laboratory tests may not be of use as indicators of in-situ stress orientations as previously suggested.

Jan 1, 1986

A method is presented for calculating the number of cycles of stress to failure of a drill rod from operating variables; a mathematical analysis by Cooper of the stresses present in drill steels is applied to the forged collar, i1i-in. hexagonal hollow drill steel in common use in Australia; and an estimation is made of the dry fatigue limits at various points along a drill rod.It is shown that these calculations predict failure at a 'point where failure rarely occurs, and do not predict that failure should occur where it does in practice. The reasons for this anomaly lie in the neglect of bending stresses in the stress calculations, and in failuredue to corrosion fatigue at a preferred section rather than to simpler fatigue under non-corrosive conditions.INTRODUCTIONIt has long been recognized that failure of metal sections by fatigue is influenced both by the number of cycles of stress imparted to the section (N) and by the magnitude of this cyclic stress (8). In this paper, both Nand Shave been calculated for rods which have failed in service, and whose operating history is known. While the calculation of the number of cycles to failure is·simple, the calculation of stress is more complex. The results of stress caIculations predict that failure should occur only hi short rods, and then preferentially at the tip end rather than the shank end.However, in actual fatigue failures of steel rock drill rods, approximately 75 per cent. of such failures are close to the shank end, and failures near the tip end are rare.The usual explanation given for this high incidence of shank-end failures is that at the point of failure there exists, in forged collar steels of the type common in Australia "hardness valley" or. "m'etallurgical notch". This narrow valley in hardness is a weakness, and failure is expected to occur at the weakest point at the bottom of...

Jan 1, 1955

By Vernon R. Degner

The past two decades has seen the application of the mechanical flotation machine, originally developed primarily for metal1iferous ore beneficiation, increasingly applied to cleaning coal in the 28x0 T. Mesh size range. Internal cell hydrodynamic studies of mechanical flotation machines of all sizes, as well as computer aided modeling studies of flotation kinetics has, within the last five years, established a basis for optimizing coal flotation circuit design and machine operation, and has a1 so pointed a way toward improvements in mechanical flotation machine design for the future. Consideration of the trend toward increased fines produced by current mining techniques, as well as the environmental need for a progressively cleaner product, lends support to basing the design of the mechanical coal flotation machine of the future on finer feed; below 100 microns in size. Future types of mechanical flotation machines, which may satisfy the fine coal cleaning requirements for a significant improvement in product grade while maintaining the combustible recovery levels of current technology, are discussed.

Jan 1, 1988

By J. Pontt

Gearless mill drives (GMD) offer high performance for torque and speed control for grinding mills and have been applied successfully in modern concentrators for wet grinding with mill diameters from 34 to 40-feet. It is considered a mature technology. However, recently, some large GMD?s have presented unexpected failures in stator and rotor subsystems. The phenomena involved in such failures has shown a complex nature and surprised users and manufacturers. The manifestation of such failures has been observed as mechanical damages to certain components of ring motors. This paper presents a discussion on the electromagnetic forces that can generate stresses in the electrical ring motor that can produce failures and outages. Guidelines for further research and contributions to improved reliability of GMD?s are proposed.

Jan 1, 2012

By Levent Ozdemir

The advantages offered by mechanical mining have been demonstrated in the underground mining of coal, evaporites and other soft minerals. Mechanical mining and the advancements in automation technoloogies have been the principal drivers towards the realization of enhanced productivity in soft rock mining. For past two decades, emphasis has been placed on developing mechanical mining technology for hard rock applications, to achieve similar productivity improvements and cost reductions. The benefits of mechanical mining are numerous, particularly in an industry where market conditions continue to dictate higher production and lower costs while maintaining high safety standards. Other benefits of mechanical mining include reduced ground support and labor requirements and the elimination of blast and diesel fumes. These benefits further make this technology an attractive alternative to drill and blast for hard rock mining. Mechanical mining is conducive to full implementation of remote control and automation technologies that are under development to achieve further productivity and safety improvements in underground mining. Mine development has been the main focus area for mechanical miners by manufacturers and mining companies. Potential applications include ore body access, haulage and ventilation drifts, undercut and exploration drifts. The economic use of this technology in mine production is still considered many years away. It would need a major technological breakthrough that would make mechanical rock fragmentation competitive with the large-scale, low-cost production blasting operations.

Jan 1, 1998

By Eckart Schneider

PROJECT The Walgautunnel is the heart of a new hydro scheme in Western Austria, which is supposed to go into operation in 1984. With it's length of 21,4 km, a bored diameter of 6,25 m and an internal operating pressure of 13,5 bar it will be the largest water conducting tunnel in Austria. Even compared with some of the country's world-famous highway tunnels like 'Tauern' or 'Arlberg' it has to be regarded as a major tunneling project. Owner is the Vorarlberger Illwerke AG, a power corpo¬ration founded in 1924. In the course of the past 6o years this company developed the 'Werksgruppe Obere Ill - Lünersee', consisting of 6 major power plants and 4 large reservoirs. The installed capacity is 1.114 MW in the generating and 529 MW in the pumping mode. The total power output amounts to 1.916 GWh. The water for power generation comes from the glaciers of the Silvrettagroup, as this corner of the Austrian Alps between Vorarlberg , Tyrol and Switzerland is called. The Walgauwerk utilises all the water accumulated by the existing schemes as well as the so far unused run-off water, passing by in the river Ill. The intake to the Walgau-Tunnel is situated right beside the lower reservoir of the recently completed pump-storage plant 'Rodund II' at an elevation of 64o m above sea level. Though the head is a mere 162 m, 1 billion m3 of water will generate 356 GWh per annum. The power-output of the two Francis turbines is 86 MW.

Jan 1, 1983