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By Arthur Knapp

The practical application of mud-laden fluids in wells has been the subject of many papers.' However, there seems to have been little investigation of what actually happens when mud-laden fluids are applied to a loose porous sand. The assumption is that the fluids penetrate the sands and that there is some plastering action. The degree of penetration and the relation of plastering action to wall stability is not generally known. This paper describes a series of experiments made in an attempt to observe, in laboratory apparatus, the action of mud-laden fluids under conditions simulating those to be found in a well. For the purposes of this discussion all fluids containing solid matter in suspension are mud-laden fluids. Series I: Penetration of the Pores of Uncemented Sands The subject of the penetration of porous formations by water is discussed in detail in Water-Supply Paper No. 67 of the U. S. Geological Survey. No attempt was made to repeat the experiments described therein. The results of the first experiment of this series are given simply to show the capacity of the apparatus used. The conditions in this first experiment were maintained throughout the remainder of this and the second series, except where noted. The experiments of Mills, McCoy, and others on subsurface flows, adjustments, migrations, etc., deal with the oil, water or gas within the porous beds.V he experiments described herein deal with the conditions immediately surrounding the bore hole.

Jan 1, 1923

By J. W. Rutter, K. T. Aust

The motion of individual grain boundaries under a constant driving force was investi,qated for zone-refined lead, with and without solute tin additions. The rate of boundary migration was found to depend strongly on tin content and on the orientation relationship between the adjacent grains. The results are compared with the theory of impurity-controlled grain boundary miqration developed by Lucke and Detert. Evidence was found that grain boundaries separating grains which have the Kronberg-U&apos;ilson orientation relationships of 38 and 22 deg about <Ill> and 28 deg about <100>, correspond to boundaries of high mobility. The results are discussed in relation to the formation of annealing textures in metals and the structure of high-angle boundaries. It is generally known that small amounts of impurities in solid solution greatly influence the re-crystallization behavior of metals. For example, the addition of 0.005 at. pct of tellurium to copper,&apos; or 0.005 at. pct of silver to lead,2or 0.01 at. pct of manganese or nickel to aluminum3 greatly decreases the rate of recrystallization of these metals. However, this effect may be the combined result of a decrease in the rates of both nucleation and growth; recrystallization experiments do not separate these two factors. Bolling and winegard4 determined the effects of small quantities of tin, silver, and gold on grain growth in polycrystalline zone-refined lead.

Jan 1, 1960

By Harry T. Davis, Jasper L. Stuckley

The object of this paper is to record and interpret field and laboratory observations made by the writers during five years of study of the barite deposits of North Carolina. Deposits of barite are known to occur in three localities in North Carolina (Fig. 1) two of which—the Hot Springs and Kings Mountain —contain material of economic value. The Hot Springs area begins near Bluff, some 6 miles south of Hot Springs, and continues northeast by Stackhouse; a total length of 7 miles. The Kings Mountain deposits lie along a belt that extends from the north end of Crowders Mountain in a southwestward direction, along the east side of this and Kings Mountain, to Kings Creek, South Carolina. The third locality is 3½ miles southeast of Hillsboro, Orange County, a short distance west of the highway leading from Hillsboro to Chapel Hill. It is not known when barite was first discovered in North Carolina, but production from the Hot Springs area began some 50 years ago. The state has never produced large quantities of barite—usually there have been less than three producers—and definite figures are not available, but reasonably reliable estimates indicate a total production of 300,000 tons. From 1901 through 1920 barite mining was on a seemingly prosperous basis and a large tonnage was shipped from the Hot Springs and Kings Mountain areas. With the depression of 1920 the industry began to decline and production practically ceased in 1926. Geology of the Barite Areas In the Hot Springs area barite is found in the Max Patch granite of Archean age and the Snowbird formation of Cambrian age. The Max Patch granite is of two varieties, one gray to whitish and the other red. The gray granite is coarse, at times porphyritic, and composed of quartz, orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar, with a little biotite and muscovite. The red granite is also coarse and differs from the other only in having conspicuous pink and red feldspar. Both varieties have been much metamorphosed and weathered in places, so that they contain secondary

Jan 1, 1935

By Harry T. Davis, Jasper L. Stuckley

The object of this paper is to record and interpret field and laboratory observations made by the writers during five years of study of the barite deposits of North Carolina. Deposits of barite are known to occur in three localities in North Carolina (Fig. 1) two of which—the Hot Springs and Kings Mountain —contain material of economic value. The Hot Springs area begins near Bluff, some 6 miles south of Hot Springs, and continues northeast by Stackhouse; a total length of 7 miles. The Kings Mountain deposits lie along a belt that extends from the north end of Crowders Mountain in a southwestward direction, along the east side of this and Kings Mountain, to Kings Creek, South Carolina. The third locality is 3½ miles southeast of Hillsboro, Orange County, a short distance west of the highway leading from Hillsboro to Chapel Hill. It is not known when barite was first discovered in North Carolina, but production from the Hot Springs area began some 50 years ago. The state has never produced large quantities of barite—usually there have been less than three producers—and definite figures are not available, but reasonably reliable estimates indicate a total production of 300,000 tons. From 1901 through 1920 barite mining was on a seemingly prosperous basis and a large tonnage was shipped from the Hot Springs and Kings Mountain areas. With the depression of 1920 the industry began to decline and production practically ceased in 1926. Geology of the Barite Areas In the Hot Springs area barite is found in the Max Patch granite of Archean age and the Snowbird formation of Cambrian age. The Max Patch granite is of two varieties, one gray to whitish and the other red. The gray granite is coarse, at times porphyritic, and composed of quartz, orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar, with a little biotite and muscovite. The red granite is also coarse and differs from the other only in having conspicuous pink and red feldspar. Both varieties have been much metamorphosed and weathered in places, so that they contain secondary

Jan 1, 1935

By L. B. Underwood, C. J. Distefano

NORAD, when completed, will be housed in large chambers excavated out of the granite beneath the Cheyenne Mountain near Colorado Springs. A room and pillar layout for the chamber excavation was selected and executed. Many complex problems arose in designing a rock bolt system; this paper includes discussions on: rock strengthening following excavation, excavation and ground support problems, orienting rock bolts with respect to jointing systems, conducting pull tests, four-way chamber intersection problems, the need for grouting rock bolts, and loss of tension and permanency of anchorage in a rock bolt system. In the event of a sudden nuclear attack upon the United States, it is imperative that vital command and control centers have a high probability of survival. One such vital facility is the North American Air Defense Command Combat Operations Center at Colorado Springs, Colo. Known briefly as NORAD, this installation when completed will be housed in large chambers excavated out of granite beneath the eastern slope of Cheyenne Mountain (Fig. 1). The NORAD COC, a U.S. Air Force sponsored project, will serve as the primary collection and evaluation center for data concerning unknown aircraft, missiles, or space vehicles, which might bring destruction to North America. The data will be fed into high-speed computers and electronic equipment from outpost sources: radar, ballistic missile early warning stations and picket ships throughout the world. Electronically controlled display boards will make it possible to evaluate the tracking data instantaneously and to take appropriate defensive action.&apos;

Jan 1, 1968

By A. A. Steel

DUring the summer of 1905 I was employed by the U. S. Geological Survey to investigate the geology, mining, and preparation of barite in most of the fields of the United States. The Eastern districts have been more or less completely described; the Virginia field in detail by Thomas L. Watson, in his paper, Geology of the Virginia Barite-Deposits,&apos; and other fields in abstract, including statistics of production and references to current literature, by various authors.2 There have also been published a few details of the occurrence of barite in the lead-mines of Washington county, Mo.³ The other accounts of this district are erroneous and meager, and since this field is the most important one in the United States at the present time, a detailed description of the local geology seems doubly desirable. Barite-deposits are scattered over nearly the whole of Washington and adjoining counties, but the product is all mined from the areas indicated upon the sketch-map, Fig. 1, and is shipped from the stations of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern railway, between Blackwell and Potosi, from 45 to 60 miles SW. of St. Louis. The topography is for the most part gently rolling, with slightly graded streams, usually less than 200 ft. below the higher hill-tops. Along Mineral fork and Indian creek are some steep bluffs and cliffs, affording good exposures of the

Jan 1, 1910

By Victor Lenher

The interest shown recently in selenium and tellurium has brought many requests for an assembling of the analytical chemistry of these two elements. The intention of this paper is to discuss all of the chemical principles utilized in the detection and quantitative determination of these elements, as well as to describe the works methods actually followed by producers of tellurium and selenium in the United States. These methods have been furnished by S. Skowronski of the Raritan Copper Works, H. D. Greenwood of the United States Metals Refining Co., F. F. Colcord of the U. S. S. Lead Refinery, and E. W. Rouse and A. E. Hall of the American Smelting and Refining Company. Occurrence Selenium is found associated with sulfur, to which in many respects it is quite similar. Occasionally deposits of native sulfur, notably those in the Lipari Islands, Kilauea, and Japan, show a red-brown coloration, I which is readily distinguished from that of other sulfur; this red-brown * sulfur contains a small amount of selenium. Not infrequently, the , sulfides of the heavy metals are accompanied by selenium and tellurium, • presumably as selenides and tellurides. The Scandinavian pyrite, which is one of the large sources of European sulfuric acid, when roasted has fur- - nished a large part of the selenium that has come to the United States; it I was in flue dust from the roasting of Scandinavian pyrites that the element was discovered by Berzelius in 1817. Greek and Spanish pyrites also

Jan 1, 1923

By Victor Lenher

The interest shown recently in selenium and tellurium has brought many requests for an assembling of the analytical chemistry of these two elements. The intention of this paper is to discuss all of the chemical principles utilized in the detection and quantitative determination of these elements, as well as to describe the works methods actually followed by producers of tellurium and selenium in the United States. These methods have been furnished by S. Skowronski of the Raritan Copper Works, H. D. Greenwood of the United States Metals Refining Co., F. F. Colcord of the U. S. S. Lead Refinery, and E. W. Rouse and A. E. Hall of the American Smelting and Refining Company. Occurrence Selenium is found associated with sulfur, to which in many respects it is quite similar. Occasionally deposits of native sulfur, notably those in the Lipari Islands, Kilauea, and Japan, show a red-brown coloration, I which is readily distinguished from that of other sulfur; this red-brown * sulfur contains a small amount of selenium. Not infrequently, the , sulfides of the heavy metals are accompanied by selenium and tellurium, • presumably as selenides and tellurides. The Scandinavian pyrite, which is one of the large sources of European sulfuric acid, when roasted has fur- - nished a large part of the selenium that has come to the United States; it I was in flue dust from the roasting of Scandinavian pyrites that the element was discovered by Berzelius in 1817. Greek and Spanish pyrites also

Jan 1, 1923

By John W. Frey

[Minerals, generally of great geological age, are to a very large extent the material basis of what we know as modern civilization. In most of the so-called civilized world the use f minerals has become such a commonplace that it is easy to se sight of their importance. It was the use of minerals, obably more than anything else, that made it possible for e American people to expand from the Atlantic seaboard the Pacific in a little over one hundred years. As the 1 to use the natural wealth at hand constitutes a funda¬ental element in American life, there seems to be justification for the thought that American geography is largely mineral geography. Of all American environmental reactions, the most striking are those which have come about through the use of the metals and the power fuels. If we turn to the ancient industry of agriculture, we find very little that is unique in North America except those developments which have come about through the use of machinery and transportation, both of which are contingent upon the use of minerals. Practically every crop now grown n North America was grown in some part of Europe before merica was discovered. One can point out exceptions to statement but in general it is true. Analysis of the es of North American agriculture shows that the outstand¬ characteristics are: regional specialization (i.e., the Economic Geographer; Chief, Petroleum Section, Minerals Division, u of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.]

Jan 1, 1932

By Thos Stroup

RECENT contributions to the literature relating to the problems of coal mine management have discussed the pros, and cons of unionism among the miners as bearing upon the immediate problems of the industry, but have devoted singularly little thought to the underlying causes, and the fundamental reasons. for the remarkable growth of union sentiment among the miners, a growth paralleled only in the case of the railroad workers. It is all very well to revile their organization, its obvious stupidity and stubbornness, its multitude of economic and social crimes, but it is also well to realize that there have been deep-seated causes for all these things, causes that, while operating in all industries and amongst all workers, have in none of them found the optimum conditions for development such as exist in the coal mining industry. The rise of the United Mine Workers of America to a position of importance in the industry synchronizes roughly with the introduction of short-time operation; of course seasonal shutdowns and slow-time working have always been evident in our bituminous fields, but these evils have grown steadily worse since 1895 and the U. M. W. of A. has grown steadily stronger; yet short-time operation alone cannot account for this tremendous growth for, witness the signal failures that have always attended the attempts to organize the harvest workers, the fruit packers and other highly seasonal workers.

Jan 9, 1923

By Robert Yerkes

THE following is a brief account of the methods of measuring intelligence especially prepared for use in the U. S. Army, of typical results, and of some of their immediately practical applications. It has been prepared for the assistance of army examiners and for the information of all who are interested in the relations of scientific placement to military efficiency. PURPOSE OF THE INTELLIGENCE TESTS Under the direction of the Division of Psychology, Medical Department, and in accordance with provisions of War Department General Order No. 74, mental tests are given recruits during the 2-wk. detention period. These tests provide an immediate and reasonably dependable classification of the men according to general intelligence. Their specific purposes are to aid: 1. In the discovery of men whose superior intelligence suggests their consideration for advancement; 2. In the prompt selection and assignment to development battalions of men who are so inferior mentally that they are suited only for selected assignments; 3. In forming organizations of uniform mental strength where such uniformity is desired; 4. In forming organizations of superior mental strength where such superiority is demanded by the nature of the work to be performed; 5. In selecting suitable men for various army duties or for special training in colleges or technical schools; 6. In the early formation of training groups within regiment or battery in order that each man may receive instruction and drill according to his ability to profit thereby;

Jan 2, 1919

By C. R. Fettke, Bela Hubbard

During the summer of 1916, while on a visit to the United States Agricultural Experiment Station at Mayaguez, Porto Rico, the writers were told by D. W. May, the director, that an occurrence of manganese ore had been reported from the mesa southeast of Mayaguez. A visit to the locality showed that the mesa is covered by a mantle of bright red soil resting upon serpentine. Here and there over its surface concretionary masses of limonite have been mashed out of this soil. These were apparently mistaken for manganese ore. On account of the similarity of this occurrence to the extensive iron deposits of northeastern Cuba, it was thought that a brief description based upon a two days&apos;reconnaissance survey of the area mould be of scientific interest. Mayaguez is on the west coast of Porto Rico, at Mayaguez Bay, which is the third in importance of the harbors of the island. The city itself is about 3/4 mile inland on the low-lying plain at the mouth of the

Jan 1, 1920

By J. B. Sellers, G. R. Haworth, P. G. Zambas

Rock mechanics research was carried out in the Anvil Points mine, Rifle, Colo., in the period 1964-1968, with the dual purpose of providing oil shale to the retorts of six major oil companies and to perform research on mining cycle operations to maximize extraction under safe conditions. An 80% extraction ratio within the mining area proved feasible. Test results provided data on optimum pillar and roof design. Studies of mine orientation showed that the mining headings should take into account the prevailing joint patterns and also the directions of the principal in-situ stresses acting in the region.

Jan 1, 1973

By Claude Ferquson

MORE men are killed and injured in the metal mines of the United States from falls of rock and ore than from any other cause. Dan Harrington, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, recently stated that "falls of men and material continue to take about 50 per cent of the lives annually lost in our mines (coal or metal) and this kind of accident is now and has been one of the most difficult to prevent." The fact that comparatively little has recently been written on this important subject for the benefit of the metal miner is the incentive for the present paper. Little will be said that will be new, but I hope to place fresh emphasis on certain well-known&apos; principles&apos; and to reiterate and stress previously stated rules so that the average experienced miner, as well as his buddy who may not be so experienced,&apos; will sit up and take notice. It is not within the scope of this paper to discuss mining methods from the standpoint of safety and the prevention of accidents from falls of rock. It is up to the mine management to select the system of mining best suited to the character of the ore deposit and its wall conditions. This is something that the miner can do little about; although in many mines the management encourages the workmen to make suggestions that will improve existing

Jan 1, 1938

By Frederick K. Allgaier

As part of an ongoing research program, the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, is monitoring surface subsidence over six longwall panels at three Utah coal mines. These sites are characterized by mining depths of 244 to 610 meters (800 to 2,000 ft .), thick and massive sandstone layers in the overburden strata, multiple seam mining, extraction heights of approximately 1.8 to 3 meters (6 to 10 ft.), and rugged surface topography. Maximum subsidence, angle of draw, timing relative to mining, horizontal strain, and rate of subsidence development are being determined and correlated with mining and geologic variables. Results to date indicate the maximum vertical subsidence over the monitored panels ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 meters (2 to 3 ft.). The major factors controlling the amount of subsidence are the panel dimensions and the status of adjacent panel mining. Only minor surface cracking at the panel ends was evident at any of the sites. In all cases, there was a time lag of several months between the start of mining and subsidence at the surface. As subsequent panels are monitored and additional data become available, better estimates of the effect of various site characteristics on the subsidence will be possible. Ultimately, improved prediction capabilities will allow mine operators in the West to evaluate the potential for subsidence-related damage which could affect the current or future land use above the mine.

Jan 1, 1982

By D. Mizer, J. B. Clark

In a recent investigation of the entire magnesium-yttrium phase diagram, Gibson and Carlsonl report the maximum solid solubility of yttrium in magnesium as 8.0 wt pct Y at 1050°F (565°C). However, independent studies of the precipitation in magnesium-yttrium alloys, 2 conducted prior to the publication of the above phase diagram, indicated a greater solid solubility of yttrium in magnesium. Accordingly, the magnesium-rich region of the diagram was re-investigated to determine more accurately the liqui-dus, solidus, and solvus of the magnesium solid solution in this system. Metallography and thermal analysis were chosen as the best corroboratory methods for accurately determining this region of the diagram. A magnesium-yttrium master alloy was prepared from yttrium of 99.9 pct purity and singly sublimed magnesium of 99.9 pct purity. Subsequently, the twelve magnesium-yttrium alloys shown in Fig. 1 were prepared using standard alloying procedures for magnesium. Metallographic samples of the alloys were heat treated under an SO, atmosphere in an electric furnace capable of control within ±3oF of the desired temperature. Alloy samples for the metallographic determination of the solvus, and for the precipitation studies were solution treated at 1000° F for 16 hr. Subsequent aging times for the solvus determination varied from a minimum of 6 hr for the higher temperatures up to 816 hr for lower temperatures. Periods of 30 min at temperature were used to generate liquation for the metallographic placement of the solidus and eutectic horizontal. The liquidus and the eutectic horizontal were determined by thermal analysis. Simple time-temper- ature heating and cooling curves were obtained from 10-g alloy samples heated and cooled in a well-insulated electric furnace. An Iron-Constantan thermocouple was placed in direct contact with the sample. The thermocouple did not contaminate the alloy sample since metallographic examination showed that the alloy melt did not wet or attack the thermocouple. The heating and cooling rates were approximately 5 to 8OF per min. The standard metallographic procedures for magnesium were used in polishing and etching the magnesium-yttrium alloys studied. Glycol etchant* was etchant was used to reveal precipitate in the solvus determination. The redetermined magnesium-rich region of the magnesium-yttrium diagram is shown in Fig. 1. The

Jan 1, 1962

By Richard E. Gray, William S. McCann, Robert C. Speck, Robert W. Bruhyn

Subsidence of the ground surface is the inevitable result of high recovery longwall and room and pillar coal mining operations. Up to now, U.S. research into this phenomenon has been concerned primarily with documenting the magnitude and extent of ground movements and prediction of the attendant ground strains through traditional ap¬proaches that have been developed in Europe and the United Kingdom. Preoccupation with ground strain prediction has, unfortunately, diverted attention from the more meaningful objective of predicting the severity of damage to structures at ground surface and the prob¬able cost to repair such damage. An attempt has been made to rectify this situation by reviewing in detail one hundred thirty four cases of subsidence damage to dwellings above active mines in western Pennsylvania, identifying the types of damage and the circumstances under which damage took place. The data reveal that damage to dwellings virtually always includes basements in addition to the readily apparent effects to the superstructure. In 90 percent of the subsidence cases, more than half the repair cost is associated with damage to subgrade components. A damage classi¬fication system has been devised that relates observed damage to severity and repair cost in a uniform manner for conditions in the Northern Appalachian Coal Field. Damage severity has been examined in the context of depth to the mine, the character of the near¬ surface overburden materials, mining type and other parameters.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. M. Robertson

The kinetics of grain boundary groove formation on copper surfaces immersed in liquid lead have been studied over the temperature range of 400° to 900°C. The groove widths were Proportional to the cube root of the annealing time, indicating that the diffusion of copper through the saturated liquid-lead solution is the mechanism by which grooves form. The rate constant for the process can be calculated by a theory due to Mullins. Using published data for the solubility of copper in liquid lead, for the interfacial energy of the solid copper-liquid lead interface, and for the diffusion coefficient of copper in liquid lead, the calculated rate constants almost exactly reproduce the measured values over the entire temperature range. The decay of scratches placed on copper surfaces has also been studied. The rate constant for scratch decay agrees with that for grain boundary groove growth, though scratch decay is sensitive to convection currents in the liquid. The interaction of solid and liquid metals has been studied extensively and has been found to be rather complex. Many of the studies have been complicated by a host of competing effects, including temperature gradients, concentration gradients, the formation of one or more intermetallic phases, natural or forced convection, and the presence in both the solid and liquid of considerable amounts of impurities and alloying elements. Recently theories have been developed of changes in surface profiles driven by capillary forces,&apos; which allow the interaction of the solid and liquid to be analyzed quite directly. The present paper reports a study of the formation of grain boundary grooves on pure copper immersed in liquid lead, which allows the theory to be checked quantitatively. The Cu-Pb equilibrium diagram is quite simple: there are no intermetallic compounds, copper is just slightly soluble in liquid lead, and lead is almost completely insoluble in solid copper.2 The Cu-Pb system has been studied extensively,3-9 and all of the quantities—interfacial energy, diffusion coefficients, and equilibrium solubilities-necessary to calculate the rate of groove growth by a volume-diffusion mechanism are known. The kinetics of grain boundary grooving and scratch smoothing have been studied on the noble metals and the iron group metals in a reducing atmosphere or in vacuum.10 The main interest of these studies has been the determination of surface-diffusion coefficients at metal-gas interfaces using the theories developed by Mullins.1 The present paper uses similar methods for the study of diffusion processes at the interface between two condensed phases. There has been one previous study" of the kinetics of groove growth in a solid-liquid system, which, however, was troubled by the fact that neither interface energies nor diffusion coefficients were known in the Ni-S system studied. THEORY The theory of grain boundary groove growth has been developed by Mullins for the cases of volume diffusion," surface diffusion," and a combination of the two processes.14 He has also analyzed the kinetics of the flattening of a scratched surface by these processes.l5,l6 Several assumptions and approximations were used in the derivations of the surface profile shapes. The applicability of these assumptions and approximations to the present system will be considered in the discussion. At the intersection of a grain boundary with an initially flat interface the equilibrium between the interfacial energy and the grain boundary energy establishes an equilibrium groove angle. This induces curvatures in the interface. The chemical potential of material at a curved interface is higher than at a flat interface, so that material moves away from the region of the grain boundary. Mullins&apos; calculations indicated that the groove profile would be similar to that shown schematically in Fig. 1. Small humps form above the level of the original flat surface. For a volume-diffusion mechanism the separation, w, of these humps at a time, t, is given by and where co is the equilibrium concentration of the solid in the liquid, y, the solid-liquid interfacial free energy, O the volume occupied by a solute atom in the liquid, D the diffusion coefficient of the solid in the liquid, and kT has its usual meaning. For a surface-diffusion mechanism the groove width is proportional to the fourth root of the time. For grooves forming by a combined surface and volume-diffusion mechanism the exponent of the

Jan 1, 1965

New York Meets first Wednesday after first Tuesday of each month. Chairman. PERCY E. BARBOUR, Vice-Chairman. A. D. BEERS, Secretary, 55 Wall St., New York, N. Y. C. A. BOHN, Treasurer. JOHN V. N. DORR, LEWIS W. FRANCIS. Boston Meets first Monday of each winter month. R. L. AGASSIZ, Chairman. JAMES G. CARLETON, Vice-Chairman. E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology. Cambridge, Mass. W. E. C. EUSTIS, G. A. PACKARD. Columbia Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. W. H. LINNEY, Chairman. OSCAR LACHMUND, Vice-Chairman. LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, P. O. Drawer 2154, Spokane, Wash. STANLY A. EASTON, S. SHEDD. Puget Sound Meets second Saturday of each month SIMON H. ASH, Chairman. I. F. LAUCKS, Vice-Chairman. CHARLES SIMENSTAD, Secretary-Treasurer, 425 Lyon Bldg., Seattle, Wash. GLENVILLE A. COLLINS, JOHN N. POTT

Jan 6, 1917

Edward Keller, Baltimore, Md. (communication to the Secretary): When, at the New Pork meeting, February, 1899, Mr. Douglas gave an abstract of his highly interesting paper on the Copper Queen mine, he invited the members of the Institute, in his usual progressive spirit, to make a full scientific investigation of the region of that mine during the prospective excursion to Bisbee, Arizona. I volunteered to examine some of the metallurgical processes and products of the works, and obtained from Mr. Douglas a valuable series of samples. Upon the issue of his paper, however, I found that he had already a considerable volume of analyses of those products, and that little was left for me to do in that respect, except to duplicate his results, the importance of which work would not have been commensurate to the time and labor involved. I selected, therefore, only some points which he had not made entirely clear, or concerning which I was skeptical. The details of most of my work will appear in a future paper. From Mr. Douglas&apos;s figures I have calculated the values for the elimination of impurities in the so-called Leghorn converter, introduced by him at the Copper Queen works, and have found them to be as follows: Percentage of Elimination of Impurities in Pour Blows of a Converter. No of &apos; Selenium Sulph&apos;r Iron. Zinc. I Nickel. Lead. Antimony Arsenic. and Blow- ! Tellurium .. 1.......... 99.4 99.6 88.0 92.6 94.4 81.6 83.8 40.3 2.......... 99.0 99.6 98.1 92.5 96.8 71.9 76.6 38.1 3.......... 98.8 99.5 93.5 91.4 96.3 63.8 80.6 25.3 4.......... 99.8 99.5 95.8 95.8 97.5 65.3 76.9 36.3 Average 99.2 99.6 93.8 93.1 . 96.2 70.6 ! 79.5 35.0

Jan 1, 1900