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NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Oct. 10 to Nov. 10, 1914: Members ADDAMS, CHARLES EDWARD, Asst. Supt.. . Ray Consolidated Copper Co., Ray, Ariz. ALEXANDER, HARRY H., Asst. Mgr. and Mgr., American Smelting & Refining Co., Maurer, N. J. ALLING, MARK,N., Min Engr Downieville, Sierra Co., Cal. ANDERSON, LESLIE DOUGLASS, Supt U. S. Smelting Co., Midvale, Utah. ATKINS, WILLIAM, JR., Sec'y Kingwood Coal Co., Howesville, W. Va. BLAKE, TRUE WALTER, Min. Engr Rombauer Coal Co., Novinger, Mo. BRACKETT, GEORGE SYLVESTER, Supt... Pittsvein Coal Co., Flemington, W. Va. BRAINERD, HOWARD STANFORD, Met Ingersoll-Rand Co., Phillipsburg, N. J. BROWN, THOMAS J., Genl. Supt., Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Co., Sydney Mines, N. S., Canada.

Jan 12, 1914

By C. O. Lee, Z. W. Bartlett, R. H. Feierabend

The Grand Isle sulfur mine is located in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately seven miles off the coast of Grand Isle, Jefferson Parish, La. The deposit is on acreage covered by oil, gas, and mineral leases originally issued in favor of Humble Oil & Refining Co. by the State of Louisiana which were continued, maintained, and redesignated by the U.S. Department of the Interior after passage of the Outer continental Shelf Lands Act. The sulfur deposit was discovered in 1949 when Humble Oil & Refining Co. penetrated more than 200 ft of sulfur-bearing limestone in a zone between 1813 and 2075 ft below sea level. In 1954, Humble drilled ten more sulfur prospect holes, eight of which encountered sulfur ore.

Jan 6, 1960

By R. W. Heckel

The densification of molybdenum powder by hot pressing has been studied as a function of time (up to about 3 x 104 sec) at pressures of 5000, 15,000, and 30,000 psi in the temperature range from 3700o to 1200°C. Excluding results below 2 to 5 x 10 sec, the density (D) - pressure (P) - time (t) data followed the general form:

Jan 1, 1965

By H. J. Levinstein, H. J. Guggenheim, C. D. Capio

An optical incestigation of the phase transformations in RbFeF, has been conducted. Details of the ferromagwetic phase transition and the metamagnetic state are disczrssed. The three-dimensional magnetic domain structure existing in bulk crystals of RbFeF3 is described, as well as the effect of the magnitude and direction of the applied magnetic field on the domain struclure. The strong magnetoelastic interaction in RbFeF, is demonstrated. The results of the direct observation of the role of dislocation subboundaries and slip bands as nucleation sites and as pinning sites for magnetic domain walls are reported. THE perovskite compound RbFeF, has recently been shown to exhibit three magnetic states.''' Above 102°K it is paramagnetic, between 102" and 87°K it is antiferromagnetic. and below 87°K it is ferromagnetic (i.e., exhibiting remanence) with a modification of the magnetization occurring at 40°K. The changes in magnetic structure at 102o, 87°. and 40°K are accompanied by shear transformations to successively lower crystal symmetry classes.3 At 102°K a second-order phase transformation to a tetragonal crystal structure occurs. The c/o ratio increases with decreasing temperature to a value of 1.0034 at 87°K where the crystal undergoes another shear transformation to an ortho-rhombic crystal structure. The magnetic modification at 40 K is also accompanied by a shear transformation to a lower crystal symmetry. RbFeF3 is unique in that in the ferromagnetic state it is transparent in the bulk to visible light, has a low saturation magnetization, a large magnetic rotation. and has good optical properties.' All these features make it an ideal material for the investigation of magnetic domain structures in bulk crystals. In addition a dislocation etch has been developed which reveals the point of emergence of dislocations with the (100) surfaces of RbFeF3,5 making it possible to determine the dislocation arrays in the material. As a result domain wall dislocation interactions can be observed in the bulk crystal. In this paper we report on 1) the crystallography of the phase transformations in RbFeF3. 2) the domain configurations as a function of magnetic field and crystal orientation. 3) the interaction of dislocations and magnetic domain walls in RbFeF,. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Since the temperature range of interest is below room temperature the dewar shown in Fig. 1 was employed. It was designed to fit on the stage of a Leitz panphot metallograph, and permitted examination of the sample at a magnification up to 150 times. The dewar consists of a double-walled glass cylinder bent into an L shape. The space between the walls is evacuated. The viewing wirldows were made of four optically flat quartz discs aligned parallel to each other and sealed to the sides of the concentric cylinders. The specimens were mounted in a holder attached to a flexible plastic shaft. Various holder designs were employed depending upon the type of observations to be made. For studies of the phase transformation between the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic state the holder shown in Fig. 2(d) was employed. This holder permitted accurate temperature control at 82" to 88°K by balancing the heat input from the carbon resistance heater against the heat loss to a heat sink immersed in liquid N2. Magnetic field studies were conducted by employing the holders shown in Figs. 2(a) and (b). The holder shown in Fig. 2(n) has a solenoid imbedded in it. such that the magnetic field direction is in the same direction as the incident light. The magnetic field provided by the holder in Fig. 2(b) is perpendicular to the incident light direction. The holder in Fig. 2(r) was employed when observations of the specimen were desired while an elastic bending stress was applied to the sample. The stress was applied to the sample by pulling a wire from outside of the dewar. The wire was attached to a lever pivoted on the holder. which caused the knife edge of the lever to push against the sample. The crystal growth and the sample preparation were described previously.' PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS The first phase transformation in this system is from the cubic perovskite structure to n tetragonal

Jan 1, 1970

By Paul W. Jeran, Vladimir Adamek

Characteristics of surface deformations i.e., sub¬sidence, inclination, curvature and horizontal strains, are evaluated, based on information obtained by direct field measurements over three longwall panels in the Northern Appalachian Coalfield. Surface deformations have been precomputed using Bals' and Knothe's theories. The results have been compared with Bureau of Mines field data to evaluate the applicability of the two theories to the U.S. min¬ing conditions. Measured horizontal movements and the resulting horizontal strains differ as much as 300 percent from precomputed values. Topography has no detectable effect on vertical movements but appears to have substantial effect on the development of horizontal strains. The horizontal deformations computed from our field measurements generally exceed the limits used in other countries to protect surface structures.

Jan 1, 1982

By Carl H. Schmuck

The terms "cable bolting," "extended ground support," and "grouted cable" are synonymous, and they have been popping up with much more regularity in the mining engineer s vocabulary. In simplest terms, lengths of u itensioned cable up to 18.3 m (60 ft) are grouted in drill holes prior to mining. This permits radical departures from mining practices that rely on conventional rock reinforcement. For example, by placing a pattern of cable bolts in the back of an open stope, ore can be mined in successive slices. After each slice is taken the protruding cable; are simply cut off and mining proceeds. When about 4.6 m (15 ft) of reinforced back remains, a crew places a new par tern of cable bolts in the ore.

Jan 12, 1979

By John M. Sharp

John M. Sharp, Jr. (Assistant Professor of Geology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.)-Geothermal gradient and surface temperature data anomalies are potentially useful tools in mineral exploration, These data, however, may reflect a number of geologic and hydrologic processes as well as the thermophysical properties of the geologic materials. The author presents a relatively simple model which may be of value in mineral exploration. The lack of consideration of other processes, however, limits its usefulness. For instance, because of erosion or sediment deposition over geologic time the land surface must be considered a moving boundary in such a model. Evaluation of this effect coupled with annual surface temperature and thermal conductivity variations can result in temperature profiles such as shown in [Figs. 4 to 7]. These effects and others, such as ground-water movement," must be considered and filtered from the data before proper interpretation is possible. Another assumption which should have been discussed is, why were the observed mean surface temperatures not used for extrapolation of the gradients in [Figs. 4, 6, and 7?] Conductive heat transport responds to the actual boundary (land surface) temperature, not to theoretical temperatures in the absence of perturbations. Benfield presents a theoretical model for calculating perturbations in the geothermal gradient for erosion and sedimentation. The temperature (T) at any time (t) and any depth below the surface (x) is given by [ ] where T is the mean surface temperature, G, the geothermal gradient, v, the rate of erosion (or sedimentation),[ ], the long-term rate of change of T0, and k is the thermal diffusivity of the rock. Using the author's values and a rate of erosion of 1.54 cm per yr for a period of 10,000 yr, a thermal profile as shown in [Fig. 10] will be generated. A thermal diffusivity of 0.0164 sq cm per sec was used, corresponding to a thermal conductivity of 0.0082 cal per cm per sec per C. In [Fig. 11], a sediment deposition rate of 3.0 cm per yr for a period of 1000 yr was used to generate the subsurface temperature profile. A surface temperature of 24.3°C was used, as specified in [Fig. 9, 7], was set equal to zero for both cases. Superposition on the generated profiles in [Figs. 10 and 11] of the annual surface temperature variation perturbation (which may be calculated in a number of ways) will yield profiles similar to those in [Figs. 4 and 7]. Similar profiles can also be produced by regional ground-water flow. Models like the author's can be of value in mineral exploration. Other processes, however, which affect surface temperatures and gradients must first be considered, calculated, and filtered from the data if anything but the crudest qualitative interpretation is to be made. Robert C. Edmiston (Author's reply)-Professor Sharp has raised three objections to my interpretation of the subsurface temperature data I collected at Silver Bell. These are: 1) No correction was made for erosion or sedimentation,

Jan 1, 1977

By John R. Reynolds

Mercury has long been neglected in American mining industry. The plights of domestic producers have been many and their compensations few. The mercury market has been dominated in the past, as it will be in the future, by the Spanish and Italian producers. Other major producing countries are Yugoslavia and Mexico. Probably no other mineral commodity has fluctuated so much in price. A 76-lb flask of mercury sold for $195 in 1943, $76 in 1948, and $325 in 1954. This wide fluctuation has resulted in spasmodic domestic production. U. S. mines produced 51,929 flasks in 1943, and only 4535 flasks in 1950. In 1955 the estimated production was 18,400 flasks. Domestic consumption in 1955 was 57,200 flasks.

Nov 1, 1956

By Howard L. Hartman

The past 15 years have seen rapid advances in the metallurgy of materials for drill machinery and bits, but rock drilling itself continues to be largely an art. Jet piercing, roller bit rotary drilling, and rotary percussion are all promising new techniques, but the percussion rock drill, still used for 90 pct of the blastholes in U. S. hard-rock mining, has under- gone no major modification since pneumatic machines were first used successfully in the 1860's. This singular lack of progress stems directly from ignorance of the nature of impact failure of rock and the fundamentals of rock penetration in general. For nearly three-quarters of a century, mining engineers did not know what went on at the bottom of a drillhole.

Jan 1, 1959

By E. C. Truesdale, Gerald Edmunds

A few years ago H. M. Cyr, working in the Research Laboratories of The New Jersey Zinc Co., produced a few pounds of zinc1 of such purity that no other elements were detected in it by spectrographic analysis, using the facilities then available. This zinc contained less than one ten-thousandth of one per cent of metallic impurities.&apos; During the decade that followed upon the laboratory production of this "spectro-graphically pure" zinc, commercial developments brought about the production of large tonnages of zinc of purity exceeding 99.99 per cent, and today zinc of 99.999 per cent purity is produced and marketed as "chemically pure" zinc. Typical analyses of present supplies of high-purity zinc are given in Table 1. Table 1.—Typical Analyses Percentnge by Weight Sum of Zinc Fe, Ib1 Fe Cd 1A1 cd Special High Grade*.......... 0.007b 0.005b 0.005b none O.OIOb C.P. (chemically pure)......... < 0.0002 0.0005c 0.000052 S.P. (spectrographically pure).. <0.0002d <0.00005d a A.S.T.M. Standard Specification for Special High Grade Slab Zinc (A.S.T.M. Designation: B 637). b Maximum. &apos; Fe chemically determined. Pb and Cd are spectrographically determined. d Differences between composition of C.P. and S.P. zinc are discussed later in this paper. The availability of commercial tonnages of special high-grade zinc has been the basis for the development of the zinc-base die-casting alloy industry which, in the year 1936, consumed one-eighth of the zinc used in the United States for all purposes. This and the C.P. and S.P. grades have given impetus to scientific investigations into the properties of pure

Jan 1, 1939

By E. C. Truesdale, Gerald Edmunds

A few years ago H. M. Cyr, working in the Research Laboratories of The New Jersey Zinc Co., produced a few pounds of zinc1 of such purity that no other elements were detected in it by spectrographic analysis, using the facilities then available. This zinc contained less than one ten-thousandth of one per cent of metallic impurities.&apos; During the decade that followed upon the laboratory production of this "spectro-graphically pure" zinc, commercial developments brought about the production of large tonnages of zinc of purity exceeding 99.99 per cent, and today zinc of 99.999 per cent purity is produced and marketed as "chemically pure" zinc. Typical analyses of present supplies of high-purity zinc are given in Table 1. Table 1.—Typical Analyses Percentnge by Weight Sum of Zinc Fe, Ib1 Fe Cd 1A1 cd Special High Grade*.......... 0.007b 0.005b 0.005b none O.OIOb C.P. (chemically pure)......... < 0.0002 0.0005c 0.000052 S.P. (spectrographically pure).. <0.0002d <0.00005d a A.S.T.M. Standard Specification for Special High Grade Slab Zinc (A.S.T.M. Designation: B 637). b Maximum. &apos; Fe chemically determined. Pb and Cd are spectrographically determined. d Differences between composition of C.P. and S.P. zinc are discussed later in this paper. The availability of commercial tonnages of special high-grade zinc has been the basis for the development of the zinc-base die-casting alloy industry which, in the year 1936, consumed one-eighth of the zinc used in the United States for all purposes. This and the C.P. and S.P. grades have given impetus to scientific investigations into the properties of pure

Jan 1, 1939

By Wilbur T. Stuart

To assist the mining industry in attacking problems of water control, the U. S. Geological Survey has begun a program of research in mining hydrology. In certain fundamental respects water control is similar to development of water supplies from wells or to the drainage of agricultural lands, as many of the tools developed in recent years for quantitative ground-water problems are applicable, with modification, to mine-water problems. In 1952 a 30-day pumping test conducted jointly by the Eureka Corp. Ltd. and the Defense Minerals Exploration Agency provided an opportunity to gain knowledge concerning water movements around a flooded mine shaft. The methods of analyzing the data may be used as a guide for the evaluation of similar problems elsewhere.

Jan 2, 1955

By John H. Stewart, Daniel R. Shawe

Major transverse structural zones in the western U.S. such as the Lewis and Clark line, Walker Lane, Texas lineament, and Colorado mineral belt, have localized important mineral districts. In Nevada and Utah the alinement of Cretaceous and Tertiary mineral deposits, such as in the Pioche, Eureka, Manhattan, and other mineral belts, may be related to similar tectonic features. All the mineral belts in Nevada and Utah have produced precious and base metals and tungsten; the Manhattan belt in addition has produced magnesite and brucite; and the Pioche belt, uranium, fluorspar, and alunite. Specific types of ore deposits seem related spatially to major belts of the Paleozoic Cordilleran geosyncline and compositionally to the intrusive bodies with which they are associated.

Jan 1, 1977

By R. A. Bloom, John Birtalan

CONSIDERABLE interest has been shown in recent years toward determining the crystal structure, mode of formation, and chemical composition of the x phase, designated as such by Andrews,&apos; who was the first to establish its presence in Fe-Cr- Ni-Mo alloys . Later work2 by the same author has shown that the occurrence of x depends on the presence of some molybdenum in the alloy. The phase, which appears to be identical or very similar to a manganese, has a body-centered-cubic structure and is closely related to s phase. Koh observed a similarity in composition between x and s and speculated as to whether x might be an ordered structure of u which is known to have a tetragonal crystal

Jan 1, 1957

By A. M. Gaudin

THIS paper presents, with the help of colored photomicrographs, the new method of mineral identification termed "selective iridescent filming." This method pertains to the field of determinative mineralogy, which it provides with tools for: (1) phase identification, (2) solid solution analysis. The method should be particularly useful in the applied fields of: (1) paragenesis of ore deposits, (2) mineral dressing, (3) mineral synthesis and study of phase equilibria.

Jan 1, 1938

By Robert M. Keeney, Jay Lonergan

The electric smelting of manganese ore and the production of ferro-manganese did not exist as an industry, in the United States or elsewhere, previous to the outbreak of war in 1914. Ferromanganese had been produced, electrically, during times of high prices by two companies at Niagara Falls and by several European companies, but the production was spasmodic, and none was electrically produced when ferromanganese sold at from $35 to $40 per ton. Thus the electric smelting of manganese ore must be considered as a development caused by the high prices prevailing during the years 1916, 1917 and 1918, and the necessity of smelting domestic ore in order to fill the ferromanganese requirements of the steel industry of the United States, which increased from 189,088 tons in 1914 to 356,356 tons in 1918. The electric furnace is well adapted to smelting domestic ore because it can be located in small units near the source of ore supply. In 1918, the ferromanganese production of the United States was 333,027 tons, of which about 7 per cent., or 23,000 tons, was produced in the electric furnace. The electric furnace not only assisted materially in the development of a domestic-ore supply but made a considerable saving of coke, as it requires about 11/4 tons of bituminous or lignite coal per ton of ferromanganese compared with a blast-furnace consumption of 2.9 tons of coke per ton of ferromanganese. Some of the plants in the United States that smelted manganese orc in the electric furnace during the war and in 1920 are listed in Table 1. From early in 1919 to about February, 1920, little ferromanganese was produced in the electric furnace. During this period the price of ferromanganese (78 to 82 per cent. manganese) was about $100 per ton. During the first half of 1920, several plants resumed operation when the price of ferromanganese (76 to 80 per cent. grade) gradually increased to $200 per ton, delivered.

Jan 1, 1922

By Jay Lonergan, Robert M. Keeney

The electric smelting of manganese ore and the production of ferro-manganese did not exist as an industry, in the United States or elsewhere, previous to the outbreak of war in 1914. Ferromanganese had been produced, electrically, during times of high prices by two companies at Niagara Falls and by several European companies, but the production was spasmodic, and none was electrically produced when ferromanganese sold at from $35 to $40 per ton. Thus the electric smelting of manganese ore must be considered as a development caused by the high prices prevailing during the years 1916, 1917 and 1918, and the necessity of smelting domestic ore in order to fill the ferromanganese requirements of the steel industry of the United States, which increased from 189,088 tons in 1914 to 356,356 tons in 1918. The electric furnace is well adapted to smelting domestic ore because it can be located in small units near the source of ore supply. In 1918, the ferromanganese production of the United States was 333,027 tons, of which about 7 per cent., or 23,000 tons, was produced in the electric furnace. The electric furnace not only assisted materially in the development of a domestic-ore supply but made a considerable saving of coke, as it requires about 11/4 tons of bituminous or lignite coal per ton of ferromanganese compared with a blast-furnace consumption of 2.9 tons of coke per ton of ferromanganese. Some of the plants in the United States that smelted manganese orc in the electric furnace during the war and in 1920 are listed in Table 1. From early in 1919 to about February, 1920, little ferromanganese was produced in the electric furnace. During this period the price of ferromanganese (78 to 82 per cent. manganese) was about $100 per ton. During the first half of 1920, several plants resumed operation when the price of ferromanganese (76 to 80 per cent. grade) gradually increased to $200 per ton, delivered.

Jan 1, 1922

By Fred W. Menzl, Raymond E. Sutton

GABBS, Nev., in Nye County, is 140 miles southeast of Reno and about 31 miles north of the Southern Pacific railroad at Luning. The townsite lies at the eastern edge of Gabbs Valley, and plant and quarry operations are in the foothills of the Paradise Range at elevations from 5000 to 5900 ft. Hard-surfaced roads connect with main U. S. high- ways on the north and south. Historical Background: Brucite, a magnesium hydroxide mineral, was discovered in the Gabbs area in 1927 and magnesite, the magnesium carbonate, was found later on claims originally staked and worked for the tungsten mineral scheelite. The brucite is on a granodiorite contact and the magnesite is usually some distance away from the granodiorite

Jan 7, 1957

By G. R. Fitterer

NonmEtallic inclusions in steel have received much attention by metallurgists during the past few years. Many investigators have been emphatic in stating their belief that these impurities are the chief causes of steel failures, while others think that their effects are negligible. One of the main reasons that definite information on the effects of these impurities is lacking is that no reliable method has been developed for the exact determination of the amounts of these different impurities in steel. Some valuable new information has been brought out by a reliable method for nonmetallic inclusions which has been developed at the Pittsburgh Experiment Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the Metallurgical Advisory Board. This procedure satisfactorily extracts some of the more common inclusions from steels, thus enabling the investigator to correlate steel failures with inclusion content. Although the data given herein are the first to be published on the subject of the electrolytic extraction method, the interest in the subject is evidenced by the fact that it is already being used by some 20 to 30 steel companies for their various purposes. Some of the comments received from these laboratories indicate that the method is highly satisfactory: the unfavorable comments, when traced to their sources, have been found to be based on some small mistake made in either installation or operation. The chief discrepancy seems to have occurred in attempts to apply the method to the extraction of inclusions from alloy steels. The procedure can be used only for the plain carbon steels and for such low alloy steels as those containing the usual amount of copper (0.2 to 0.3 per cent). Steels containing the carbide-forming alloys such as chromium, tungsten, etc., present far too many difficulties for the accurate determination of inclusions. Luckily, the iron and manganese carbides do not offer any difficulties and no contamination of the oxide-sulfide residue results, It is highly probable that some modification of the following

Jan 1, 1931

By Harry V. Welch

Early in the development of the art of metallurgy, it was noted that a distinct difference existed in the character, collection possibility and health hazard of the "smoke" from lead furnaces and those from copper plants. Zinc-plant fumes, although not so detrimental to health, were closely allied in nature to those of the lead works. In Cottrell plants, there are sufficiently distinct differences in operation and amount of construction between those for lead and copper to justify their consideration under separate headings; therefore, while the application of the process at copper-reduction works was covered by the writer some two years ago in the Transactions1,† this discussion will confine itself more distinctly to "fume" collection. General information on the process has been presented in numerous articles and by many authors: Cottre112, Schmidt3, Bradley4, Anderson6, Labbe6, Shiga7, Rathbun8. "Fume" may be defined as material, metal or nonmetal, elemental or compound, evolved as a vapor from a furnacing or chemical reaction and condensing, chilling or reacting within the gas stream to yield a solid form, and in this definition liquid particles are solids in a sense as distinguished from gases or vapors. Such condensed particles are of minute form, on the order of "smoke," and, for example, on the order of a few hundredths of 1 micron (1 micron = 1/25,000 in.) to perhaps 3 microns, with agglomerates, in relatively small proportions of many particles. Metallurgically typical fume products are lead compounds, oxides, carbonates and sulphates; elemental zinc, more commonly encountered as a fume particle of zinc metal with a surrounding "skin" of zinc oxide; arsenic, both metal and oxide and some of its more complex salts such as added sulphates as found in flue dusts; antimony, more particularly its oxide forms; and elemental sulphur, sometimes a troublesome product, in Dwight-Lloyd sintering-plant fumes. These products, particularly the elemental or lower oxide forms, have relatively appreciable vapor pressures at the existing operating temperatures as reported by Welch and Duschak9, Ingold10, Johnstonll, Millar12,13.

Jan 1, 1937