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By V. Svalbonas

When the Trelleborg Divisions of Boliden Allis and Mineral Processing Systems (MPSI) merged, a unique opportunity occurred for two independent mill fabricators to compare design pro¬cedures and the research upon which they were based. Several semiautogenuous (SAG) mill analyses are compared using Boliden Allis and MPSI methods. The differences and similarities are then used in a correlation of critical stress definitions and the acceptable design and inspection criteria. Given the opportunity to compare the total philosophies and methods of several companies involved in the design and fabrication of grinding mills, it was important to first develop the comparison method and ground rules. One option was to compare analytical methods by details such as numerical techniques and accuracies. However, this option was discarded in favor of a more general approach. The question that was finally posed was in two parts. Given an identical mill requirement: • What would be the difference in the analytical design result, and to what aspect of the analytical process could this difference be attributed? • What would be the difference in approaches to obtaining the final hardware in subcontracting, both in specifying and Quality Assurance surveillance? By using this comparative approach, questions of relative conservativeness and reliability would automatically be answered.

Jan 1, 1992

By Pedro Forastieri de Almeida Prado

A fim de recuperar-se todos os materiais presentes em painéis fotovoltaicos, o emprego de solventes orgânicos para promover a dissolução da fração polimérica e liberação dos componentes é uma alternativa ao tratamento térmico tradicional. Com o objetivo de verificar-se o impacto dessa etapa na recuperação de prata, o metal de maior valor presente nos painéis de silício cristalino, comparou-se taxas de recuperação de prata para rotas distintas de separação de materiais e cominuição: uma rota por dissolução do encapsulante através de solventes e uma rota por tratamento térmico e destruição do encapsulante. Utilizando-se o isopropanol como solvente, ainda foi analisada a contribuição da cominuição para a liberação da prata. Os ensaios de lixiviação foram realizados com soluções de 5M HNO3, analisando-se as concentrações de prata por ICP-MS. O processo de calcinação foi realizado em forno a 480°C, a dissolução do encapsulante realizada com isopropanol e a cominuição realizada em moinho de facas. Foi concluído que a separação com isopropanol não afetou a quantidade de prata lixiviada na etapa de recuperação de metais. Além disso identificou-se que a cominuição não seria necessária sob as condições de lixiviação utilizadas, já que poderia potencialmente contribuir para perda de prata no processo.

Oct 30, 2017

By Brad Hewitt, Jeff Belke

"Murrin Murrin Operations has not had a successful beginning. Numerous reliability and operability issues many of which are the result of design decisions have been addressed through mechanical and operational changes and the CCD circuit is no exception. Four design aspects of the CCD circuit that have caused and continue to cause operational problems are:1. the inclusion of solution neutralisation gypsum in the CCD circuit feed which was designed solely for HPAL residue without proper investigation of its impact on the achievable underflow density and resulting wash efficiency;2. the decision to construct the thickener base from thickened solids;3. the lack of redundancy in the overflow, underflow and tailings pipe work; and4. the lack of thickener operational flexibility in the central rake-lift and feedwell dilution system.In November 2002, the lack of operational flexibility in the rake-lift and the feedwell dilution system through mechanical modification as follows:•, CCD1 has a modified rake mechanism that now allows central vertical lift of 600 mm;•, CCD1 has forced dilution using the Outokumpu Turbodil® technology and replacing the E-Duc® technology of Eimco;The decision to install, the installation and the results of the CCD1 rake-lift mechanism and feedwell dilution system are discussed in this paper. The installation was justified on improved operational robustness and an increase in the in the underflow density of 1 per cent (per cent w/w). At approximately the same time process modifications in the solution neutralisation circuit were implemented and these changes altered the rheology of the slurry reporting to CCD1. Since the modifications to CCD1 and the solution neutralisation circuit, the CCD circuit has averaged a 2 per cent improvement in the circuit underflow density.The CCD1 modification was completed on time and mechanically has performed well. From a risk point of view, the central rake-lift and Turbodil®dilution system add a degree of freedom and robustness to CCD1 operation that has extended the range of operational confidence. In this respect, the modification has been a success and is complementary solution neutralisation improvements."

Jan 1, 2005

By O. Rabeau, M. Legault, A. Cheilletz, L. Z. Cheng, J. J. Royer, M. Jébrak

"By compiling geological, structural, geophysical, and geochemical information into a 3D geological model, we evaluated the orogenic gold potential in the vicinity of a hidden segment of an important Archean fault zone, the Cadillac-Larder Lake fault (CLLF) in the region of Rouyn-Noranda. The segment of CLLF in the present study is partly covered by Proterozoic sedimentary rocks. Because more than 2000 t Au have been extracted along the CLLF to date, our objective is to evaluate the gold potential at depth along a poorly known segment of this fault. A 3D geological model (50 km × 9 km × 1.5 km) including the covered segment was built through the compilation and homogenization of available geological data and the construction of 23 cross sections. The geology under the Proterozoic cover was evaluated using geophysical inversions, drill holes (42 in total), and surrounding geology. All available assays were filtered and upscaled to a 250 m × 250 m × 250 m regular cell grid to determine and quantify spatial relationships between geological features and mineralized occurrences using the weights of evidence method. Structural features, such as E-W-trending faults and fault intersections, and certain lithologies with a high primary porosity such as volcanoclastic rocks of the Blake River Group and Timiskaming sedimentary rocks, proved to be very prospective, yielding favourable factors with a weight of evidence index W+ > 0.24. These salient features were then assigned a combination index for ultimately evaluating the orogenic gold potential under the sedimentary cover. The zones resulting in an optimization of exploration targeting were attributed the highest probability, representing ~1% of the initial volume. La compilation des données géologiques, géophysiques, structurales, et géochimiques et leur intégration au sein d’un modèle géologique 3D a permis d’évaluer le potentiel aurifère dans les environs d’une importante zone de faille archéenne sous couverture protérozoïque. Cette méthodologie a été développée en utilisant le cas de la Faille Cadillac-Larder Lake (FCLL) dans la région de Rouyn-Noranda. Puisque plus de 2000 t d’Or ont été extrait à proximité de la FCLL, l’objectifs des travaux est l’évaluation du potentiel aurifère en profondeur de ce segment. Un modèle géologique 3D (50 km × 9 km × 1.5 km) incluant le segment sous couverture de la FCLL a été construit en utilisant l’ensemble des données géologiques disponibles et 23 coupes géologiques. La géologie du socle archéen sous la couverture protérozoïque a été interprétée avec des inversions géophysiques, des forages (42 au total) et les contacts géologiques exposés. Les teneurs aurifères dans le secteur ont été filtrées et ajusté à une grille régulière de 250 m × 250 m × 250 m afin d’évaluer et de quantifier les relations spatiales existantes entre certaines entités géologiques et les emplacements minéralisés en utilisant la méthode du poids de la preuve. Les failles de direction Est-Ouest, les intersections de failles ainsi que certaines lithologies possédant une porosité primaire importantes comme les certains tuf du Groupe de Blake River et les sédiments du Timiskaming se sont montrés très prospectifs avec des valeurs de W+ > 0.24. Ces entités géologiques ont ensuite été utilisées par le biais d’un indice de combinaison pour évaluer le potentiel en or de type orogénique sous le couvert sédimentaire. Cette méthodologie permet une optimisation des campagnes d’exploration puisque les zones pour lesquelles la probabilité de minéralisations a été évaluée à la plus haute valeur représentent 1% du volume initial."

Jan 1, 2009

By Leandro de Arruda Santos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento mecânico sob flexão de um instrumento endodôntico constituído de Ni-Ti M-Wire e comparar suas respostas com aquelas obtidas de um instrumento de Ni-Ti superelástico convencional com a mesma geometria, utilizando-se simulação por elementos finitos. Um instrumento ProTaper Universal F1 foi selecionado para este estudo. O modelo geométrico para a simulação numérica foi gerado através de micro-tomografia computadorizada e os dados para os modelos constitutivos foram obtidos por meio de ensaios de tração realizados em laboratório. A simulação numérica foi realizada em ABAQUS, com condições de contorno baseadas na especificação ISO 3630-1. Os resultados mostram que instrumentos de Ni-Ti M-Wire apresentam maior flexibilidade e menores valores de tensão quando submetidos à flexão, o que indica que estes instrumentos são mais resistentes à fadiga por flexão.

Aug 8, 2018

By D. J. Reddish

An understanding of the mechanisms that cause large seismic events in a deep mine provides a foundation for designing effective measures to reduce the incidence of these events, as well as reduce the potential for damage arising from these events. The work described in this paper focuses analytical efforts on major recognizable and controllable factors that influence mining-induced seismicity and serves to screen out many of the more random aspects of individual events. Information used in this study was developed in the course of a long-standing rock burst research program conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in cooperation with mines in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District and regional universities. Information was collected on 39 seismic events having local magnitudes greater than 2.5 that occurred between 1989 and 1994. Five major types of events were developed from these data that describe all but two of the 39 large events. The characteristic mechanisms, tint-motion pattern, damage pattern, and relationships to mining and major geologic structures were defined for each type of event. This information provides a foundation for assessing whether or not changes in mining activity aimed at reducing one type of rock burst will increase the incidence of other types.

Jan 1, 1996

By N. Barton, E. Quadros

This paper addresses the prediction of groutable joint apertures, grout penetration limitations, and possible grout take volumes per cubic metre of rock, as a result of 5 to 10 MPa pre-injection pressures ahead of tunnels. Joints are obviously opened more than in the preceding Lugeon tests, and many rock mass properties can apparently be improved if stable micro-cement based materials are used. Cet article concerne la prédiction des ouvertures des fractures injectables, les limites de pénétration du coulis et les volumes injectés par mètre cube, d’après les résultats des injections à l’avant tête des tunnels sous pressions de 5 à 10 MPa. Evidemment les joints s’ouvrent plus que dans les essais Lugeon précédents. Maintes propriétés du massif peuvent apparemment être améliorés si l’on emploi des coulis a base de micro-ciment stable. Die Publikation widmet sich der Prognose injizierbarer Kluftöffnungen, Grenzwerte für Injektionsreichweiten und erreichbarer Injektionsvolumen pro Kubikmeter injizierter Fels, durch die Anwendung von 5 bis 10 MPa Vorinjektionsdrücken vor der Tunnelfront.Die Klüfte werden offensichtlich weiter geöffnet als in den vorhergegangenen Lugeon Versuchen und mehrere Felsparameter können durch die Verwendung von stabilisierten Micro-Zement basierten Injektionsmaterialien verbessert werden.

Jan 1, 2003

The Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) has developed an airborne sensor, the SWIR Full Spectrum Imager (SFSI) which detects in the short wave infrared range of the solar spectrum from 1220 to 2420 nm. In June of 1995, a demonstration flight was undertaken in the state of Nevada with the support of the companies listed above. The focus of the flight was to collect image data over well known mineral deposits with the objective of evaluating the applicability of this sensor to alteration mineral mapping. Some of the Nevada sites chosen include Cuprite and Goldfield, volcanic hosted acid sulfate systems; Yerington, a structurally complex porphyry copper deposit; and Virginia City, a quartz-sericite-pyrite vein system with advanced argillic pods. Ground spectral data was collected with the PIMA-II spectrometer. Solar reflectance calibration was done by Desert Research Institute personnel at Virginia City and Cuprite. This paper will discuss the configuration of the sensor and present image and ground data for Goldfield and Virginia City.

Jan 1, 1995

By Gustavo García

El plan estratégico de cualquier operación minera es sumamente importante. Este mismo debe tratar de capturar todos los parámetros operacionales y económicos; con el objetivo de generar el mayor valor para el negocio. El problema es que la forma convencional de realizar la planificación estratégica, es que no se incorpora el tiempo o la temporalidad en la generación de tajos económicos usando el algoritmo Lerchs and Grossman en las etapas de generación de tajo final y fases de minado. Así que las fases son diseñadas manualmente basado en los tajos anidados a diferentes precios o considerando otras variables tales como presencia de contaminantes como arsénico, etc.

Sep 1, 2017

By Charles R. Graig

El Laboratorio de Espectrografía del Departamento de Investigaciones de la Cerro de Pasco Corporation, elaboró un método de control de los circuitos de flotación por espectrografía de rayos - X. El método se basa en el uso de técnicas especiales de preparación de la muestra, los productos del circuito de flotación, y la fusión con pirosulfato de potasio. En este sentido, el objeto del texto radica en describir el procedimiento de la determinación cuantitativa por espectrografía de rayos-X, de las concentraciones de plomo, zinc, cobre y fierro en las cabezas, los concentrados y las colas de los circuitos de flotación. Es importante considerar el diseño del laboratorio de rayos X para la elaboración de los resultados de planta dentro del tiempo especificado. Así, el control de los procesos de flotación permite la rápida obtención de resultados exactos, lo cual hará posible una mejor regulación de los reactivos de flotación añadidos a los circuitos, mejorando el proceso.

Nov 20, 1967

The 2003 SME Annual Meeting and Exhibit will take place Feb. 24-26 in Cincinnati, OH. The meeting will feature a host of special symposia and programming geared toward the industrial minerals and aggregate industry sectors. This programming focus is particularly relevant for this annual meeting, as it will be hosted in the center of America’s transportation hub and industrial mineral center. Cincinnati, located on the Ohio River, is key to the movement of America’s supplies and construction material needs.

Jan 1, 2003

By Rose W. J

Geophysical prospecting was first recognized in Australia as an important aid to mining enterprises in 1927, when, on the suggestion of Sir Herbert Gepp, the "Imperial Geophysical Experimental Survey" was organized. The function of this survey was to carry out investigations on the applicability and efficacy of the most important geophysical methods under Australian conditions. The survey was formed under the joint auspices of the British Empire Marketing Board and Australian Commonwealth Government, and the investigations were carried out in Australia under the leadership of Mr. A. Broughton Edge, B.Sc., A.R.S.M., F.G.S., M.Inst.M.M., during the years 1928 and 1929. A description of the work performed, the apparatus used, the principles of the methods, and the results and conclusions of the survey are included in a report published by the Cambridge University Press in 1931.In 1932 Sir Herbert Gepp became interested in some gold mines in Eastern Victoria, in the Cassilis and Bethanga districts, and realizing that the lodes in these areas would be favorabIe for a geophysical examination, he arranged for a series of tests to be carried out. This work was performed by Mr. E. L. Blazey, B.E.E., a former member of the staff of the Imperial Geophysical Experimental, Survey, under the general direction of, and in consultation with, Mr. W. J. Rose, B.M.E.The work was commenced in October, 1932, at Cassilis, Vie., continued at Talgarno, Vie., .and concluded at...

Jan 1, 1933

By Jimmy Gabriel, Hugo Aráoz

El agua es un componente ambiental que prácticamente afecta todos los procesos de las operaciones minero – metalúrgicas en la UNIDAD MINERA Orcopampa, en este sentido la gestión de recursos hídricos busca justificar todos los posibles usos del agua en las operaciones, el que también incluye las medidas de control o mitigación que permitan reducir los riesgos de manera preventiva y proactiva. En este sentido las actividades implícitas a la gestión de recursos hídricos van desde la evaluación de las fuentes de agua disponibles a fin de cumplir con la demanda de agua para las operaciones mineras a corto y largo plazo.

Sep 1, 2017

By T. P. Mucho

Over the past several years, two types of roof control problems have been en- countered at Beth Energy's Eighty Four Complex mine in Southwestern Pennsylvania. These problems have been (1) poor roof conditions encountered while advancing submain entries and longwall panel entries and (2) deterioration and failure of long- wall gateroads, principally the tailgate entry. This paper discusses the efforts by mine personnel to analyze the origins of the various attempts to-deal with the problems, and the success (or failure) of these efforts. Highlighted are the use of various common roof Control materials, variations in mining techniques, cementatious pillars, and changes in pillar design using yield and abutment pillars to address these problems.

Jan 1, 1986

By Benjamín Leiding Valdés

"Ante la demanda industrial del cobre en el desarrollo minero, se hace necesario revisar su proceso de producción y repercusión a nivel mundial y peruano. Por tanto, el objetivo del texto describe algunos aspectos de su rentabilidad desde 1947 hasta la actualidad. De acuerdo a este último año de estudio, EE.UU. mantiene el liderazgo de producción con 29%, Chile, ocupa el segundo lugar con 14%, Rodesi, en el tercero con 12% y el cuarto lugar lo disputan Rusia y Canadá. Así, la producción norteamericana de cobre al igual que la chilena se ajusta a las demandas de consumo, mientras que la de los tres países restantes va en ascendencia. De otro lado, la mejoría de precio a nivel mundial, permitió que el conjunto de los demás países restantes ocupe el 18% de la producción, destacándose entre ellos Perú, Japón y México, seguidos de Unión de Sud África, Felipinas, Yugoeslaviay Chipre con más de 40 mil toneladas de producción de cobre. Asimismo, de acuerdo al aprovechamiento del plan de extensión, la distribución de la producción mundial del cobre primario ha mejorado tanto que en 1956 sobrepasó el consumo, aunque mantuvo su auge de precio. Sin embargo, en 1958 dicha situación cambió por el agotamiento de las reservas, ocasionando un perjuicio para los primeros países productores y un aumento para los últimos. En este sentido, los pequeños productores se convierten en las fuentes de producción de la última década, ubicando a Chile y Perú como los principales productores en América Latina. La producción chilena proviene en un 90% de su gran minería y en el 10% de su mediana y pequeña minería y sus principales mineras son Chuquiquimata en Antofogasta, El Teniente en O' Higgiins y El Salvador en Atacama. Mientras que la producción cuprífera peruana se ha duplicado en los últimos 10 años, sobrepasando las 65 mil toneladas por año. La gran minería de cobre en el Perú se inicia en los últimos años a través de la explotación del yacimiento minero de Toquepala, perteneciente a la Southern Perú Copper Corporation, estimando una reserva de 500 millones de toneladas de minerales de 1% de cobre por mes. La minería mediana peruana de cobre se encuentra en las minas de Cerro de Pasco y Morococha, en Junín, donde los minerales son concentrados y posteriormente fundidos en La Oroya. En conclusión, tanto Chile como Perú se constituyen como los dos más grandes productores de cobre sudamericanos que contribuyen al abastecimiento del mineral en este continente como en Europa, Estados Unidos y Norteamérica, no solo por sus reservas sino por la bondad de sus yacimientos. ."

Jul 20, 1959

By Roney Eduardo Lino, Loyslene Rabelo Fernandes, Gustavo Henrique Sousa, Athos Fernandes Araujo, Wallace Crisólogo Souza Gonçalves

Nos processos de refino dos aços, as ferroligas exercem um papel muito importante. E deve-se conhecer o comportamento do rendimento dessas ligas para que não sejam feitas adições desnecessárias que possam elevar os custos de produção ou até mesmo acarretar em perdas de corridas por composição química fora da faixa de especificação. Nesse trabalho foi utilizado o simulador de refino secundário do Steel University para avaliar o comportamento do rendimento das principais ferroligas em estação de rinsagem com banho metálico desoxidado ao alumínio e em banho não desoxidado. Foi possível avaliar que o comportamento do rendimento das ferroligas tende a ser mais positivo quando se é feita a desoxidação do banho metálico utilizando Alumínio briquetado. Com isso feito um comparativo do custo de produção que mostrou que, quando se conhece o comportamento dos rendimentos, é possível gerar economia para o processo.

Oct 1, 2019

By McLean E. J

Background The resources of the Gippsland Basin include not only the coal and oil for which it is well known, but also the tourism resource and the quality of life which it offers its residents and visitors. To manage this group of resources requires an understanding and ability to predict the consequences of possible developments. The water of the streams and estuaries as a key component as it is both a resource and the means for transporting wastes from one area to another. To aid in the resource planning process there is a need for models of the estuarine hydraulic processes. This paper describes an appropriate modelling technique. Resource use conflicts may arise from developments in the catchment upstream of the estuarine reach. For example the diversion of water for domestic and industrial use will change the velocity and salinity structure of the downstream estuary. In turn these changes will affect sediment distribution and deposition patterns and may impose stress on the biological communities and ultimately on the fisheries resources and water quality. The manager of an estuarine system may have expertise in ecology, hydraulics or another of the specialist disciplines involved, but commonly will not. The manager will identify needs for resource and development and the broad options required to satisfy them. The manager will use these studies as the basis for his/her selection of the option for execution. Thus a model for'use by the manager of an estuarine system must have the following properties: (i) The model must be sufficiently accurate to throw up all the likely options. (ii) The model must be capable of being run by the manager, interactively, to answer `what if' questions. This requirement implies a simple code andhardware limited to a personal computer or possibly a desk top work station. (iii) The model must be robust so that unrealistic input oes not generate apparently useful output, and no output is generated for cases where the model is not designed to give results. (iv) The model must be capable of being used as part of a modelling system comprising models of all the geographic and demographic components

Jan 1, 1992

By J. E. Chilton, T. Mal

Methane monitoring at the mine face is essential to assure a safe work environment in underground coal mines. Machine-mounted methane monitors must be used to continuously monitor methane levels during mining. Monitors used on mining machines must be approved by MSHA and properly maintained to provide protection for workers (30 CFR 75.342). To provide protection the instrument must give accurate readings of current methane levels. Accuracy is maintained by calibrating the instrument with a standard gas at least once every 31 days. Instrument “response time” determines how quickly measurements will change to reflect current concentrations. At present there are no criteria for measuring the response time for a ma-chine-mounted methane monitor while underground. This study examined a procedure for measuring the response time of a machine-mounted methane monitor. Response times were measured using methanometers obtained from three different manufacturers. The effects of the measurement technique and methanometer sensor head design on response time measurements are investigated. Techniques for reducing variation in response time measurements are discussed.

By J. C. Stankus

To protect mine personnel and moving equipment at underground roof fall areas, mine operators typically install steel sets, which are covered with wooden blocks and backfilled with an expanding type cement material. In large roof falls, the cost of void backfilling becomes prohibitively high causing some mines to leave the voids open. However, the durability of wood over time and the capability of the steel set and wood lagging to resist falling rock are unknown. This has caused concerns for the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and ground control engineers. During past two years, Keystone Mining Services, LLC designed and developed various impact-resistant steel set designs that were approved by MSHA and installed in various underground fall rehabilitations. This paper presents the patent pending impact-resistant steel set design methodology, including (1) steel set design per AISC national standard, (2) design, development, and laboratory testing of a water proof composite impact resistant lagging panel, and (3) impact resistant steel set design based on Law of Conservation of Energy. Two underground cases will be included detailing the application of the system.

Jan 1, 2011

By Iara Patricia Vieira de Oliveira

O coque desempenha três principais funções no Alto-Forno sendo elas: física, térmica e química, em se tratando do papel físico, a função estrutural é de primordial importância, pois não pode ser assumida por outro combustível, com isto as indústrias avaliam a resistência mecânica a frio para garantir uma marcha estável no reator, porém os ensaios padronizados não são suficientes para avaliar a resistência do coque. Neste contexto este trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia para avaliar de forma individual a resistência mecânica a compressão do coque nas granulometrias típicas do coque metalúrgico e como os principais defeitos, poros e trincas governam a resistência do material. Foram realizados testes de compressão, análise de microestrutura, microtextura, inspeção visual de trincas, MEV. Os resultados das análises realizadas no coque mostraram que a tensão média de ruptura aumenta com o aumento da granulometria.

Oct 30, 2017