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By J. Fred Johnson

MORE ORE is mined in the Bingham District than in any other mining district in Utah. In addition to the open-pit operations of the Utah Copper Co., there have been, many large underground mines. Until recent years the principal production was from the Jordan and Commercial limestones, but in the last eight years valuable ore deposits have been developed in the so-called alphabetical or "A," "B," "C," and "D" limestones, mainly by the U. S. Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. The value of these developments has led the company just mentioned to acquire large holdings in the district and within the last year to install at the Niagara shaft a hoist capable of going to a vertical depth of 4000 ft., or 1800 ft. deeper than the present lowest level. Ore from Bingham has been the chief factor in enabling the

Jan 1, 1934

CONTENTS PAGE BAIN, EDGAR C.-The Nature of Martensite. Discussed by Ancel St. John, Henry S. Rawdon, Jerome Alexander, Howard Scott 1 FEILD, ALEXANDER L.-Effect of Zirconium on Hot-rolling Properties of High-sulfur Steels and the Occurrence of Zirconium Sulfide. Discussed by Beram D. Saklatwalla, Bradley. Stoughton, Andrew M'Cance, George F. Comstock, Alexander L. Feild 12 SAUVEUR, ALBERT and KRIVOBOK, V. N.-Use of Sodium Picrate in Revealing Dendritic Segregation in Iron Alloys. Discussed by George F. Comstock, John H. Hall 17 KINNEY, C. L., JR.-Economic Significance of Metalloids in Basic Pig Iron in Basil Open-hearth Practice. Discussed by V. J. Pazzetti, George B. Waterhouse, C. L. Kinney, Jr 19 NEAD, J. H.-Absorption of Sulfur from Producer Gas in Open-hearth Furnaces.. Discussed by George B. Waterhouse, C. L. Kinney, Jr 26 PRIESTLY, WILLIAM J.-Effect on Steel of Variations in Rate of Cooling in Ingot Molds. Discussed by Emil Gathmann, Paul E. McKinney, George A. Dornin. 27 MONYPENNY, JOHN H. G.-Stainless Steel, with Particular Reference to the Milder Varieties (Stainless Iron). Discussed by P. A. E.-Armstrong, Beram D. Saklatwalla 33 ROYSTER, P. H., and JOSEPH, T. L.-Effect of Coke Combustibility on Stock Descent in Blast Furnaces. Discussed by Ralph H. Sweetser,. Richard Franchot, Sidney Cornell, T. L. Joseph 41 DAVIS, F. W., and BOLE, G. A.-Observations on Requirements of Refractories for Open Hearth. Discussed by C. L. Kinney, Jr., L. F. Reinartz, P. E. McKinney 46

Jan 5, 1924

AALL, Christian H.,(M'49), Asst Res Dir Monsanto Chemical Co Anniston, Ala AALSETH, Earl P ,(J,51), Amerada Petr Corp Geological Dept Williston N Dak AAMOT, Olav Crone, (M'29), Met Pacific N W Alloys, Inc , Box 6215, Hillyard P 0 Spokane 14, Wash AARING, Floyd D ,(J'48), Petr Engr P 0 Box 130, Calgary, Alta Canada AARCNSON, Hubert Irving, (S'47), Carnegie Inst of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa ABADIE, Henry G ,(M'43), Asst to the Sup- of Operations, Long Beach Oil Development Co ,255 So Santa Clara Ave Long Beach, Calif ABBISS, H. J., (A'50), Min. Engr., Buchans Mining Co., Ltd.. Buchans, Newfoundland ABBOTT, Clarence Eugene, (M'04), 901 Insurance Bldg , Raleigh, N C ABBOTT, George, (S'52), Mass Inst of Tech Cambridge, Mass

Jan 1, 1952

By John A. Baker

S EVERAL FACTORS have brought about a vastly greater interest in the gold-mining industry in the last two or three years. Outstanding is the fact that there is an open market at a fixed price for all that can be produced. a condition that holds for no other commodity. Costs of production have decreased greatly, owing to lower prices of supplies and equipment and lower wages. Improved metallurgical processes and equipment are also available. To big new gold district is being opened up but virgin ground is being prospected with some success in many of the more remote parts of the world and right here in the United States many old properties are being reopened 111 the light of present condition<, tailing dumps are being re- worked, and profitable leases taken on abandoned property. Many of the men who are becoming interested in gold are mining engineers whose experience has all been with base metals heretofore: some are engineers with no mining experience; some are not engineers at all but men who cannot find profitable employment in their usual field of activity and are attracted by the age-old lore of the yellow metal. Some are business men with a little money and an idea that under present conditions gold mining offers a safer investment for it than most other kinds of business. It is to those more or less inexperienced new- comers in the gold-mining industry that this article i4 ad dressed. Those who are connected with the large gold mines or who have had rears of experience with the small ones will find in the following pages little or nothing of interest but it is hoped that the newer generation of small mine operators, on whom the healthy growth of the industry depends so much, may find here some helpful hints.

Jan 1, 1932

CONTENTS [The Nature of Strain Markings in Alpha Brass (paper by J. E. BURKE and C. S. BARRETT, Met. Tech. Feb. 1948. TP 2327). ......................... 2 X Ray Studies of Twinning and Untwinning in Magnesium Alloys (paper by J. B. HESS and R. L. DIETRICH, Met. Tech. Feb. 1948. TP 2328) ................ 11 ]

Jan 1, 1948

By John Mathews

IT is a great honor to be asked by. the Board of Directors of this Institute to deliver the Henry Marion Howe lecture. The invitation carries with it a great responsibility, which I accept with considerable hesitation and with a feeling of unworthiness to perform the duties expected of me in this hour devoted to the memory of the life, character, and work of the late Professor Howe. Many of you recall the scholarly address delivered here a year ago by Prof. Albert Sauveur, and the beautiful tribute he paid-to his friend and colleague of many years in the great work of changing the art of iron making into the science of iron. My association with Professor Howe, was of brief duration-only one year-and the relation was that of pupil to teacher. My feeling toward him in later years was always that of a humble disciple at the feet of a master. He attained his third academic degree in the year that I was born. I recall the pride I felt when, after entering the, steel industry, I received from him, from time to time, letters asking for information or, perchance, asking my opinion, and he was always most punctilious in acknowledging the source of such bits of information in his writings. It was also my good fortune to sit at the feet of another great teacher-Sir William Roberts-Austen, at the Royal School of Mines. I mention him because his name was used by Osmond in coining the word "austenite," which is the subject of this address, and Osmond&apos;s suggestion was heartily approved by Howe. These three international metallurgists were the best of friends and delighted to honor the achievements of one another. There are other reasons for mentioning Roberts-Austen at this time. It was an introduction from Howe that opened to me the door of his -laboratory as well as of his heart. It was while at Roberts-Austen&apos;s laboratory that I .worked side by side with William Campbell

Jan 4, 1925

By R. E. Morgan, D. L. Douglass

The determination of phase relationships and solid-solubility limits can be performed by quantitative metallography in addition to the usual X-ray and metallographic techniques. For example, Beck and smith1 redetermined the ß/ß + ?, ß + ?/?, a/a + ß and a + ß/ß boundaries in the Cu-Zn system by measuring the volume fraction of second phase of several alloys and extrapolating the volume fraction-composition curves to 0 and 100 pct. A modification of this technique is suggested for certain alloy systems, in which it is not necessary to use several alloy compositions but merely one. A single two-phase alloy may be used to determine terminal solubilities in the following manner. The method consists of equilibrating samples of the alloy in a two-phase region adjacent to the desired solid solution, at three or more temperatures, quenching, measuring the volume fraction of second phase present, and applying an analytical treatment to calculate the unknown solid solution. However, two restrictions are inherent in this technique. They are: 1) only certain types of alloy systems are amenable to it, and 2) the general features of the system must be known. The first drawback to the new technique, i.e., that only certain types of systems may be studied, necessitates that the composition at one end of the tieline must either be constant with temperature or well established as a function of temperature. Either a pure metal or some intermetallic compounds fulfill the former. If it is assumed that the volume per gram-atom of a dilute solution is unchanged by the addition of element B to element A, the composition of the solid solution in equilibrium with the second phase may be determined by a material balance and is given by where X, = volume fraction of B in a solid solution Xc = volume fraction of B in compound c X = volume fraction of B in alloy f = volume fraction of second phase The composition by weight may then be determined by the use of tables in the Metals Handbook2 when the density ratio of the solid solution constituents is known. A possible alternative treatment involving the use of the lever rule is less precise than the above tech- nique. This may be used when the density of the solid solution is either known or may be calculated from X-ray data for several compositions. The following analysis is then made. The ratio of compound to solid solution (by weight) may be expressed as follows: x0 - x wc = xr-x = x0 - x r2i Xc -X where Wc = weight of compound w = weight of solid solution x, - alloy composition, weight percent x = unknown composition Xe = compound composition but where V, = volume of compound VA = volume of solid solution pc = density of compound p, = density of solid solution fc = volume fraction of compound fB = volume fraction of solid solution and fs = l -fc then If pc and xc are known, and f, is measured, then pB is the only unknown on the right side of Eq. [4]. The known densities of the solid solution can be plotted for various compositions and can then be expressed mathematically as a function of composition. The use of an expression of pB = f(x)reduces the equation to one unknown—the desired solubility. In the event that the densities are unknown, they may be calculated for various compositions from Vegard&apos;s law. The calculated values are then plotted and expressed analytically. The most accurate results are obtained for Eq. [4] when fc<< 1, i.c., when (x, -x,) - 0, &/l-f, - m; but as fc/l -fc - 0, (xl-x,)- (x, - x), and x - x,,. However, the accuracy with which fc can be measured decreases as f, decreases.3 Alloys for investigation must be selected by a compromise, which is based upon an error analysis of Eq. [4] and knowledge of the accuracy of volume fraction measurements. An examination of phase diagrams in the literature showed many which were amenable to the technique described here. The zirconium-copper system was selected in order to determine the solubility of copper in beta zirconium. Pieces of an alloy which was arc-melted three times were wrapped in tantalum foil and sealed under an argon atmosphere in Vycor tubes. The sealed samples were equilibrated at temperatures from 850" to 960°C for 3 weeks and quenched to room temperature by smashing the capsule in water. Several planes of polish were examined, and

Jan 1, 1960

By CHARLES R. KETES

I. INTRODUCTORY. INDUSTRIALLY, the most important service that geological science can now render to mining in the Upper Mississippi leadand zinc-fields is to devise some practical scheme whereby the productive ore-belts may be located with greater certainty than they have been in the past. Up to the present time there has been little service of this kind, and in spite of all that has been worked out concerning the geologic features of the region, and notwithstanding all that has been written about these ore-deposits, this particular phase of the subject has been, for some reason or other, the very one that has received the least consideration. The neglect by geologists in this respect has been all but complete. The following notes are suggestive of some practical solutions to the problems presented. As here suggested, the geologic relationships of the ore-bodies were surmised some years ago, though somewhat vaguely perhaps. No opportunity for securing critical data appeared until recent investigations of a private character were undertaken, which bad in view the extensive prospecting of undeveloped areas. Fresh from rather wide experiences of a decade in the principal mining-regions of four continents, and after a lenstrum&apos;s residence among the chief mining-camps of the West and of Mexico, under conditions which measured geologic hypotheses in meters and rigidly tested their values in, terms of dollars, the recent return to the Joplin field and a new survey of its ore-conditions were fraught with somewhat unexpected results. Aspects of the ore-deposition were presented of which previously there was no hint. Ten years&apos; absence from the district had tended greatly to clarify former hazy impressions. It enabled many features, then only dimly outlined, to be considered more nearly in their true perspective and in their real relationships to their surroundings. It permitted a great mass of details collected a dozen years before in connection with the work of the Missouri Geological Survey to be viewed under new light and to

Feb 1, 1909

By J. Chupak, D. J. Salley, G. L. Simard

Radiotracers were demonstrated to be of considerable value in a study of the interaction of dithiophosphate with galena. The interaction had characteristics of both chemisorption and chemical reaction, being complex because of the nature of the galena surface. Sorption was rapid and markedly reversible, and flotation occurred at relatively small amounts of dithiophosphate sorbed.

Jan 1, 1950

By Paul M. Tyler

THE farmer pays the phosphate miner! Phosphorus is used in fireworks; goes to battle in military smoke screens, incendiary shells, and tracer bullets; and, in vermin destroying pastes, does its part in the war against insects. A lemon phosphate can be had for a nickel at most soda fountains, and tens of thousands of tons of phosphate rock are mined annually for use in the food industries, chiefly for making monocaleium phosphate baking powder. Sodium phosphate cleaning, washing, and scouring compounds consume substantial quantities: the iron and steel industries buy a few thousand tons yearly to make ferrophosphorus and to balance foundry-iron furnace charges; and even nonferrous metallurgists use a little for phosphor bronze and other alloys. Phosphoric acid, its salts, and diverse other derivatives of this versatile element have countless applications, and industrial outlets are increasing rapidly, especially in the United States. Nevertheless, in this country nearly 90 per cent and in the whole world fully 95 per cent of the phosphate rock consumed is absorbed ultimately in agriculture.

Jan 1, 1938

By LEE H. CORNELL

Drilling activity in Kansas during 1945 continued at an accelerated pace to meet the demands of war; 1810 tests were drilled as compared with 1856 tests the previous year, 1771 tests in 1943, and 1516 tests in 1942. During the year 31 new oil pools and 10 new gas pools were discovered. Of a total of 364 wildcats drilled, 323 were dry; and of 1446 tests drilled in pools, 825 were oil wells, 197 gas wells, and 425 dry holes.

Jan 1, 1946

||Abad, Leopoldo F, Min Engr, Div of Mines, Bureau of Science Manila, P I &apos;23 Abadilla, Quirico A, Geol , Logo Pet Corp Box 172, Maracaibo, Venezuela &apos;20 ||Abarquez, Ramon F, Met, Bureau of Science Manila, P I &apos;24 ||Abbey, Robert Graham, Student, Case School of Applied Science Cleveland, Ohio &apos;21 Abbott, A N , Mines Supt, Mazapil Copper Co, Ltd Concepcion del Oro, Zac , Mexico &apos;23 Abbott, Clarence E , Mgr, Mines & Quarries, Tenn Coal, Iron & R R Co. 1242 Brown Marx Bldg, Birmingham, Ala &apos;04 Abbott, Louis Benjamin, Chief Engr, Consolidation Coal Co, Elkhorn Div Jenkins, Ky &apos;15 Abbott, Robert R , Met Engr, Peerless Motor Car Co Cleveland, Ohio &apos;12 ||Abbott, Wells Osborn, Ray Consolidated Copper Co Hayden, Ariz &apos;23 Abeel, George H., Jr, Cons Min Engr 4612 W 17th St, Los Angeles, Cal &apos;18 Abel, Albert E , Asst to Pres , Valley Mould & Iron Corp Sharpsville, Pa &apos;19 Abernathy, George Elmer, Prof of Geol & Min , Kansas State Teachers College, Pittsburg, Kan &apos;20 Abey, Hiroshi, Min & Met Engr, Chief Engr, Takata Min Co, 2 Yeirakucho, Nichome, Kojlmachiku, Tokyo, Japan &apos;17 ||d&apos;Ablamg, Philip R , Millman, Old Dominion Silver-Lead Co Ellensburg, Wash &apos;25 Aborn, R H, X-Ray Metallographic Research, Mass Inst of Tech Cambridge, Mass &apos;19 Abouchar, Sylvain Sley, Min Engr & Geol, care of S H Sekaly, 13 Rue El Nimr.

Jan 1, 1923

By Wallace E. Pratt

TO SERVE their primary function of balancing supply with demand. crude-oil prices must not only return full cost plus a reasonable earning to the efficient producer but they must also offer an additional reward to stimulate exploration sufficiently to maintain adequate reserves. High prices increase the volume and efficiency of exploration; low prig e- -Idle exploration. Over the last decade average prices for crude oil have been much lower than for the proceeding ten years, and lower even than the average over the life of industry. Under these circumstances no one should be surprised to learn that over this same recent period of discovery of new oil fields has also lagged and fallen below its average level for the previous decade. Crude oil prices have been too ion to support the required activity in wildcatting.

Jan 1, 1941

By Bradley Stoughton

A LL over our great country I have been privileged to see, during the last six weeks, the manifestation of a new spirit among engineers. Partly under the inspiration of leaders whose influence has been felt not only nationally, but internationally, - partly through the recognition of the service that engineers have been able to render to the nation during the recent crisis, a new self-consciousness has been acquired by the individuals, and now this self-consciousness seeks expression in opportunities for service and participation in public affairs. The engineer . no longer sees himself a mere reservoir of information to be tapped when some one is in need of cold facts, no. more an administrator of mere material things, but a potential administrator of- public affairs, a citizen and a human being, with the responsibilities, as well as the privileges of citizenship.

Jan 1, 1920

By Baxter C. Madden

Stress corrosion is defined and certain examples are illustrated. A number of test methods, to determine the resistance of materials to stress corrosion, are being developed at Wright Field. The criterion as to the validity of a method is stated. Three types of specimens and the method of stressing each type are described. Five different corrosive conditions are set forth. The results of tests to date, although too few for any general conclusions to be arrived at, are presented. The program for the continuation of the investigation is indicated. A bibliography is included. The development of the method of loading a cantilever-type specimen, so that a nearly constant stress at a large deflection may be realized, is presented as Appendix I.

Jan 1, 1945

R. F. MCELVENNY.- Over 20 years ago I went back East on a little tour of copper companies to see how copper was handled and fabricated, and I met a Mr. Bassett who took me through the Waterbury branche of the American Brass Co. I have not seen this gentleman for 20 years, but I have a letter from him that I would like to read to you. &apos;The American Brass Co. Waterbury, Conn. May 19, 1930. To the-Salt Lake City Conference on Reverberatory Smelting Practice: Through the courtesy of Mr. Scott Turner, Director of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mr. G. L. Oldright has been temporarily released from his regular duties to act as your secretary. We have asked him and Mr. McElvenny to make the necessary preliminary arrangements and to present to you at the opening session the greetings of the officers and&apos; directors of the Institute. I am very glad that it has been possible for you to come together under the auspices of the Institute and that the acceptance of our invitation has been so very unanimous. Such an acceptance of the invitation to this meeting indicates your interest in getting together for an exchange of technical data and ideas. We anticipate that this meeting will be of real service to the smelting industry through your open discussion and exchange of ideas, and we sincerely hope that you will form an organization which will arrange for future meetings of a similar nature. While it probably may not be desirable to. distribute the minutes of this conference except to the members who take part in it, we hope that later the Institute publications may be enriched by such matter as you think it desirable to have published; and also, that some of you may be able to offer technical papers for the Institute publications. I hope that you will find a permanent organization desirable and trust that it will be possible for you to form such an organization so that conferences may be regularly called. We hope that you can make use of the Institute organization and that we can be of real service to your industry. With best wishes for your success in this undertaking, I am Most cordially yours, W. H. Bassett, President.

Jan 1, 1930

By E. C. Harder

BAUXITE is known mainly as the ore from which aluminum is smelted but it has large use also in the manufacture of artificial abrasives and as a basis for certain chemical industries. A small amount is used for refractories and for other purposes. COMPOSITION Dana and others give the mineral formula of bauxite as A1203.2H20 and the composition as A12037 73.9 pct; H2O, 26.1 pct. It has been definitely shown, however, that bauxite does not exist as a specific mineral but rather as a rock. The term is now used synonymously with aluminum ore and it embraces gibbsite (hydrargillite or alpha trihydrate), A1203.3H20 (A12037 65.4 pct; H2O, 34.6 pct); boehmite (alpha mono¬hydrate), A1203.H20(Al203) 85 pct; H2O, 15 pct); diaspore (beta monohydrate), A1203.H2O(A12037 85 pct; H2O, 15 pct), and mixtures in various proportions of any two of them. Bauxite of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic in Europe is predominantly a mixture of gibbsite and boehmite, subordinately a mixture of boehmite and diaspore, or gibbsite and diaspore. The bauxite of North and South America, tropical Africa, Asia, and Australasia consists largely of gibbsite. Corundum (A1203) is not included under bauxite, although gradations from bauxite to emery or corundum exist. All bauxite, irrespective of the aluminum minerals composing it, contains certain impurities, including silica, in the form of clay minerals (kaolinite, halloysite, and others) or quartz, iron oxide (as hematite or goethite), titania (as leucoxene or rutile), iron sulphide (as pyrite or marcasite), iron carbonate (siderite), and calcium carbonate (as calcite); the last three mentioned in minor amount and of local occurrence only. Bauxite belongs to a group of partly consolidated materials called laterites, formed by surface weathering. This group includes also impure siliceous and ferruginous bauxite and siliceous and

Jan 1, 1949

By W. David Menzie

An inventory of the mineral resources of a region is a most desirable basis for planning their systematic development. In the absence of appropriate samples upon which to base a reliable estimate of this inventory, investigators have resorted to a number of indirect approaches; the unit regional value concept forms the basis for one such approach. The produced resources of a region are a function of the inventory multiplied by the degree of intensity (some fraction between zero and one) of development of the resources. A convenient means of expressing this amount is to accumulate the weight and value of resource and to prorate the totals over the area represented by the unit sampled; i.e., weight and value per unit area or tonnes/km.2 and U.S. 1967 $/km.2. When this approach is used for the U.S.A., South Africa and Rhodesia the average value of (log.) U.S. 67$/km.2 for the states of the U.S.A. and South Africa are similar ($55,176 U.S.$67/km.2 and $52,538/km.2 respectively); whereas, Rhodesia is relatively underdeveloped (10,301 U.S.67$/km.2). On the other hand if the individual commodities are used as a basis for comparison, the U.S.A. shows the greatest diversity (67 commodities out of a possible total of 75) with South Africa next (50 commodities) and Rhodesia last with only 26 commodities. Since it is known that area and value are not simply related perhaps diversity is directly related to area. Again the kinds of commodities which have contributed the greatest value to the totals differs, with fuels (petroleum, coal and natural gas) predominating in the U.S.A. totals; whereas, South Africa and Rhodesia obtain their greatest contributions from gold, diamonds (S. Africa) coal and asbestos. In each case the greatest value of resources is produced from sedimentary rocks. As a somewhat different kind of example, consider a single resource (petroleum, the most valuable in the U.S.A.) over a large area (number of sampling units) the U.S.A. by state. Furthermore, assume that the model frequency distribution of the amount of petroleum (tonnes/km.2) is log normal. Then the present production fails to match the model first because 17 states (34% out of 50) have not produced petroleum. Of the remaining 33 states, Louisiana has produced the most (15,177 tonnes/km.2) and the frequency histogram is still skew. A spatial analysis of the distribution of the amount of petroleum by state shows that the samples (i.e., states) are not random; the non-producers and producers tend to cluster. It remains to be seen if this is indeed a true representation of the incidence of petroleum or is a function of the exploration philosophy currently in vogue.

Jan 1, 1977

By Paul W. Zimmer, Carl E. Dutton

Iron ore in the Menominee district is mined from two iron-formations of middle Precambrian age. The older formation is present in the northeastern part; is composed mainly of hematite, magnetite, quartz, and minor silicates; and contains about 34 per cent iron. The rock has been so coarsened by meta- morphism that concentration of magnetite and hematite is feasib!e, and pellets containing more than 60 per cent iron are being produced. The older formation is also present in the southeastern part where it has 1:een only slightly metamorphosed. Ore containing more than 50 per cent iron was formerly mined from local residual concentrations of iron oxides from which silica had been sufficiently leached, or replaced by iron oxide, or affected by combinations of these processes. The younger iron-formation occurs in the western part of the district and, if unaltered, is interlayered siderite and chert. The ore in this area also contains more than 50 per cent iron and formed as local residual concentrations but in two stages. The siderite was converted to iron oxides (hematite and "limonite"), and silica was contemporaneously or subsequently removed by leaching, or replacement, or combinations of these processes.

Jan 1, 1968

By Ta M. Li, Russell A. Carter

The first century of mining in northern Idaho&apos;s Couer d&apos;Alene District will soon he drawing to a close. Like so many other great raining districts, it has been a period accompanied by a rich and colorful history. From its early days as a gold rush camp, the district has evolved into the leading silver producer in the US, but the going has not been easy: early-day labor disputes, the challenge of mining for profit in some of the deepest mines in the Western hemisphere, and the constant search for new reserves at great depths have taken their toll of mines-and miners-along the way. To these traditional mining problems have of late been added the burden of inflationary cost increases, pollution control, and reclamation. A recent visit to the district by MINING ENGINEERING, how ever, revealed that the deep commitment of the operating companies and the quiet competence and vitality of their engineering personnel are key factors in the continued prosperity of the district.

Jan 7, 1976