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By P. Kordi, L. Egorova, R. J. Bowell, D. Gurevich, V. Sedov, A. Mikhailov, D. A. Holwell

ABSTRACT Reconnaissance exploration in the Kuene region Namibia has included geological mapping, soil and stream sediment geochemistry, and ground geophysical methods. Copper mineralization occurs within a well-defined belt with north-northwest to south-southeast trend, parallel to the regional strike of the sedimentary rocks. The occurrences vary in size but are generally stratabound. The mineralization is centred on the transition from calcareous shale and interbedded limestone, through carbonate rocks, to quartzite. Geochemical anomalies have been identified correlating to induced polarization (IP) and magnetic anomalies. The anomalies identify one potential metallogenic zone more than 17 km in strike length.

Jan 1, 2012

By John J. Laffin

"Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy Throughout the history of Nova Scotia, trends in the production and use of its coal resources have resulted in major impacts on the economy and society of the province. Current trends in coal demand locally, nationally and internationally are having and will have an increasing positive effect on Nova Scotia over the next twenty years-in terms of energy supply, job creation and general economic development. Coal for electrical generation is an immediate and key objective of Nova Scotia's energy plan; and, in the long term, coal-derived fuels will meet the province's needs for transportation fuels. Demand for metallurgical coal is also expected to increase, especially if the merchant coke plant currently under investigation becomes a reality.Meeting these coal supply and utilization objectives in the face of increasing environmental, social and economic constraints poses a tremendous technical challenge. Work has begun on projects to expand coal production capacity and to adapt new technologies for coal preparation and utilization to the specific needs of Nova Scotia; much more work will be required in the coming decade in order to succesfully tap this resource.IntroductionThe energy problem facing Atlantic Canada has a few unique features not found in the rest of the country. Canada, as a whole, has access to a diverse mix of energy resources, including crude oil, natural gas, coal, hydro and uranium, with the result that crude oil supplies only about 40 per cent of Canada's primary demand. In contrast, foreign crude oil dominates Atlantic Canada's energy mix, supplying over 70 per cent of the primary energy demand.This results in important differences in various sectors. Nationally, about 5 per cent of the electricity is generated from oil whereas last year in Nova Scotia approximately 40 per cent of the electricity generated was from imported oil. Residential, commercial and industrial space heating, and industrial process heating in Atlantic Canada was almost 100 percent dependent on foreign oil. This is in sharp contrast to the situation in central and western Canada, which have access to secure domestic natural gas, oil and hydro electricity."

Jan 1, 1982

By E. Adam, B. Milkereit, M. Salisbury, L. E. Reed, G. Perron

Integrating seismic reflection, borehole geophysical, and physical rock property studies is an effective means of mapping lithological contacts and structures in the crystalline crust. At Les Mines Selbaie in the northern volcanic zone of the Late Archean Abitibi Subprovince, a high-frequency seismic reflection profile has provided the first images of deep crustal structures of this important polymetallic mine site. Physical rock property and borehole geophysical studies confirm that prominent seismic reflections can be caused by lithological contacts, faults and sulphide mineralization. At Les Mines Selbaie, the first two of these are shown by this study. Clearly identifiable reflection images from sulphide mineralization have not been demonstrated in analysis of the profile. The seismic images provide useful information about gross structure in the vicinity of Les Mines Selbaie. They can also place important constraints on the sequence of tectonic events and, therefore, can aid future deep exploration programs.

Jan 1, 1997

By H. T. Fargey

This paper considers the social, economic and political factors and their influence on future production and marketing of Western Canadian minerals. Among the subjects discussed are inflation, taxation, anti-combines legislation, unstable international currency relationships, economic nationalism and protectionism, the European Common Market and environmentalism.

Jan 1, 1973

By S. Shimaya, T. Maejima, M. Shimo

"The authors conducted the in-situ gas-tightness tests in a fractured rock at the Namikata underground LPG storage site in Ehime prefecture, Japan. The test consisted of two independent setups, a gas-tightness test that used boreholes, and a chamber-scale test that used a horizontal drift sealed with a concrete plug. In each test, the gas pressure was increased up to the onset of the measurable gas flow to obtain the maximum containment pressure. This paper discusses the hydraulic conditions for gas leakage initiation and the importance of the pore pressure measurement for monitoring the gas-tightness of the LPG storage cavern based on the test results.INTRODUCTIONJapanese first underground LPG storage plant was constructed by JOGMEC, the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation, at Namikata in Ehime prefecture in granitic rocks (Kato et al., 2007). The “hydraulic sealing principle” (Åberg, 1977) that utilizes groundwater flow into an unlined cavern to prevent the leakage of gas through fractures in the surrounding rock mass was employed for storage of LPG. This paper describes the results of the in-situ tests performed at the Namikata Site to obtain information on fundamental gas-tightness characteristics of fractured rock. Two types of in-situ tests, a borehole gas-tightness test and a chamber gas-tightness test, were carried out near the storage caverns. Figure 1 shows the cavern layout of the Namikata underground storage plant and the test locations. The storage facilities consist of three caverns (W26m×H30m×L485m). The cavern crown lies at a depth of 150m below the sea level in Cretaceous granitic rock (Figure 1). Water curtain boreholes excavated from the water gallery tunnel at EL-125m level are located above and side of the caverns to prevent water drainage from fractures during the construction stage as well as during operation. The borehole tests were performed from a drilling adit excavated from the eastern end water gallery tunnel, while the chamber test was conducted at the southern edge of an exploratory drift extending from the central water gallery tunnel."

Jan 1, 2015

By T. S. Smith

INTRODUCTION IN PREPARING this paper for the District 4 Meeting, three factors had to be considered. First, the paper must fit the time alloted; second, it must give a general picture of the geology for those unfamiliar with the property; and third, it must contain some new material in order to be of interest to local delegates. The most comprehensive extant discussion of the geology of the property of McKenzie Red Lake Gold Mines, Limited, is contained in Horwood's report on the general Red Lake area ( 1). This report is the 'bible' of the area, and a general paper on the geology of this particular mine would almost certainly appear to be a condensation of it. It was thought, therefore, that the most suitable procedure would be to base the general outline on Horwood' s report, to extend that outline where possible from information gained since its publication, and finally to leave dangling for the contemplative geologist some of the ideas and problems which ?are currently under consideration. LOCATION AND HISTORY The property of McKenzie Red Lake Gold Mines, Limited, is in Dome township, in the Red Lake mining division of northwestern Ontario. The mine is on McKenzie Island, about four miles north, by water, of the Hasaga mine and old Howey mine.

Jan 1, 1951

By Staff

"The Weyburn Oil Field, located 80 miles southeast of Regina, Saskatchewan, was discovered by Central-Del Rio Oils Limited, in January, 1955. As of January 1st, 1959, the field had 357 wells capable of producing an estimated total of 45,100 barrels of oil per day.Highly portable, economical, drilling rigs are used to penetrate the pay at a depth of 4,400 to 5,100 feet. Presently, the complete drilling operation for an average field well, including drilling, coring, testing, and running casing, requires 12 days. Drilling procedures are conventional for a field of this depth and no serious problems exist. Central-Del Rio core the productive section of all their wells, which provides valuable information for well completions and reservoir studies. Production casing procedure is to set through the zone and perforate the productive inter-val. This was found advisable due to the lensing nature of the porosity and permeability throughout the reservoir, and to the high connate water saturation encountered in the tighter sections of the reservoir in the north and northeast areas of the field.Although a few wells in the field have produced naturally by flowing or pumping without acid treatment, it has generally been necessary to acidize the wells to make them commercial producers. To date, acid treatments appear to effect better stimulation of the limestone reservoir than fracturing treatments. Perforation sealing balls have been used as an aid in selectively treating all of the perforated interval.The majority of the field is on pump, producing at a low gas-oil ratio. The main part of the field has water-free production, with most of the water being produced in the north and northeastern area. Salt-water disposal is now available in the field through two disposal wells completed in the Basal Blairmore sand.The Midale Beds ""Marly"" and ""Vuggy"" zones form the principal reservoir, which is a stratigraphic trap, with the north and northeast edges terminated by a porosity and permeability pinch-out and the south-west and west edges bounded by water-laden porosity. There is no evidence to date of a gas cap. The reservoir apparently is producing on a fluid-expansion-type mechanism. The increasing water production in wells on the southwest and west edges of the field indicated water encroachment from these directions, and suggests some recovery energy may be available from this source.The total probable ultimate remaining recoverable reserves have been estimated at° 332,469,000 barrels of oil. Markets have not been able to keep up with the rate of development of the medium crude re-serves. However, it is felt strongly that substantial additional markets for Weyburn medium crude will be developed by the producers in the near future at realistic wellhead prices."

Jan 1, 1959

By G. R. Phare

Explosives formulation is dictated by desired field performance, which in turn is dependent on such physical properties as strength, velocity of detonation, sensitivity, and water resistance. The design of explosives to obtain these properties is discussed with some reference to detonation and rock mechanics theory.

Jan 1, 1958

By I. Nakatsugawa

Chemical conversion coating is a process to create thin oxide/hydroxide film containing several inorganic/organic compounds by way of chemical deposition reaction. In case of the application to Mg mobile electronic housings, the film should possess a good electric conductivity while keeping adequate corrosion resistance and working as a paint base. The use of toxic/hazardous chemicals is strictly prohibited from the environmental aspects. This paper describes the recent trend of conversion coating used for Mg electronic housings and analyzes critically from the point of surface technology. The importance of cleaning process and understanding of surface microstructure are particularly emphasized with several experimental results.

Jan 1, 2006

By Imre Gombköto, Barnabás Csoke

"Raw material management means not only mining and processing of primary raw materials like ores, but means also collecting and processing secondary sources of raw materials. Recycling is one of the most developing field of raw material management in Europe, and its solutions are derived from mineral processing roots and principals. Complexity and challenges of the field of recycling results innovative solutions of material processing- Since European Union identified 20 raw materials as critical (CRM) due to lack of primary sources within the border of the EU, recycling become more recognised as source of different raw materials. WEEE is the waste streams contains many of the critical elements and along them at least 15 different species of plastics of which recycling is delayed by a lack of effective separation technique. Most paper deals with separation methods based on different specific gravity, triboelectric charge or surface properties of plastic species. Plastics however have differences of thermal properties and thermoplastics, duroplasts and elastomers can be recognised. The experiments described in the paper aimed to determine thermo adhesive behaviour of plastic species often identified in WEEE streams for separation purposes. According to the results, some plastic types as PS, PP. PC or PVC and PET pairs are possible to easily separate from each other, however different additives are changing thermo adhesive properties of most of the plastics that makes industrial process difficult to develop. Along thermo adhesive behaviour, combination of physical interaction can be used to enhance separation selectivity.INTRODUCTIONPlastics has a relatively long term of history as a light, multi-functional material in construction, packaging, automotive industry and electric and electronic products. There are a numerous types of plastic species can be used for various applications therefore they amount are growing from year to year. This quantity however become part of the waste stream and while metal recycling has been done for decades due to its economic value - cheap plastic parts are less desirable as secondary products. In 2013 an annual 5% of plastic production growth has been estimated with a base data of 265 million tonnes at 2010 (Guiqing & Zhenming, 2013). Since landfill requirements are increasing while—especially in Europe where actual regulations are trying to deflect waste from landfills - landfill capacities are decreasing, costs are become more and more expensive, Applications like energy production based on plastics as a fuel or recycling are some of the options can be applied. Direct incineration of plastics are applied at many plants - in most cases where waste consist of dangerous substances are incinerated because plastics high calorific value helps correct average mixture composition enable operators reaching high enough temperature for combined power and heat generation while most of substances—like PAH, PCB or dioxins—are destroyed. Another path is using low temperature reductive cracking due to pyrolysis process, however the chance having higher concentrate of carcinogen substances in the products are higher since it applies around 400°C during the process."

Jan 1, 2016

By H. C. Gunning

Introduction The invitation to contribute a discussion on some of the broader features of the mineral deposits of our Cordillera seemed acceptable enough when presented several months ago. More mature consideration has impressed upon me the difficulty of making any constructive or very helpful contribution in the short time available and with my limited inspiration. Dr. Lang deserves our real gratitude for his general paper of nineteen pages at the beginning of the Volume. Into it, with the help of two diagrams and seven tabular summaries, he has packed a lot of useful information and has analyzed along several lines the data of the Volume's twenty-eight detailed papers on our mines and camps. He has added additional facts from his own knowledge of the region. I am sure that, like myself and the whole fraternity, he feels especially grateful to the eleven company geologists who found time to contribute detailed descriptions of mines they have studied. The Regional Situation With the Jubilee Volume and two recent publications of great value from the Geological Survey, we are more up-to-date on Cordilleran geology than we have ever been. But I would like to emphasize that we still have but fragmentary information. Brief study of G.S.C. Map 932A will illustrate this. Our knowledge of the Rocky mountains is limited to two narrow sections along the main railway lines, a somewhat larger area from the border north along the Mesozoic coal-bearing basins, and some reconnaissance along Peace river and the Alaska highway. There is some additional information on old maps, particularly those by G. M. Dawson, but it is very much of the 'exploratory' type. The other mapped areas are chiefly in the accessible region south of 'fifty-one', in the central part adjacent to and spreading north, recently, from the Canadian National railway, and along the edges of the Coast Range.

Jan 1, 1950

By The Staff

"IntroductionThe published information concerning treatment of uranium ores has been very limited as far as Canadian ores are concerned. Such information has dealt mainly with refining processes for concentrates or rich ores, designed to recover radium rather than uranium; these methods could not be economically applied to low-grade ores.The purpose of this paper is to describe treatment possibilities for some of the .ores that have been treated at the Mines Branch, and .to show how the character of these ores influences methods and results.What is a Uranium Ore?Prospecting for uranium has been extremely active during the past two years and a great many occurrences of radioactive minerals have been recorded. Such prospecting has been based to a large extent on the use of the Geiger counter in the fie1d. This equipment is an invaluable aid when the results are properly interpreted.Most definitely, indications of high radioactivity do not always prove the presence of a valuable orebody. First we have to determine:(1) Is the radioactivity due to uranium or to thorium. There is no immediate market for thorium.(2) Can the uranium in the ore be economically recovered.Chemical analysis is the most exact method of determining uranium content, but a fair estimate of the uranium, and also of the thorium, content can be made from the difference in gamma and beta activity. The Mines Branch guards against misinterpretation by determining both beta and gamma activities and, if more than a minor amount of thorium is indicated, then a Chemical analysis is made."

Jan 1, 1950

By P. Tracy

An advanced real-time monitoring system, called a "Tapblock Diagnostic System" is under development to help furnace operators manage the operation and maintenance of their tapblocks. The life of a water-cooled tap block in a smelting furnace ranges from several months to several years, depending on the operating conditions. Tapblocks are typically replaced at regular maintenance intervals; a strategy based largely on historical records and not on the actual condition of a particular tapblock. The Tapblock Diagnostic System monitors the tapblock throughout its life and accumulates probable wear events to help the operator assess the residual integrity of the tapblock. Benefits of this system include the ability to provide early warnings of tap block wear to provide improved safety and maintenance planning. Using cooling-water flow together with copper and water temperature measurements, the system performs calculations that compare the present tapblock performance with the expected operating envelope using a multivariate statistical method (Principle Component Analysis). The operating envelope is pre-calculated for a wide range of operating conditions using transient thermal modeling (Computational Fluid Dynamics). A state indicator in the form of a green, yellow and red light is used to inform operators of the tapblock performance and health status.

Jan 1, 2007

By R. B. STEWART

A few days ago, while reading a report of the late Dr. Robert Bell in preparation for this afternoon's meeting, I found some impressive figures concerning the magnitude of the Hudson Bay basin. From the waters of the Bay itself, this great territory extends eastward 500 miles, westward l,300 miles to the Rocky mountains, and southward to the source of the Red river. It has a width of 2,100 miles from east to west, and a length of l,500 miles from north to south. Its area is almost three million square miles. It is not, of course, my intention to review the natural resources of this vast territory, but to confine my remarks to that portion of it adjacent to the waters of Hudson bay. A number of erroneous ideas exist in the minds of many concerning this northern country, especially as regards its latitude and climate. Burwell, at the entrance of Hudson strait, is in the latitude of 60 degrees or roughly that of the north of Scotland. The southern end of James bay has about the same latitude as the northern end of Vancouver .island.

Jan 1, 1928

By A. M. Bell

General Summary THIS paper attempts to describe in a preliminary and general manner the nature of certain copper discoveries now being developed by Gaspe Copper Mines, Limited, in Holland township, in the interior of the Gaspe peninsula. Some copper mineralization appears to have been known here at the time of the earliest French explorations, was rediscovered in 1921, and has been under intermittent development by Noranda Mines since 1938. In the last two years discoveries have enhanced the picture so that the deposit now promises to develop into one of the important Canadian copper producers. As ideas are constantly changing with continuing development, any picture given now is very partial and tentative and must be subject to future revision. The nature of these copper occurrences differs from others known in eastern America. In many respects they have unique features but they are most closely akin to some copper deposits found away from the intrusive rocks in the porphyry copper districts of the western United States. The most important orebodies are replacement deposits in a limestone horizon in which the ore gangue is converted to skarn. These lie at considerable distances from any known intrusive but seem to have been derived from a buried stock of granite that intrudes the sedimentary rocks of Lower Devonian age. This intrusive has produced alteration effects in the overlying rocks that may afford a key to locating other ore areas in the Peninsula.

Jan 1, 1951

By M. Courtin, D. Berthelot, M. Haggis, D. McClarty, R. Payne

Over forty years of uranium mining in the Elliot Lake region of Ontario (1956–1996) has resulted in the production of over 300 million pounds of uranium. With the completion of mining activity, Rio Algom Limited and Denison Mines Limited are utilizing progressive environmental technologies and management systems to reduce and manage the environmental risks associated with the 150 million tonnes of potentially acid-generating tailings in nine regional waste management areas. Water covers designed to reduce oxygen entry and, thereby, significantly inhibit acid generation, have been applied at six of the sites with the Quirke site serving as a demonstration site for the Mine Environmental Neutral Drainage program. All five of Rio Algom Limited’s effluent treatment plants are monitored and controlled from a central control station utilizing a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system based on “Fix Dmacs” technology. Scheduling, auditing and reporting of plant operating and environmental monitoring programs for the entire watershed are controlled utilizing the Regional Environmental Information Management System (REIMS). Proper application of these technologies and management systems facilitates delivery of cost-effective environmental monitoring, care and maintenance programs at these sites and provides tools to demonstrate compliance with all environmental performance criteria.

Jan 1, 1999

By E. P. Williams

"Prince Edward Island, Canada's smallest Maritime Province, is located in the southwestern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Province is more or less centrally located in the Maritimes Basin, a large intermontane basin within the Appalachian orogenic belt. The Maritimes Basin is subdivided into sub-basins and uplifts which exhibit two dominant structural trends: east and northeast. The Basin is known to be petroliferous because of the seeps, shows, oil shales and albertite found in southern New Brunswick and northern Nova Scotia and the gas and oil produced from the Stony Creek field near Moncton, New Brunswick.Permian beds are exposed on the Island, mostly along sea-cliffs. A maximum thickness of about 5,000 feet of red beds -shales, sandstones and conglomerates -make up the sequence. Over most of the Island, the Permian section is much thinner. Four key wells (Mississippian tests) and several shallower tests have been drilled. The Pennsylvanian-Mississippian section thickens rapidly off the Port Hill Uplift at the northwest, where it is less than 4,600 feet thick, and continues to thicken to about 20,000 feet in the Cumberland Basin at the southeast. Geological and geophysical data combine to give us the structural picture of the deeper beds.Prospective reservoir rocks are primarily in the Missis-sippian Horton and Windsor groups. Prospects are:-1. on or over structural highs in the basement; 2. on anticlines or fault highs; 3. over or peripheral to salt domes or salt-core anticlines; 4. at truncation pinchouts of Mississippian prospective beds; 5. in basal sandstone or granite wash on the pre-Carboni-ferous basement; and 6. in facies traps at changes from sandstone to shale or porous to tight carbonate rocks."

Jan 1, 1967

By A. Hashempour, D. Javani

"Selection of an optimal bit is a critical issue in drilling engineering. Specific energy (SE) and Cost per Foot (CPF) are the most common methods for evaluation of bit efficiency and optimal bit selection. The major shortfall of both methods is that they do not directly account for geological and geomechanical parameters of formations being drilling. In this paper, results of using the two foregoing methods are compared using Formation Drillability (FD) method, which directly accounts for geological and geomechanical parameters of a formation. This method combines various geological and geomechanical parameters and yields a dimensionless parameter indicating the formation drilling hardness (drillability). Results of this study show that the amount of energy, cost and time spent for drilling a unit volume / length of an identical formation may vary in different wells. This is due to the fact that geological and geomechanical characteristics of a formation may vary among wells and even within short intervals of a single well. Therefore, an optimal bit may not be appropriately selected, if drilling and economical parameters are the only factors considered and the formation geological and geomechanical specifications are ignored.INTRODUCTIONMany authors such as Bilgesu, Al-Rashidi, Aminian, and Ameri (2000) and Clegg (2006) conducted research in the evaluation of bit performance and optimum bit selection. Almost all of them tried to establish a good relationship based on geomechanical parameters. Primary examples are the research done by Ubaldi (1999), Macini, Magagni, Da Dalt, and Valente (2007)."

Jan 1, 2015

By G. J. Birnie

Introduction The preparation of the following paper has been undertaken in the belief that a description of the development methods and equipment used at Lake Shore, at the present time, will prove of general ? interest. Working depths of nearly a mile and a half in shaft sinking and of more than one mile for stoping operations have imposed problems not encountered at shallower horizons. Among the problems contributing to the difficulty of mining at extreme depths might be mentioned: Rock pressures Ventilation Hoisting Shorter work period at the face Geological considerations In the main, the effects of these factors add to the difficulty of mining at depth, but it is not entirely true to say that each must necessarily become more pronounced as mining operations proceed to greater depths. Corrective measures may, in some cases, retard the effect and in others may even relieve some of the difficulty. It is proposed here to discuss these features in the light of the experience at Lake Shore, and to present, in some detail, the current practice in shaft sinking and in driving ore and waste passes, raises, drifts and cross-cuts.

Jan 1, 1950

By A. A. McDonald

Anode casting has been in operation for two years in Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting's Flin Flon smelter. The new plant allows all casting to be done on one shift and so achieves considerable labour savings. The equipment and operations are described. Some important features are as follows: very consistent anode weights by the use of the load-cell controlled casting ladle; excellent mould life ; very low reject rate; and trouble-free take -off tower. Some of the start-up problems are described and an outline is given of the main operator functions. Data on labour, propane and maintenance costs are presented.

Jan 1, 1977