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By Elmer W., Pehrson

NOT much serious consideration was liven to the military aspects of raw materials before World War 1. Following the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, however. this situation was promptly changed. Disruption of allied shipping and German submarine warfare soon cut off a substantial part of the material the United Staten was accustomed to receiving from overseas. At the same time, raw material requirements rose rapidly as the tempo of industrial preparedness was stepped up in anticipation of war. By April 1917, when we entered the war, serious shortages threatened and consideralde attention was being given to our "deficcient" raw materials. The term "war mineral," began to appear after we became active combatants. But there is no evidence that "strategics" and "critical." as now used, had entered the lexicon of our raw materials experts during the last war nor were there apparently any officially recog¬nized list or definitions of what con¬stituted war materials. According to G. A. Roush in his book, `'Strategic Mineral Supplies," C. K. Leith, while serving as mineral advisor to the War Industries Board. compiled the first unofficial list of deficient minerals in 1917.

Jan 1, 1944

AN excerpt from the Odessa Isvestia Vechernia, dated April 24, 1927, and translated by P. Routzitzky, summarizes a report by Professor Preobragensky ad-dressed to the Russian Government. Professor Preo-bragensky writes in regard to newly discovered potash deposits in eastern European Russia. Near Solikamsk in the Perm district, about 100 miles east of the Ural mountains and on the Kama river, large deposits have been located and the belt has been traced southward about 25 miles. Subsequently the search for potash salts has been transferred to the Berezovsky district, near Nikolsk, on the Kosva river, about 70 miles north-east-of the city of Perm. Toward the end of March, 1927, at a depth of 800 ft., drilling at the Levensk salt works revealed potash salts in, definite strata. The bed has a thickness which extends from a depth of- 245 to 307 meters (latest data in middle of April, 1927) and has not been bottomed yet. Professor Preobragensky goes on to say that these operations have definitely, developed very large de-posits, the limits of which are still unknown. There is at least an implication that the reserves far exceed those of Stassfurt, Germany. For European use they are, of course, much less accessible, for by through rail they lie 1200 miles east of Petrograd. Further, no particulars are given as to the potash content. It is to be supposed that the salt occurs in the Permian beds that extend north and south along the west flank of the Ural mountains, as the localities mentioned .all lie within the area so mapped on the new geologic map of Russia issued by the Scientific and Technical Di-vision of the All-Russian Council of Soviets in 1922. It is interesting to note that these salt beds are of the same geologic age as those of 'the Stassfurt region and of the west Texas-New Mexico district, in which the U. S. Bureau of Mines is at present drilling.

Jan 7, 1927

By John Cogan

INTRODUCTION Lake tapping is a method of blasting an intake into a body of water from below the natural water surface without first lowering that surface or installing a protective cofferdam around the tap hole. Lake taps are done by first excavating a tunnel almost to the water/rock contact and then blasting out the final protective rock plug at one time to allow water to suddenly inflow into the tunnel from the lake. This procedure can be done "dry" or "wet." In the dry method the tunnel is empty of water before the final plug blast while in the wet method it is partially filled with water. This paper describes a wet method lake tap as performed at Alaska Power Authority's Tyee Lake Hydroeletric Project in southeast Alaska. The Tyee Lake project is located approximately 40 miles southeast of Wrangell, Alaska, in a glacially formed valley called the Bradfield Canal. The project consists of a powerhouse located at sea level on the canal, a system of tunnels and shafts connecting the powerhouse to Tyee Lake at elevation 373 m (1225 ft), and an 129 km (80-mile) electrical transmission line leading from the powerhouse to Wrangell and then Petersburg, Alaska. Tyee Lake itself is a natural lake gouged out of the rock by glacial ice during the last ice age. The objective of the project was to tap into the lake and use the water as a source for power production. The techniques used for lake taps have been developed in Norway where conditions are favorable for their use in hydroelectric proj¬ects. Over 100 have been performed. In the United States the Tyee

Jan 1, 1984

By L. P. Teas

As sphalerite is such a common constituent of many types of ore, the present investigation was undertaken to determine what its relations are to the other minerals in the deposits, and also whether these are of any genetic significance. The data presented herewith were obtained from a mineralographic study of about 200 ore specimens from some 43 different localities, represented by suites of specimens in the Cornell University collection. These, grouped according to their genesis, were as follows: I. Contact-Metamorphic Deposits.-Silver City, N. M.; Kelly, N. M.; Silver Bell, Ariz.; Bingham, Utah; Agaguca, Michoacan, Mex.; Matehuala, Mex.; Sombreretti mine, Mex. II. Deep-Vein Zone Deposits.-Mineral, Louisa Co., Va.; Edwards, N. Y.; Chestnut Yard, Va.; Allah Cooper mine, Louisa Co., Va.; Globe, Ariz.; Moyie, B. C.; Rossland, B. C.; Broken Hill, N.S.W.; Weedon, Que.1 III. Intermediate-Vein Zone.-Park City, Utah; Leadville, Colo.; Butte, Mont.; Santa Barbara, Mex.; Red Cliff, Colo.; Burro Mountains, N. M.; Idaho Springs, Colo.; Blue River, Ore.; Rye, Colo.;1 Slocan district, B. C.; Freiberg, Ger.; Clausthal, Ger: IV. Shallow-Vein Zone.-Ouray, Colo.; Goldfield, Nev., Zacatecas, Mex.; Field, B. C.; Kapnik, Austria; Frontenac mine, Kingston, Ont. V. Meteoric Water Deposits.-Joplin, Mo.; Southwest, Wis.; Austinville, Va.; Crittenden County, Ky.; Ridgeburg, Pa.; Moresnet, Belgium. It is not supposed that the investigation of such a limited number of occurrences may warrant conclusive and universal generalizations, but the conclusions reached are believed to be reliable in so far as the specimens, that were examined are concerned.

Jan 11, 1917

By Charles H. Moore, H. Sigurdson

When lime and magnesia are used as fluxes in the smelting of titaniferous ores fluid, digestible slags low in iron oxide and high in titanium dioxide are produced. The mineral phases present in such slags are (Fe,Mg)O.ZTiOp, CaTiO3, and minor amounts of silicate glass (or its devitrification products). The flux additions are added to the ore in relative amounts to crystallize a ratio of (Fe,Mg)O.2TiO2 to CaTiO, of near the eutectic proportions of 60 pct (Fe,Mg)O.2TiO2 and 40 pct CaTiOl. FeO.TiOz (ilmenite) remains present in the slag until the FeO content is reduced to approximately 8 pct. Optimum slag composition is obtained by reducing the FeO content to between 2 and 6 pct. Continued reduction shifts the (Fe,Mg)O.2TiO2 to oxygen deficient structures classified as MgTi306 and MgTi2O.. Further reduction yields titanium oxycarbides and freezes the melts. The(Fe,Mg)0.2TiO2 structure shows a complete isomorphous replacement of iron by magnesium. It also forms a solid solution compound with as high as 12 mols of TiO2 under reducing conditions without the occurrence of rutile or reduced titanium oxides in the slag.

Jan 1, 1950

US 4,134,618-Method for restoring an underground reservoir subsequent to the solution mining of an ore body of uranium, copper, nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, silver, rhenium, or selenium. Clean water a cycled through the mined area, via the injection and production wells used during mining, at a flow rate sufficient to entrain residual dissolved solids. The solids are separated at the surface and disposed of, e g., in a deep disposal well, while clarified water is recycled C A. Kossack, assigned to Atlantic Richfield Co. Jan 16, 1979 4 pp. (299-5) Filed. 12-29-77 (865,646) US 4,155,982-In situ leaching of a subterranean uranium ore deposit The ore is leached with a dilute aqueous solution of ammonium bicarbonate containing a small amount of hydrogen peroxide in order first to convert tetravalent uranium in the ore to the hexavalent state and second to dissolve the hexavalent uranium preferentially to the other metals or elements commonly occurring In such ore The uranium- enriched leach liquor IS brought to the surface, and the uranium recovered by means of adsorption on a particulate ion exchange resin, elution with an acid, and treatment with ammonia to precipitate relatively pure ammonium diuranate. G G. Hunkin, T P. Fife, and J R Stano, assigned to Wyoming Mineral Corp. May 22, 1979. 13 pp (423-7). Filed: 10- 9-74 (51 3,445). Same: Canadian 1,027,849, dated Mar. 14, 1978. US 4,157,847-In the mining of sulfur by the Frasch process hot water accumulating above subterranean sulfur from previous mining operations is recycled downward to contact and heat additional solid subterranean sulfur. Advantageously, pressurized and superheated drive water from above ground is commingled with the underground water to raise its temperature before it is recycled downward R. L Williams, R L Latiolais, J. L Gabriel, and R. L Bouis, assigned to Freeport Minerals Co June 12, 1979. 13 pp (299- 6) Filed 7-28-77 (81 9,879). US 4,158,76%1n this method for determining the uranium content of a solution obtained in the solution mining of an underground uranium ore deposit, the intensity of gamma radiation from the Th-234 daughter of U-238 emitted by the solution is determined as it impinges on a scintillator after being passed successively through filter foils of a ytterbium- tin alloy, a lutecium-tin alloy, and a hafnium-zirconium alloy This scintillation is evaluated as a measure of the uranium content To assure that the uranium-thorium conversion has reached a stable state, the measurement should be made about three months after the uranium solution has been produced R C Smith, assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corp. June 19, 1979 11 pp. (250-255). Filed. 10-20-77 (843,770).

Jan 1, 1980

By David White

The submission of carefully prepared estimates of the oil reserves of the United States calls for no apology or explanation. In this country, petroleum is a rapidly wasting asset and an occasional appraisal of the amount remaining in the ground is a simple business procedure to safeguard the general welfare and the prosperity of the republic. The rumored danger of failure, in the near future, of the foreign supply on which we depend in constantly increasing amounts makes the immcdiatc review of our available reserves the more imperative. The Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, in March, 1921, requested the American Association of Petroleum Geologists to cooperate in the preparation of new estimates of the oil remaining in the graund. With the members of this cooperative committee, state geologists, regional geologists, oonsulting specialists, and geologists and engineers attached to many companies worked both independently and through subcommittees. The reports for districts, counties, fields, etc., after review by local or state committees, were discussed by the joint cooperative committee in conferences that, in some instances, were attended by the original compilers of estimates for the states or smaller areas. Finally the data were reviewed and the figures revised by the joint cooperative committee, so that the totals given in Table 1 represent the opinion of the committee, which was composed of F. W. DeWolf, W. E. Wrather, Roswell H. Johnsont Wallace A. Pratt, Alexander W. McCoy, Carl H. Beal, C. T. Lupton, G. C. Matson, K. C. Heald, W. T. Thom, Jr., A. E. Fath, Kirtley F. Mather, R. C. Moore, and David White, chairman. Oil geologists and engineers understand well the speculative nature and the chances of error that must attend estimates of the petroleum in the ground when they cover not merely prospective territory, but possible territory. Neither the character nor the magnitude of the factors of uncertainty is to be disguised. Further, the inevitable differences of opinion between geologists of equal rank and experience must also bc

Jan 1, 1923

By David White

The submission of carefully prepared estimates of the oil reserves of the United States calls for no apology or explanation. In this country, petroleum is a rapidly wasting asset and an occasional appraisal of the amount remaining in the ground is a simple business procedure to safeguard the general welfare and the prosperity of the republic. The rumored danger of failure, in the near future, of the foreign supply on which we depend in constantly increasing amounts makes the immcdiatc review of our available reserves the more imperative. The Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, in March, 1921, requested the American Association of Petroleum Geologists to cooperate in the preparation of new estimates of the oil remaining in the graund. With the members of this cooperative committee, state geologists, regional geologists, oonsulting specialists, and geologists and engineers attached to many companies worked both independently and through subcommittees. The reports for districts, counties, fields, etc., after review by local or state committees, were discussed by the joint cooperative committee in conferences that, in some instances, were attended by the original compilers of estimates for the states or smaller areas. Finally the data were reviewed and the figures revised by the joint cooperative committee, so that the totals given in Table 1 represent the opinion of the committee, which was composed of F. W. DeWolf, W. E. Wrather, Roswell H. Johnsont Wallace A. Pratt, Alexander W. McCoy, Carl H. Beal, C. T. Lupton, G. C. Matson, K. C. Heald, W. T. Thom, Jr., A. E. Fath, Kirtley F. Mather, R. C. Moore, and David White, chairman. Oil geologists and engineers understand well the speculative nature and the chances of error that must attend estimates of the petroleum in the ground when they cover not merely prospective territory, but possible territory. Neither the character nor the magnitude of the factors of uncertainty is to be disguised. Further, the inevitable differences of opinion between geologists of equal rank and experience must also bc

Jan 1, 1923

DETAILED programs for the Regional Meeting to be held at Boston, on Aug. 29, 30, 31, will be available on arrival at the Copley-Plaza Hotel, where registration will begin at 10 a. m. on Wednesday morning. The opening session will be non-technical in character and will be called to order at 11 a. m. Hector J. Hughes, Dean of the Graduate School of Engineering of Harvard University, and others will speak, and in the afternoon visits are to be made both to Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Wednesday afternoon will be devoted mainly to the opening of an exhibit of geophysical instruments and methods at Tech. On the way back to the hotel a tour of Old Boston will permit the visitors to see many of the historic points of the city. A special meeting of the Board of Directors has been called to be preceded by the usual subscription dinner at the University Club at 6.30 p. m. Owing to limita-tions of room, invitations have been sent only to the usual list designated in the By-Laws, the Directors, past officers, chairmen of sections and of technical committees. The dinner and a brief business session of the Board will be followed by a technical session at the Copley-Plaza at 8 p. m. and this in turn by a buffet supper at the University Club at 10 p. m. Sep-arate entertainment is being provided for the women for the evening. Thursday will be devoted to technical sessions both in the morning and afternoon. If necessary to permit adequate discussion, an overflow session will be ar-ranged in the afternoon. In the evening, a subscription dinner will be given at the Copley-Plaza at which past-presidents John Hays Hammond and Robert H. Rich-ards will be guests of honor. It is promised that speeches will be short and dancing will be arranged for following. The women will be offered a luncheon and bridge party at one of the country clubs on Thursday, and Friday will be devoted to an all-day excursion for both men and, women. Members are asked to register promptly on arrival so that the various committees will know as early as possible for how many to provide. The major part of the technical program has been provided by the Committee on Geophysical Methods of Prospecting, and a series of papers of great value and interest in this new field has been brought together. Abstracts of substantially all of them are printed in this issue of MINING AND METALLURGY and the papers themselves will, with one or two exceptions, be avail-able in printed form at the meeting and later in the regular publications of the Institute.

Jan 9, 1928

By C. A. Heiland

MEASUREMENTS of gravity with gravimeters have come into increased use in this country and abroad in the past five years. Probably 100 to 125 gravimeter parties are working in the United States alone. In oil exploration, gravimeter methods have relegated the gravity pendulum definitely to second place, if not third, and now closely rival and possibly surpass the torsion balance in many applications. Gravimeters have lately been applied in mining, although it is doubtful whether they will ever replace electrical or magnetic methods in this work. Notwithstanding the widespread application of gravimeters, there has been no article covering the entire field in the domestic or foreign literature. The purpose of this paper is to meet the demand for com-prehensive engineering information on the subject. The working principles of a number of gravimeters will be, illustrated and treated in relation to the action of corresponding seismometers and astatization methods. The mathematical discussion of theory has been confined to the most necessary fundamentals and been given in as ele-mentary form as possible. A description of calibration methods con-stitutes the last part of the paper. The symbols shown at the top of page 2 will be used in equations throughout the paper.

Jan 1, 1939

By Carl Scholz

DURING November And December, 1907, Four Serious Mine-explosions Occurred In The Appalachian Coal-Field, Which Resulted In The Loss Of Nearly A Thousand Lives And Caused An Enormous . Damage To Property. These Accidents Attracted More Than The Usual Attention; Coal-Trade And Engineering Papers Contained Many Comments And Suggestions On The Cause And Prevention Of Accidents; The Daily Press In Many Instances Condemned The Coal-Operators And Charged These Accidents To Their Negligence, Or Their Anxiety To Make Money Without Adopting Precautionary Measures. Immediately After Each Accident The Respective State ..Authorities Ordered Close Investigations To Be Made, With The View Of Establishing The Cause And Suggesting Remedies To Prevent Recurrence. Representatives Of The Technologic Branch Of The U. S. Geological Survey, To Whom The Investigation Of Mine-Accidents Had Recently Been Delegated By The Secretary Of The Interior,. Visited The Mines And Co-Operated With The Local Authorities In Their Determinations. It May Be Safe To Say Here That An Investigation Of A Mine After An Explosion Has Occurred Discloses But Little, Because. The Causes Have Been Removed And Conditions Have Been Entirely Changed. On Jan. 8, 1905, The Coal-Operators Of West Virginia Organized An Association At Washington For The Purpose Of Making Extensive Investigations, And Sufficient Funds Were Pledged To Carry Out This Work. At This Organization Meeting, The Representatives Of The Geological Survey Present Had No Suggestions To Offer As To The Cause Of These Accidents. An Examination Of The Various Reports Concerning These Accidents Indicates That The Explosions Were Caused By The Ignition Of Gas Or Dust; They Show The Point Of Origin And The Direction In Which The Force Was Expended, And Give A Detailed Description Of The Damage Done. Very Little Has Been Said As To What

Jan 7, 1908

By C. J. Rodgers

The present day success of gravel packs to prevent or retard the migration of unconsolidated sands into the well bore is due to: (I) the use of a saline or non-aqueous, nonsolids drill fluid, (2) proper preparation of the well bore prior to gravel packing, and (3) pressure placement of the gravel. The experience gained from the "pressure pack" method of gravel packing indicates that sand-free fluid production can be maintained for a length of time sufficient to make the operation economically attractive. Data pertaining to the first 15 wells so completed by Gulf indicate that for each dollar spent to effect the completion, there will be a return of more than $2.92. The pressure pack technique of gravel packing is essentially the placing of gravel in and adjacent to the producing formations. This is done with fluid pressure and by the use of a drill fluid that will permit partial or complete loss of returns to the formation during placement. This technique was first intentionally used by Gulf in May, 1950, and since that time has been applied in more than 90 wells. Other advantages claimed for this type of completion are that the pressure placement of the gravel has a scouring effect on the casing perforations, that additional drainage channels to the well bore are created, and that the possibility of shifting of the formations adjacent to the casing is minimized and possibly prevented. During the past few years, the use of gravel to prevent or retard the migration of unconsolidated sands into the well bore has met with a favorable degree of success. Numerous methods and techniques of "gravel packing" have been used, each having its own relative merits, and with varying results. M. L. Cashion1 in 1939 ably reviewed the history of gravel packing to that time. As stated in his paper, ". .. the idea of gravel packing wells is not new." During the period 1939 to 1949, very little if any progress or change in technique in this type of completion was made. However, it was noted in some cases that during the placement of gravel, if there was a loss of drill fluid to the formation, there was a corresponding loss of gravel to the formation. Also, it was noted that in those gravel-packed completions (opposite casing perforations) that "sanded up," there was found to be an absence of gravel in the annular space between the liner and casing, although gravel had previously been placed in this space and no gravel had been removed from the well at the surface. These findings resulted in the placement of gravel with fluid pressure and by the use of a drill fluid that would permit partial or complete loss of returns to the formation during placement. Pressure placement of gravel became an accepted practice in late 1949 and early 1950. Another fact brought to light that has contributed to the current success of gravel pack completions is that drilling fluids containing solids will to some extent cause plugging of the screening medium or blocking of the producing section. The removal of these solids by chemical action, mechanical action, or a combination of the

Jan 1, 1955

By Larry A. Shiprnan

DEMANDS upon power plants by the war program in 1941 intensified problems of coal utilization. It was an outstanding year in that field. The domestic heating stove witnessed outstanding development; the research folks progressing so rapidly that the design of the "perfect" stove is just around the corner. Use of colored motion pictures in analyzing fuel-bed performances has reached a new high with the colored pictures taken at minute intervals and projected at sixteen frames a second as shown by the Koppers Coal Co. and the Anthracite Institute (on domestic stokers) and the Consolidated Edison Co. (industrial stokers). Continued efforts of this kind will be beneficial in analyzing further some of the "Code for Testing Coal" problems confronting Subcommittee No. 2 of the Joint A. I. M. E. - A. S. M. E. Committees.

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

THE second meeting of 'the Open-Hearth Committee, 'sub-division of the Iron and Steel Committee of this Institute, was held at the Hotel Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; on Oct. 13-15. On Oct: 12, the Open-Hearth Superintendents visited the plants of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. and. the Republic Iron and Steel Co. These men were courteously entertailled by the two companies and every facility for a thorough inspection was furnished. Luncheon was severed at the plant bf the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. The meeting was opened Tuesday morning with addresses by J. V. W. Reynders, President of the Institute, and Herbert M. Boylston, Chairman of the Ohio Section of the Institute. E. A. Whitworth, of the Gathmann Engineering Co., presided at the meeting and L. B. Lindeinuth was secretary.

Jan 1, 1925

By M. S. Burton, B. W. Christ, G. V. Smith

Evidence of the effects which high-angle grain boundaries and veining subgrain boundaries have on the yield phenomenon of zone-refined iron is reported. Room-temperature tensile tests on 50-mil wive at several gram sizes produced upon recrystallization at diffevent temperatures below 910C (a-y phase-transfornzatzon temperature) show that upper and lower yield stress decrease with increasing grain size. The upper yield point effectively disappears at grain sizes of 81 and 102 u in samples of this diameter. However, samples of 129 p grain size. produced during recrys-tallization at 950°C, exhibit a pronounced upper yield point and an increased lower yield stress. Possible causes of the reversal in the grain-size dependence of yielding are discussed. Veining substructure, detected with picval-HC1 etchant, but not with 2 pct nital, is formed during the a-y transformation, and is believed to account for the observed effecls. The strengthening associated with high-angle boundaries in zone-refined tron is discussed in terms of: 1) the stress dependence of slzp multiplicity, and 2) the stress dependence of dislocation emission from grain boundaries. WIDE use of transmission electron microscopy and dislocation etch-pitting techniques has led to a growing awareness of the presence of dislocation substructures in annealed pure metals. Whereas much speculation'-4 has developed about the influence which subgrain structures have on the mechanical behavior of metals, particularly the yield strength, only limited experimental evidence correlating subgrain structures with lower yield strength has been presented. 2,3,5-7 It is the purpose of this note to present experimental evidence of the effects which grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries have on both the upper and lower yield strength of zone-refined iron. Effects due to high-angle boundaries formed upon recrystallization below the a-y phase transformation are compared with effects due to veining subgrain boundaries formed upon "recrystallization" above the a-y phase-transformation temperature. These effects are further compared with the reported influence 2,3,5-7 which low-angle boundaries have on the lower yield strength of bcc transition metals. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The starting material for these experiments was a 1-in.-diam zone-refined ingot prepared at Battelle Memorial Institute. Initial purification of electrolytic iron by vacuum-induction melting was improved by a floating zone-melting treatment in ultrapure hydrogen.' Chemical analysis of this zone-refined iron appears in Table I. Tensile samples of 50-mil wire were prepared by rolling and drawing portions of the ingot. An intermediate recrystallization anneal at 625°C after rolling to a reduction in area of 85 pct was carried out in an evacuated Vycor capsule (10-=5 mm Hg). Further reduction in area of 91 pct was followed by recrystallization in evacuated Vycor capsules at temperatures between 600" and 950°C, see Table 111. All samples

Jan 1, 1967

By A. T. Churchman

The deformation modes of rhenium have been identified as those typical of the hexagonal metals, titanium, zirconium, and beryllium whose c/a ratios, in common with rhenium, are less than ideal for close packing. Slip is observed on (1010), (1011), and (0001) planes and twinning on (1121), (1122), and (1012) planes. The very high rate of work hardening is believed to be associated with intersecting partial dislocations on two (1010) systems which can combine to form sessile barriers. If the stacking fault energy is low, as postulated by Seeger, these barriers should be strong and not easily bypassed by cross slipping. Such an explanation could also account for the very small temperature dependence of the yield stress which was observed. RHENIUM is interesting scientifically as a member of the group of high melting point hexagonal metals: titanium, beryllium, and zirconium with a c/a ratio less than that for ideal close packing. Unlike them, however, it work hardens at a very high rate. This rate is greater and continues to a much higher degree of deformation than for nickel, normally considered to have a high rate of work hardening. This paper presents experimental observations on the modes of deformation of rhenium and, by comparison with other hexagonal metals, some speculation on the cause of the high work hardening. MATERIALS Johnson, Matthey rhenium powder of both 99.9 pct and 99.5 pct purity, see Table I, was compacted at 10 tons per sq in., part sintered at 1350°C in vacuo, and finally arc melted in a "gettered" argon atmosphere arc furnace to produce small buttons. Little difference was observed in the as-cast hardness or working down behavior of the two purities suggesting that either silicon and potassium do not have a significant effect on the working properties of rhenium or they were lost during arc melting. SPECIMEN PREPARATION The cast structure was broken up by cold-rolling with inter-stage annealing at 1600o or 1800°C in a vacuum high-frequency furnace using a tungsten susceptor. Strip for tensile testing was taken from two thicknesses of material 0.011 and 0.064 in. The former with intermediate anneals at 1800°C had a grain size of 900 grains per sq mm, while the latter with inter-stage annealing at 1600°C had a grain size of 3600 grains per sq mm. A coarse grain size was obtained by secondary recrystallization in a half button cold-worked by 30 pct reduction. Annealing times of from half an hour to several hours at 2200° to 2600°C in a "gettered" argon atmosphere arc furnace1 resulted in grains of up to 2 mm diam.

Jan 1, 1961

By J. B. Austin, H. H. Pierce

In developing a consistent picture of the thermal expansion of the commercial chromium steels, which cover a range of carbon contents, it is desirable to know the expansion in the limiting case of the binary, carbon-free, iron-chromium alloys. We have, therefore, determined the thermal expansion of a series of five special alloys, ranging in chromium content from 3 to 10.5 per cent, with not more than 0.03 per cent carbon, over a temperature range extending beyond the transformation region; this low carbon content enables us to draw reasonably reliable conclusions as to the behavior of the carbon-free system. Moreover, the measurements serve to determine the beginning and the end of the alpha-gamma transformation; and they emphasize once more the fact that a transformation temperature determined by any method in which the specimen is cooled at an appreciable rate is apt to be seriously in error, particularly if the metal contains a transformation-retarding element such as chromium or managanese. The lag, or undercooling, observed at the ? — a transformation is explained in terms of the influence of temperature on transformation velocity; the rather unusual shape of the ? loop is attributed to a change with temperature and with composition of the distribution of chromium between the alpha-iron and gamma-iron solid solutions. The exact composition of the alloys, which were obtained through the courtesy of Dr. W. Rohn, of the Heraeus Vakuumschmelze A-G., is given in Table 1. Determinations of the linear thermal expansion and of transformation temperature were carried out in the vacuum dila-tometer previously described,' using a rate of heating and of cooling of 3.0" to 3.5" per minute unless otherwise stated. Magnetic susceptibility, which was measured in studying the rate of transformation, was determined with a magnetic balance, which also has been described.2 Results and Discussion Thermal Expansion Coeficients.—Numerical values for the linear expansion coefficient, derived from a smoothed curve based on at least

Jan 1, 1935

By H. H. Pierce, J. B. Austin

In developing a consistent picture of the thermal expansion of the commercial chromium steels, which cover a range of carbon contents, it is desirable to know the expansion in the limiting case of the binary, carbon-free, iron-chromium alloys. We have, therefore, determined the thermal expansion of a series of five special alloys, ranging in chromium content from 3 to 10.5 per cent, with not more than 0.03 per cent carbon, over a temperature range extending beyond the transformation region; this low carbon content enables us to draw reasonably reliable conclusions as to the behavior of the carbon-free system. Moreover, the measurements serve to determine the beginning and the end of the alpha-gamma transformation; and they emphasize once more the fact that a transformation temperature determined by any method in which the specimen is cooled at an appreciable rate is apt to be seriously in error, particularly if the metal contains a transformation-retarding element such as chromium or managanese. The lag, or undercooling, observed at the ? — a transformation is explained in terms of the influence of temperature on transformation velocity; the rather unusual shape of the ? loop is attributed to a change with temperature and with composition of the distribution of chromium between the alpha-iron and gamma-iron solid solutions. The exact composition of the alloys, which were obtained through the courtesy of Dr. W. Rohn, of the Heraeus Vakuumschmelze A-G., is given in Table 1. Determinations of the linear thermal expansion and of transformation temperature were carried out in the vacuum dila-tometer previously described,' using a rate of heating and of cooling of 3.0" to 3.5" per minute unless otherwise stated. Magnetic susceptibility, which was measured in studying the rate of transformation, was determined with a magnetic balance, which also has been described.2 Results and Discussion Thermal Expansion Coeficients.—Numerical values for the linear expansion coefficient, derived from a smoothed curve based on at least

Jan 1, 1935

By Duncan MacVichie

The iron fields described here are located in the Iron Springs and Pinto mining districts, Iron County, Utah. This region is in southwestern Utah, about 260 miles south from Salt Lake City, and is reached by the Los Angeles & Salt Lake railroad of the Union Pacific system. The iron fields lie at an elevation of 5500 to 7500 ft. above sea level, and are essentially desert in character. They are covered with a light growth of sage brush, piñon pine, and scattered cedar. Weather conditions are unusually favorable for all-year mining operations, the winters being mild with little or no snow; and the summers not excessively hot, the temperature rarely rising to 100 during the day, while the nights are invariably cool. The iron-ore bearing area extends from the Iron Springs district to the Iron Mountain mining district, being approximately 25 miles long in a northeast-southwest direction, and from 1 to 3 miles wide in a northwest-southeast direction. In the Iron Springs and Pinto mining districts, the ore occurs at various points around three sides of Granite Mountain and Iron Mountain. This is readily understood by reference to Figs. 1-4. These mountains are composed of andesite, which has been forced up through the surrounding sedimentary formation, in the form of laccoliths. An extensive report on the geology of these districts was made by Leith and Harder,' who state: The three dominating geological features of the district are three large andesite laccoliths which constitute the Three Peaks, Granite Mountain, and Iron Mountain; lying in a northeast-southwest line across the area in question. Three unconformable sedimentary series, aggregating 4000 ft. in thickness, outcrop in successive rings around these laccoliths, dipping outward asymmetrically, very steeply at the contact, less steeply farther away. Still farther from the laccoliths, lava-flows 2000 ft. thick rest in nearly horizontal attitudes on the tilted sedimentary rocks. These general relations are modified by faulting. All of the rock formations of the district are more or less covered on the middle and lower slopes by unconsolidated and partly consolidated erosion debris, both aqueous and subaerial, which spreads out on the lower ground to make the deserts.

Jan 1, 1927

By Clyde Williams

A MAN who is a first-class metallurgist, engineer, and scientist and an outstanding organizer, administrator, and executive and who, at the same time, has an innate ability to "make friends and influence people" everywhere he goes is an exceptional personality at any time. And if such an individual can retain this combination of virtues during a great war despite the fact that the Government loaded him with enough work and responsibility for three such men. he is a most exceptional personality. And if he can keep his head and maintain an unfailing sense of humor during the trying war years and, while dealing with hundreds of jittery metallurgists and metalworkers, with Army and Navy brass, and with red-tape-entangled war agencies by the dozen, he is a rare personality indeed. Such a man is Clyde Williams, director of Battelle Memorial Institute. who will be President of AIME in 1947. The Institute is fortunate in having him as its mentor during what may be a critical and important year.

Jan 1, 1947