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By E. C. Reed

Drilling activity in Nebraska during 1945 continued to decline slightly over that of the previous year. Eight tests for oil and gas were completed during the year, of which seven were wildcats and resulted in dry holes. The eighth test, an inside location in the Dawson field of Richardson County, yielded an initial production of about 3o bbl. per day with 86 per cent water from the Hunton formation. Five wells were drilling at the end of the year, two of which were wildcats. Two of the drilling wells were deepening operations in the Dawson and Falls City fields and the third was an inside location in the Falls City field, which appears likely to result in a producer. Most of the operations were in Richardson County but two wells were drilled in Dawes and Gage Counties and one each was drilling in Holt and Washington Counties at the end of the year. There were no new discoveries of oil or gas.

Jan 1, 1946

Cobriza can only be described as the Machu Picchu of the mining business. This relatively new mine of the Cerro de Pasco Corp. in Peru, subsidiary of The Cerro Corp., was put on stream in December 1967. The best way to get there is to go in the company's HelioCourier with pilot Paco Perez. The plane is mostly engine and the pilot is without nerves. The trip starts at an elevation of 12,000 ft at La Oroya and ends at the Cobriza air strip near the top of the Continental Divide at 14,200 ft. Perez says this is the highest air strip in the world. The flight is made at an altibude below many of the peaks and it is easy to pick out the Inca Trail which follows the ridge line of the top of the Andes. Inca ruins are also visible from the aircraft. The drainage pattern, with a surprising number of lakes and rivers, can be seen and so, too, can a great deal of structural geology and numerous agricultural settlements dotting the altiplano. Cobriza is in the monta[n]a on the east side of the Andes, which is characterized by tropical climate and vegetation, an abrupt change from the frosty mountain atmosphere. The mountainsides are precipitous and the bottoms of the steep valleys are channels for roaring rivers. Such is the setting of Cobriza, above the swift cataracts of the Mantaro, benched out precariously at about 8700 ft elevation. The mountains rise in majestic splendor and the sun comes up late and sets at 3: 30 on winter afternoons. One of the lowest of the Cerro de Pasco camps, it is the most remote.

Jan 11, 1969

By E. J. Wasp, T. C. Aude, F. B. Raymer

The following paper deals with technical aspects of terminal facilities for western coal pipelines. The information is taken from the Ohio and Black Mesa pipelines and the proposed one in Wyoming. This paper first discusses the feed terminal, the product that it must produce, and the reasons for coal cleaning. Then in the delivery terminal section, the various methods of dewatering the coal and some recent innovative ideas on bunkering the dewatered product and storing the dewatered coal in large outdoor piles are discussed.

Jan 1, 1979

These pages may be used as order sheets. Mark the number desired opposite title of pamphlet wanted, add your name and address, tear out the sheets and mail them to us. Single orders 25 c. Pamphlets 10 c. each in lots of three or more. Pamphlets 5 c. each in lots of fifty or more. These prices prevail for orders for pamphlets of the same or different titles, when cash accompanies order. The pamphlets listed on the following sheets are advance copies printed to facilitate discussion at the meetings of the Institute. They are offered for sale at the reduced prices given above as long as the supply lasts. This list is published in the Bulletin in order that members may have the first opportunity to secure pamphlets, which sometimes are in such great demand that the supply is exhausted before the wants of members can be supplied. The following list includes only a fraction of the pamphlets that have been published by the Institute. Any other paper published by the Institute may be obtained for the price of $1, except those published in Volume XXXI, which are rare. The Institute is still selling back volumes of Transactions at reduced prices, but some of these volumes are becoming rare and members who desire to complete their sets of these very important books on mining and metallurgy are advised to send in their orders as soon as convenient. The attention of members is also called to the bibliographical index of the science of ore deposits contained in the Emmons Volume which is selling at $3 in paper and $4 in half morocco. The Posepny Volume is already exhausted and members who do not get in their orders for the Emmons Volume at the present reduced price may soon find themselves unable to obtain it on such favorable terms.

Jan 8, 1917

By R. D. Lee

A simplification of the method of Hurst and McCarty for conducting potentiometric model studies by the single probe method is presented along with experimentally determined invasion patterns for certain idealized flow problems. The analytical solution for one class of these problems is given. Finally, a general description is given of a newly developed instrument which permits direct mapping of flow lines and determination of transit times in potentiometric-model studies. Introduction The object of this paper is to present: I. A simplification of the method of Hurst and McCarty for conducting poten-tiometric-model studies of oil and gas reservoirs by the single probe method. 2. Results of a series of studies of certain idealized flow problems and the general conclusions to be drawn therefrom. 3. A description of a new instrument, the Chronocartograph, which greatly reduces the labor and time required for conducting potentiometric-model studies. Certain general conclusions may be drawn as results of the investigation of the idealized flow problems. They are: I. Injection and extraction areas should be separated by as great a distance as conditions permit since, in general, the recovery prior to first breakthrough tends to vary as the square of this distance. 2. Little advantage is to be gained by use of more than eight injection wells or groups of injection wells for the case of circular productive limits. 3. Elongated shapes of productive limits are best exploited by injection on the extended major axis only, with a line of extraction wells lying on the major axis. 4. The use of peripheral injection wells for elongated shapes is permissible, if necessary, but requires extension of the line of extraction wells. The exploitation of an oil or gas field is effected either by the expansion of the gas and oil, or by their displacement by another fluid. Both methods may be used simultaneously. When the displacement of the oil or gas is the controlling factor there arises the problem of mapping the progress of the boundary between the fluid in place and the displacing fluid. This problem is of particular interest in the operation of a cycling project in a gas-condensate field, where the wet gas is produced from one or more wells, commonly called "extraction wells.'' This wet gas is taken into a processing plant where the condensate is removed. The remaining "dry" gas is injected back into the field through one or more wells, called "injection wells," both to conserve the gas for future use and also to maintain the pressure in the field. In an operation of this type it is essential to anticipate the manner in which the dry gas will spread through the field, because the ultimate recovery of the wet gas depends

Jan 1, 1948

By R. D. Lee

A simplification of the method of Hurst and McCarty for conducting potentiometric model studies by the single probe method is presented along with experimentally determined invasion patterns for certain idealized flow problems. The analytical solution for one class of these problems is given. Finally, a general description is given of a newly developed instrument which permits direct mapping of flow lines and determination of transit times in potentiometric-model studies. Introduction The object of this paper is to present: I. A simplification of the method of Hurst and McCarty for conducting poten-tiometric-model studies of oil and gas reservoirs by the single probe method. 2. Results of a series of studies of certain idealized flow problems and the general conclusions to be drawn therefrom. 3. A description of a new instrument, the Chronocartograph, which greatly reduces the labor and time required for conducting potentiometric-model studies. Certain general conclusions may be drawn as results of the investigation of the idealized flow problems. They are: I. Injection and extraction areas should be separated by as great a distance as conditions permit since, in general, the recovery prior to first breakthrough tends to vary as the square of this distance. 2. Little advantage is to be gained by use of more than eight injection wells or groups of injection wells for the case of circular productive limits. 3. Elongated shapes of productive limits are best exploited by injection on the extended major axis only, with a line of extraction wells lying on the major axis. 4. The use of peripheral injection wells for elongated shapes is permissible, if necessary, but requires extension of the line of extraction wells. The exploitation of an oil or gas field is effected either by the expansion of the gas and oil, or by their displacement by another fluid. Both methods may be used simultaneously. When the displacement of the oil or gas is the controlling factor there arises the problem of mapping the progress of the boundary between the fluid in place and the displacing fluid. This problem is of particular interest in the operation of a cycling project in a gas-condensate field, where the wet gas is produced from one or more wells, commonly called "extraction wells.'' This wet gas is taken into a processing plant where the condensate is removed. The remaining "dry" gas is injected back into the field through one or more wells, called "injection wells," both to conserve the gas for future use and also to maintain the pressure in the field. In an operation of this type it is essential to anticipate the manner in which the dry gas will spread through the field, because the ultimate recovery of the wet gas depends

Jan 1, 1948

By Masayuki Otagawa

THE mining methods adopted in Japanese mines are less known to the mining world than those of other countries, owing to the geographical remoteness, but they present many features of interest to mining engineers. The Ashio copper mine is at the village of Ashio, in Tochigiken, about 109 mi. (175 km.) from Tokyo by the Imperial Government railroad. The area of the concession owned by the Furukawa Mining Co. is 5000 acres (5023 ha.). The mine was formerly divided into three, viz.. Honzan, Kotaki, and Tsudo, which are distant 3 mi. (4.8 km.) from each other as shown in Fig. 1. However, in 1914, when the writer was general manager, the three mining plants were amalgamated into one with the result of simplifying the working projects and increasing the operat-ing efficiency. The mine was visited-by the Institute party in November, 1911, when Mr. K. Inouye was the general manager. Shortly afterward, the writer was appointed manager, and, in 1915, he was succeeded by Dr. K. Asano. At the end of 1917, Mr. K. Kibe became general manager and, after two years, was succeeded by the present manager, Mr. I. Sugimoto-. For some time Dr. J. Kojima was acting general manager. It is needless to say that the gentlemen mentioned are all members of the Institute, as is also Baron T. Furukawa, president of the company. Since the discovery of the enormous masses, called "kajika" or "bullhead" deposits; which the writer has described elsewhere,' the mining methods have been varied to meet the different conditions presented by these deposits.

Jan 2, 1922

By Donald A. Brobst

The minerals barite (BaSO4 barium sulfate) and witherite (BaCO3 barium carbonate) are the chief commercial sources of the element barium and its compounds whose many uses are nearly hidden among the technical complexities of modern industrial processes and products. Barite, the major ore mineral, is extremely vital to the petroleum industry which in 1973 consumed at least 80% of the world's produc¬tion of 4.4 million tons as a major ingredient of the heavy fluid, called mud, that is circulated in rotary drilling of oil and gas wells. The re¬maining 20% of the barite production was consumed chiefly in the manufacture of barium chemicals and glass and as a pigment, filler, and extender. Barite occurs throughout much of the world and is available from three major geologic types of deposits-vein and cavity fill¬ing, residual, and bedded-in sufficient quantity at competitive prices to meet current demands. The world's demand for barite is expected to increase, and geologic circumstances are favor¬able for the discovery of new deposits of com¬mercial value. Witherite is much less common and abun¬dant than barite, although it is more desirable in many ways as a raw material for the pro¬duction of barium chemicals. The United States has not produced witherite since about 1950; England is currently the chief producer of witherite. End Uses Most of the world's barite production since 1926 has been used as a weighting agent for the muds circulated in rotary drilling of oil and gas wells. The muds fundamentally are mixtures of water, clay, and barite in different proportions that vary according to local reservoir condi¬tions. Muds with a specific gravity as great as 2.5 are used. The mud is pumped down the hollow drill stem, passes through the bit at the bottom of the hole, and rises to the surface in the space between the drill stem and the wall of the hole. In the course of this circulation the drill bit is cooled, cuttings are removed, the drill stem is lubricated, the walls of the hole are sealed, and the hydrostatic head of the column of weighted fluid helps to confine high oil and gas pressures. The latter feature aids in prevention of gushers, thus reducing both environmental pollution and waste of oil and gas resources as well as conserving the natural reservoir pressure for greater production and rate of recovery of the products contained in the rocks. Barite is particularly well suited for drilling mud because it is clean, easy to handle, soft (nonabrasive), heavy, virtually inert chemi¬cally, and relatively inexpensive compared to many other available heavy materials. Barite is used in the manufacture of glass in continuous tanks. The addition of barite ho¬mogenizes the melt and gives greater brilliance and clarity to the finished glass. Ground barite, both unbleached and bleached by sulfuric acid, is a common industrial filler, extender, and weighting agent. The rubber in¬dustry is a major consumer of barite as a filler. Barite also is added to bristolboard, heavy printing paper, playing cards, rope finishes, brake linings, clutch facings, plastics, and li¬noleum, to name but a few uses. Bleached barite has long been an extender in white lead paint because of its weight. The low index of refraction of barite, however, makes its ability to cover marks poorer than some other sub¬stances, but its low capacity for absorption of oil is a good feature. Off-color or unbleached barite can be used as a filler in colored paints. In the construction industry, some lump barite is used in concrete aggregate to weight down pipelines buried in marshy areas and to shield nuclear reactors. Because barite absorbs gamma radiation well, its use reduces the amount of expensive lead shielding otherwise

Jan 1, 1975

By Henry Fernald

THE accounting system or bookkeeping methods of any company are principally the concern of that company and of those who are in control of its affairs. Its published financial report is, however, primarily intended for those who are not already fully informed regarding its operations and finances. Whatever may be the advantages of standardization of accounting and bookkeeping methods, it must be admitted that a company has a certain right to handle its accounts and keep its books and records in whatever manner may seem to it best adapted to its affairs, even though such methods may differ materially from those generally adopted by others. In its financial reports it should not, however, either ask or expect that the statements it makes or the terms which it uses will be given in its case a meaning and interpretation different from that which they are ordinarily considered to have in similar reports and statements of other companies. The particular form and arrangement of such reports is a matter concerning which there may be much difference of opinion. It is of little importance whether current assets come first or last in the Balance Sheet, but it is important that there should not be included under this designation any items which are not properly current assets within the generally accepted meaning of that term. The extent to which stockholders or others interested are to be made acquainted with the full details of a company's business is a question which the proper authorities must in each case decide. It should, however, be recognized that there are certain facts regarding a mining com-pany which must be set forth in a financial statement if it is fully to cover the conditions and affairs of the company. For example, a financial, statement which does not include or is not accompanied by a statement, of the ore reserves of the company does not fully set forth its financial condition. This is true whether the absence of such a statement of ore reserves is because it is not desired to make public the figures or whether it is because the ore reserves themselves are not definitely known, or accurately measured.

Jan 1, 1928

By N. E. Holden, R. R. Goodrich

TheRe is a small area about Murray where bedded gold quartz veins occur in Prichard slate. The ore taken from the upper levels, during the early days, was free milling and was treated by stamp milling and amalgamation. There was likewise a considerable placer working. The report is current that tungsten (scheelite) was encountered, which interfered with the amalgamation in the stamp mills and which, in placering, collected in the riffles in the sluice boxes and clogged them. Consequently, in the quartz mines, the scheelite, when encountered, was rejected, being thrown into the waste, sometimes inside the mine and at other times outside on the dump. The free surface ores became worked out and as the ore in depth became pyritic and rebellious to amalgamation the mines closed down. Last spring tungsten ore brought a high price, near $80 per unit, 60 per cent. W03 and up. This so stimulated the output of tungsten ore that old dumps were explored and waste stored in the mines was gone over. Tungsten was likewise mined from virgin ground. So the district produced quite heavily for a time. The condition now is different. The price is not so high, about $20 per unit WO3, which makes profits questionable when mining in new ground. The accumulations from early day mining have been exhausted and the output has greatly declined. The Golden Chest mine was the heaviest producer of tungsten. The months of June and July were spent at this mine studying the problem. Since the mine had produced both gold and tungsten, we looked forward to the problem of recovering both from what might be called a gold-tungsten ore. A study of the Golden Chest vein showed this was not to be the case. While gold ore and tungsten ore come from the same vein, the tungsten ore is confined to a more or less disturbed or distorted portion

Jan 1, 1918

[James C. Gray, President W. B. Stephenson, President-Elect A. B. Cummins, Past-President E. G. Fox, Eastern Regional Vice-President H. C. Weed, Western Regional Vice-President Donald W. Scott, Central Regional Vice-President John Cameron Fox, Secretary 29 W. 39 Street New York 18, N. Y. After September 7, 1961 345 East 47 Street, New York 17, N. Y. D. R. Tone, Assistant Secretary Nathaniel Arbiter, Treasurer]

Jan 1, 1961

By C. Willard Hayes

Introduction.—The recent developments in the metallurgy of aluminum and its consequent rapidly growing use in the arts are at present attracting considerable attention to its ores. The success of the Hall electrolytic process, by which the metal is obtained directly from the oxide, has removed bauxite from the position of a rather uninteresting mineral to that of an important ore. Its production on a commercial scale is so recent, particularly in this country, that little attention has yet been paid to its mode of occurrence and origin.. Any investigation, therefore, which throws light upon these points should be of interest to mining engineers- at the present time, especially if the conclusions afford a basis for estimating the probable extent and value of deposits already known and a mane of directing search for others. Two localities in the United States have so far yielded bauxite in commercial quantities. These are in Arkansas and in the Coosa valley of Georgia and Alabama. According to descriptions of the Arkansas deposits by Branner, they bear little resemblance to those in the Southern Appalachians and their geological relations appear to be entirely different. Only the latter deposits are considered in the following paper. These have been briefly described by McCalley† and Spencer.† They were visited by the writer during the past summer and somewhat carefully examined, in connection with the study of the areal geology of the region. Location of the Deposits.—The ore is found irregularly distributed within. a narrow belt of country extending from' Adairsville, Ga.,

Jan 1, 1895

[Trans. No. Place Date Vol. Page 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, '71.. 1 3 2. Bethlehem, I's Aug., '71.. 110 3. Troy, N. Y Nov., '71.. 113 4. Philadelphia, PaFeb., '72.. 117 5. New York, N. YMay, '72120 6. Pittsburgh, Pa Oct., '72.. 125 7. Boston, MassFeb., '73.. 128 8. Philadelphia, Pa.*May, '73.. 23 9. Easton, PaOct., '73.. 27 10. New York, N. Y Feb., '74211] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

By E. T. Dumble

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) FOR many years there have been occasional reports of the discovery of gold from a belt of the coast country of Texas which is underlain by deposits belonging to the lower Eocene. For the most part they have been treated as newspaper reports and no examination or record of them has been made. Among such, it may be mentioned that in 1896 there was a flurry over reported gold-discoveries -west of Luling and elsewhere in this belt, and in 1903 some prospect-shafts were sunk on the Gonzales branch of the Galveston, Houston & San Antonio railway, 3 miles below Harwood. During 1912, further discoveries have again brought the matter to our attention, and it may be of interest to record the facts as we have found them. Some years ago specimens were sent me, which were said to have been taken from certain beds on Gazley creek, and concentrated by washing in it rocker. In them were several particles of gold sufficiently large to be visible to the eye. Under the microscope they showed to be, with few, exceptions, sharp cornered, and not rounded as is usual with placer-gold. They were not filings, however, but their sharpness seemed rather to be due to a recent freeing from their matrix. One or two grains were rusty, and one copper-hued, but the most of them were tolerably bright. On examining the material of the samples small grains or fragments were found, of a yellowish brown color, which seemed to be of a finely-granular structure-possibly a sandstone. In these fragments I found particles of gold, one of them being large enough to be visible without a lens. Gazley creek empties into the Colorado river just north of Smithville, and for a few miles north of that place its banks show, beneath the deposits of more recent materials, the sands and clays of the Lignitic division of the Eocene, with lignite, shells of iron, etc.

Oct 1, 1912

By A. L. Holley

IT has been customary at our opening sessions, for the presiding officer to address you on the general development of one or another of our several professions, or upon some important feature of Mining or Metallurgical Engineering. It is somewhat embarrassing to his successor that our former President, Dr. Raymond, expert as he is in every one of these professions, has been accustomed to keep them all, in their turn, prominently before you. In selecting for this occasion a subject necessarily connected with iron and steel, I have thought that a review of these manufactures, with reference to some of their more pressing needs for improvement, will be more timely than a general or statistical paper. I shall endeavor to confine my remarks to a few specific defects of practice and management, and to their equally specific and more or less developed remedies. That serious defects exist ; that they must be remedied ; that the manufacture is indeed already on the verge of transition, will be generally admitted. But it cannot be revolutionized all at once, however desirable the technical results might be, for that would bankrupt the business at large. We cannot afford to pull down and rebuild all our blast-furnaces that do not make a ton of pig iron with 25 cwt. of fuel ; nor to replace all our hand-puddling furnaces with revolving ones, even if we could select the best revolver. Although the soft steels promise to supplant iron for most structural purposes, there are neither money nor present market to warrant all at once replacing our iron works, or half of them, with steel works. Since, then, these manufactures can neither standstill nor be suddenly metamorphosed, their managers are saying to one another " We must feel our way into larger development ; we must work gradually into better practice; we must improve a little at a time." * President's address on the opening of the Cleveland meeting.

Jan 1, 1876

By M. C. Fuerstenau, A. M. Gaudin

A homogeneous suspension is viewed by X-rays. The radiation density seen, affords a measure of the extra absorption due to the solids contained. This radiation density, at a predetermined depth, varies with time. The chart of this relationship gives the desired determination. s it is frequently necessary to know the distribu-rt tion of particle sizes in various products used in industrial applications, a number of means have been devised for these determinations. Some of them include direct microscopic measurement, screening of product, extraction of samples from a settling slurry, air and liquid elutriation, adsorption of gases and liquids, and light absorption. The absorption of light as a means for particle size analysis has been known and employed for some time. X-ray absorption has not received the attention that light has enjoyed primarily because of the complex and costly instrumentation involved with X-rays. In 1954, Brown and Skrebowskil suggested the use of X-rays for this type of determination but did not supplement their suggestion with experiment. In 1958, the authors conducted size analysis experiments on suspensions of quartz with the Trans-viewer: an X-ray unit specifically adapted for sedimentation research, and Rossa conducted experiments in a similar manner in 1959 with a stable gamma emitter, AmZ4l, on suspensions of uranium oxide. To illustrate the applicability of X-ray absorption for analyzing particle size distributions, an essentially mono-energetic and well collimated X-ray beam was used as a source. The beam was made mono-energetic by placing a zirconium filter before the counting window together with feeding the pulses from the proportional counter into a reverter, a device capable of discriminating against pulses of various heights. The sketch in Fig. 1 shows the collimation arrangement in more detail. As shown, the X-ray beam was collimated by inserting a 3/8-in. ID pipe into one of the ports of the X-ray tube and further by two small steel plates with slits 3/32-in. wide and 1/2-in. long placed in front of the window of the Geiger-Mueller (G-M) tube. One of the plates was located 1/2 in. and the other 2 1/2 in. from the window of the counter; both plates were contained in an aluminum holder mounted on the box containing the G-M tube. This type and degree of collimation should eliminate any intensity due to scattered radiation; the transmitted intensity would then be solely a functior. of the absorption by the suspension at that level. Experimentally, homogeneous suspensions of finely ground quartz were prepared, Daxad (a sulfo-nated compound made from wood) was added as dis-persant, and the transmitted X-ray intensity measured as a function of time at a fixed depth in the suspension. In more detail, the experimental procedure involved the following: 1) measuring the transmitted X-ray intensity through the Daxad solution at a predetermined position or settling depth in the absence of solids, 2) placing a known amount of dry solids into the vessel and agitating thoroughly, 3) measuring the transmitted X-ray intensity at time zero (i.e., immediately upon cessation of stirring), and 4) measuring the transmitted X-ray intensity as a function of time (a 10-sec counting interval being chosen and counting being started 5 sec before the desired time). Since a linear relationship exists between percentage solid in a slurry and the logarithm of transmitted intensity for a homogeneous material, the cumu-

Jan 1, 1961

By F. B. Plummer, R. B. Newcome

The practice of introducing acid into oil wells to increase production of oil and gas has been in use since 1894, when it was first used in the Pennsylvania oil fields30.‡ It is only since 1928 that it has been used to any extent in the Mid-Continent18. The process has proved successful in increasing production, at least temporarily, in depleted oil fields where the producing formation is highly calcareous and where water drive is not too pronounced. In the Zwolle field in Louisiana, where the producing horizon is a chalk, increases of 100 per cent have been recorded25. In north-central Texas, where the oil is produced from the Marble Falls limestone, equally pronounced increases have resulted3. The production also in some fields yielding oil from quartz sand cemented with calcitc has been benefited. The evidence of actual increase in total recovery of oil, however, has been questioned by some engineers18. It has been pointed out that the results of the treatment of a well in a now district, where the process has never been tried out, can never be predicted with certainty, since other factors besides percentage of calcareous content of the oil sand play a large part in determining the success of the method. Numerous articles have been published on acid treatment and on the effects of acid on limestone1-35, yet very little has been written concerning experimental work on the actual effect of acid on capillary pores and larger oil-coated voids of oil sands. This is due partly to difficulties in duplicating field conditions in a laboratory and partly to the fact that the process has been carried out largely by contracting companies that have been unwilling to publish details of their results for fear of loss of business to competitors. The authors, using equipment developed to measure the radial permeability of oil-sand cores2', have developed a method of investigating the results of acid treatment which has enabled them to test numerous cores and to study in some detail the action of acid on the different types of rocks, particularly fine-grained rocks.

Jan 1, 1936

By F. B. Plummer, R. B. Newcome

The practice of introducing acid into oil wells to increase production of oil and gas has been in use since 1894, when it was first used in the Pennsylvania oil fields30.‡ It is only since 1928 that it has been used to any extent in the Mid-Continent18. The process has proved successful in increasing production, at least temporarily, in depleted oil fields where the producing formation is highly calcareous and where water drive is not too pronounced. In the Zwolle field in Louisiana, where the producing horizon is a chalk, increases of 100 per cent have been recorded25. In north-central Texas, where the oil is produced from the Marble Falls limestone, equally pronounced increases have resulted3. The production also in some fields yielding oil from quartz sand cemented with calcitc has been benefited. The evidence of actual increase in total recovery of oil, however, has been questioned by some engineers18. It has been pointed out that the results of the treatment of a well in a now district, where the process has never been tried out, can never be predicted with certainty, since other factors besides percentage of calcareous content of the oil sand play a large part in determining the success of the method. Numerous articles have been published on acid treatment and on the effects of acid on limestone1-35, yet very little has been written concerning experimental work on the actual effect of acid on capillary pores and larger oil-coated voids of oil sands. This is due partly to difficulties in duplicating field conditions in a laboratory and partly to the fact that the process has been carried out largely by contracting companies that have been unwilling to publish details of their results for fear of loss of business to competitors. The authors, using equipment developed to measure the radial permeability of oil-sand cores2', have developed a method of investigating the results of acid treatment which has enabled them to test numerous cores and to study in some detail the action of acid on the different types of rocks, particularly fine-grained rocks.

Jan 1, 1936

By R. W. Dr. Raymond

(Read at the Philadelphia Meeting, February, 1878.) THE manufacture of ferromanganese in the blast furnace having been the subject of considerable attention in the Institute, I beg to put on record a contribution to the discussion from a quarter hitherto not directly represented, namely, the St. Louis furnaces, near Marseilles in France, belonging to a company of which M. Jordan, a member of the Institute, is Managing Director. These furnaces commenced in 1862 to manufacture specular pig (fontes à facettes) containing from three to six per cent. of manganese. In 1864 the regular production of spiegeleisen (fontes miroitantes), containing seven to ten per cent, of manganese, was inaugurated. At that time the Rhine was the only locality of this manufacture, and the Bessemer works of England and France obtained from Germany all their spiegel. From 1864 to the present time, the St. Louis furnaces have been advancing steadily the percentage of manganese in their product. From ferromanganese of thirty per cent. they had arrived, about two years ago, at a product containing seventy to seventy-five per cent., and for some time past they have been turning out what, as M. Jordan remarks, may fairly be termed fonte de manganese, or manganese pig, instead of iron, since the percentage of iron it contains is not more than 8.5, while the percentage of manganese is 85, or ten times as great. This very high grade material has a peculiar appearance, entirely different from that of ordinary cast iron or spiegel. It is granular, and steely gray in color. The following analyses, communicated to the Société to des Ingenieurs Oivils, by M. Jordan, show the composition of various products of the St. Louis furnaces :

Jan 1, 1878

By Chauncey Berrien

THE Hawkesworth detachable drill steel shank and bit were invented by A. L. Hawkesworth; while he was a mechanical foreman for the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., at Butte, Mont. Mr. Hawkesworth died on June 16, 1925, at the time that his invention was practically a proved success. The first application for patents was made by him in November, 1918, and the bit is now being manufactured under patents issued in 1922 and 1923. The credit, for its development in the early stages belongs to A. L. Hawkesworth, Roy S. Alley, Harry A. Gallwey, E. J. Bowman and various officials of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Later improvements, manufacturing problems and the direct usage in the mines were originated and perfected by the mechanical department under C. D. Woodward, E. R. Borcherdt, head of the Rock Drill Equipment Department, Robert E. Kelly of the Mechanical Department, and various operating department heads of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of these officials in the preparation of this paper.

Jan 1, 1930