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By Philip C. Tully

This bibliography contains 3,062 different citations to technical and scientific literature about helium and alpha-particles abstracted by 13 abstract service publications during 1963. Multiple subject classification has increased the total number of entries to almost 5,000. Helium citations are listed by 23 major classifications. The number of subclassifications has been greatly increased to minimize the time required for literature search. The use of automatic data processing has been extended in compiling the bibliography.

Jan 1, 1970

By Victor R. Spironello

Applications of three experimental design techniques to smelting operations are explained. The report describes a factorial design using three variables at two levels, a fractional factorial design which investigates seven variables, and response-surface methodology for optimization of electric- furnace smelting processes. These methods may be applied with a minimum of trials and at little expense. Further, the writer knows of no reasons why the same methods could not be applied to other operations as well, such as steelmaking.

Jan 1, 1970

By Gary A. Kingston

Domestic nickel resources are costed to develop a contingency supply curve of U.S. nickel availability at various costs. It is estimated that 4.3 billion pounds of nickel is potentially recoverable from 698 million tons of ore at prices ranging up to $6.36 per pound of nickel. Over 95 percent of the total is estimated to be available at a price of less than $4.00 per pound.

Jan 1, 1970

By Bruce D. Sartwell

A program was written which utilizes a remote teletype input to a time- sharing computer to plot charged particle or X-ray energy spectra which are stored in the memory of multichannel analyzers. The program, written in FORTRAN V, accepts the data printed out by the pulse height analyzer on paper tape and then, after reading these data tapes into the computer, plots on the teletype the desired energy spectra on a scale automatically adjusted for the maximum number occurring in the data. The program is flexible enough so that the researcher can subsequently expand or contract the vertical (intensity) or horizontal (energy) scales. With a slight modification, the program will accept data printouts from scalers or analog to digital converters. The program also includes a feature for integrating the energy peaks obtained by pulse height analysis.

Jan 1, 1970

The 1969 Lignite Symposium was held at Grand Forks, N. Dak., on May 1-2, 1969. Cosponsored by the University of North Dakota and the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, the meeting was the fifth in this series. Registrants from many States and Canadian Provinces attended the meeting representing many segments of energy-oriented companies, State and Federal Government, and universities. At 2-year intervals, these symposia provide a common meeting place where recent research and developments in technology and utilization of energy resources with emphasis on solid fuels (lignite) are presented. Proceedings3 of the previous symposia including a Forum held in 1958 have been published.4

Jan 1, 1970

By Harry R. Johnson

Domestic expenditures by the U.S. petroleum industry have exhibited distinctive shifts in emphasis over the past 20 years. From the end of World War II to 1955, expenditures for all phases of the industry expanded. Although over one-half of all expenditures were for production, the relative emphasis was changed after 1956-58 from production toward processing and marketing. The period 1967-69 marked the beginning of a return to emphasis on exploration and production. These trends in expenditure patterns are logical and rational when related to domestic and international economic conditions and to the widespread application of improved production technology. As the immense job of developing the oil resources of Alaska and other regions begins, the petroleum industry will continue to turn to external sources for working capital. Long-term debt will probably be the principal method of external financing through 1970, but a definite shift toward new common and preferred stocks will be made. Higher product prices may be sought by the petroleum industry, but the economics of crude-oil production, changes in the tax structure, and possible changes in the oil imports control program make the price structure of crude oil and crude-oil products unpredictable at the present time.

Jan 1, 1970

By R. L. Rough, W. K. Overbey

The Bureau of Mines obtained samples of oil - reservoir rock from wells in Ohio , Pennsylvania , and West Virginia as part of an investigation of the susceptibility of petroleum reservoirs to secondary - recovery techniques . Illustrations and tables showing the geographic and stratigraphic sequence of the cored reservoirs and 40 tables of detailed lithologic descriptions of the reservoirs are presented . Information relevant to geologic surroundings , oilfield history , coring and well logging operations , and reservoir core analyses are referenced throughout the report .

Jun 1, 1970

By M. B. Bransford

A calculation procedure was evolved by the Bureau of Mines for determining the heat-transfer characteristics of dilute gas-solid mixtures in an externally heated tube. The procedure accounts for differences in gas and particle velocities and covers a range of particle sizes. Heat transfer coefficients obtained by the calculation procedure are compared with values reported in the literature.

Jan 1, 1970

By L. E. Cardwell

This publication contains routine analyses and related source data for 390 natural gas samples from 22 States and five foreign countries. Of this total, 385 samples were collected during calendar year 1969. The remaining five analyses are of samples collected during previous years, but releases granting permission to publish the results were not received until 1969. All samples were collected as part of a continuous survey of the free world for occurrences of helium in natural gas. This survey has been conducted in the United States by the Bureau of Mines since 1917. In late 1965, the survey was expanded to include foreign gasfields. The analyses published herein were made by mass spectrometer and a special helium analysis apparatus which are described in Bureau of Mines Bulletins 4863 and 576.4 Eleven previous publications have presented the results of 8,660 gas analyses made by the Bureau of Mines Helium Activity prior to 1969. The first three, Bulletins 486,6 576,6 and 617,7 contain analyses and related source

Jan 1, 1970

By John G. Parker

The rare-earth elements, sometimes known as the lanthanides, comprise the series of 15 chemically similar elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71. Yttrium, with atomic number 39, is often included in the group, because its properties are similar and it more often than not occurs in association with the lanthanides. Thorium is included in this survey due to its close association with the lanthanides, particularly in the mineral monazite. The lanthanides were first recognized as elements around 1750 and were the subject of much study by chemists during the 19th century. The purely chemical methods then available failed to resolve the strange intimate relationships between these elements, and it was not until about 1920 that the full series was explained.

Jan 1, 1971

By R. R. French

The industrial minerals industry in the Atlanta, Ga., area was studied in order to better understand problems associated with exploiting mineral resources in and near metropolitan areas. A method for delineating the Atlanta urban area and its component parts was developed so that the factors affecting the location of the minerals industry could be viewed mere objectively in the urban context. Major attention is focused on the area's dominant crushed stone subindustry Demographic and socioeconomic analysis of the Atlanta, Ga., area shows that expansion of the metropolis and its environs will probably eliminate potential mineral resources from the mineral resource base in the area, and that the expanding metropolis will be the primary determinant of future mining sites. Competition for land is accentuated to varying degrees by the incompatibility of wining operations with residential and other environmental requirements. Areas of consideration are suggested to provide maximum development of land and resources for greatest economic benefits it minimum social cost. Further research is recommended to determine market locations in urban areas, optimum operating levels for industrial minerals plants, and alternatives to surface mining.

Jan 1, 1970

By Sidney Katell

This report, covering the period January 1969 through December 1969, is a continuation of a series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949. It is the 11th in a series of reports prepared in cooperation with the American Association of Cost Engineers. The abstracted articles are concerned with all phases of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects. They are from the following sources: 1. American Association of Cost. Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering. 5. Chemical Engineering Progress. 6. Chemical Week. 7. Coal Age. 8. Coal Mining and Processing.

Jan 1, 1970

By John D. Spencer

Projects aimed at achieving the least disturbance to the Nation's air, water, and land resources in the mining and utilization of coal continued to be a feature of the Bureau of Mines coal program. This reflects the current concern about damage inflicted on the environment by our growing and increasingly affluent society. Mine Health and Safety research, along with investigations related to all other aspects of coal extraction and use, also continued to be implemented and expanded.

Jan 1, 1970

By R. W. Michelson

The Bureau of Mines developed computerized mathematical models to estimate the economic availability of Mesabi Range taconite concentrates; these are a quality model, a cost model, and an economic availability model. The quality model evaluates metallurgical test data; the cost model determines iron unit cost from mining and processing cost data; and the economic availability model determines quantity from geologic and ore quality data. By correlating all of the physical resource quality factors and dimensional characteristics with the economic cost factors associated with producing iron ore pellets, these three models combine to establish a final relation between iron ore reserve quantities and iron unit cost.

Jan 1, 1970

By Forrest T. Moyer

[The safety record of the nonmetal mining industry during 1965 way worse than that of 1961 in all general measures s of injury experience except for a slight improvement in the number and frequency rate of nonfatal injuries Work fatalities in 1965 totaled al and occurred .it a frequencyrate of 0.29 and a severity rate of 1,711 per million man-hours of worktime. The fatality total was seven oven higher than to 1964 and the injury ratess increased d 32 and 28 present, respectively Thin total. of 2,172 nonmetal injuries u- in 1965 was 3.4 less than in 1964 and the frequency rate per million ion man-hours worked declined percent to 22.73 from: 23.14 in 1964. However, the 1965 nonfatal severity rate of 1,339 per million man-hours worked was 15 percent our the: d.96,1 rate of 1,160, This increases was largely attributable to two more permanent total and nine more permanent partial injuries. in 1965 than in the proceeding year. The average severity all injuries in 1965 was 132 days, 1-I. or charged per injury or 25 days more than in 1961. Injury experience in the nonmetal mining industry, including and excluding officeworkers, for the a-year period 1961-65 is shown in table 1. The average number of men working, on active days in 1963 was 48,429, or 635 fewer than in 1961. However, mines and mills, wore active an average: of 5 days more for a total of 277 in 1965, and each worker averaged 2,245 hours compared to 2', 190 hours in 1961. As a result, aggregate worktime of 108.7 million man-hours increased 1 percent over the 1964 total of 107.4 million hours.]

Jan 1, 1970

By Northcutt Ely

This volume summarizes mining and petroleum legislation in 30 jurisdictions of the Western Hemisphere. Within these jurisdictions, primary attention is given to requirements that must be met in each country for acquisition of rights to permit development of mineral resources. Coverage includes: First, identification of the controlling laws or statutes governing minerals acquisition and reference to the administrative authority; second, analysis of the laws governing mines and quarries and their products; and third, analysis of laws applicable to natural gas, petroleum, and related materials. Where pertinent, sections dealing with historical background or administration have been added. In countries where minerals are subject to control of States or Provinces, those areas are considered separately from the central government.

Jan 1, 1970

By John P. Capp

Information is summarized on the major uses of fly ash and prospects for utilization in agriculture and in brick and mineral-wool manufacture. Technological aspects of utilization are discussed and references are given to the work of many of the leaders in the fields of fly ash production, processing, and utilization.

Jan 1, 1970

By Donald P. Schlick

Respirable dust provisions of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 are designed to protect the most important resource of the coal mining industry--its workers. The Act imposes two respirable dust standards of 3.0 milligrams per cubic meter of air after June 30, 1970; and 2.0 milligrams per cubic meter of air after December 30, 1972. Under Federal regulations, each operator is required to carry out a dust sampling program established by the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, This program features the sampling of "high risk" face workers to establish that the exposure of each miner is below the dust standard, Mining sect ions, continuously in compliance with the regulations, may sample at less frequent intervals. In addition to requiring the mining company to take respirable dust samples, the Bureau of Mines will perform in-depth dust inspections twice a year, as well as frequent "spot inspections." The Bureau has established a semiautomatic computerized operation capable of processing over 1 million samples per year. This facility will be linked to various Bureau offices by a telecommunications system to provide automatic data printouts within hours after samples have been weighed.

Jan 1, 1970

By Frank C. Andreuzzi

The Division of Environmental Activities, U.S. Bureau of Mines, conducted a solid waste demonstration project on a burning coal refuse bank. The primary objective of this project was to develop and evaluate an efficient method of extinguishing burning coal refuse and moving it. A series of tests were performed using water monitors and related apparatus to quench the burning material and, at the same time, using earth-moving equipment to transport, spread, and compact the extinguished material. The method found to be most effective consisted of water-quenching the surface material to a workable depth, ripping, and removing the quenched material with a bulldozer and tractor-scraper. The total cost was estimated to be $0.44 per cubic yard.

Jan 1, 1970

By B. J. Dalton

Several relationships between coexisting phases for analytical binary solutions near the critical point are given. These relationships were developed from a consideration of a (G u, P) surface at constant temperature and a (G u, T) surface at constant pressure, where G is the molal Gibbs free energy, u is the concentration of component 1 expressed as a mole fraction, G is the pressure, and T is the temperature. These formulas should facilitate the calculation of some of the quantities useful in making thermodynamic consistency checks on phase equilibria data about the critical point.

Jan 1, 1970