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By P. Barnes

(Read at the Philadelphia Meeting, February, 1878.) IT may be of interest, and perhaps of importance, to the members of the Institute that specific mention should be made in detail of the great value of this method of copying or photographing all kinds of tracings.* Several samples are laid upon the table which may serve as illustrations of the results obtained. Some of these show slight imperfections, depending upon the character of the tracing, and upon the length of the exposure to the light, but it may be clearly seen that even a faint copy would be quite available for actual use. The process is believed to be of French origin, and has been used for many years. Special attention seems to have been directed to it recently, and its great value to engineers appears likely to be fully recognized. The manipulations required are of the simplest possible kind, and are entirely within the skill and comprehension of any office boy who can be trusted to copy a letter in an ordinary press. These particulars may be summarized somewhat thus 1. Provide a flat board as. large as the tracing which is to be copied. 2. Lay on this board two or three thicknesses of common blanket, or its equivalent, to give a slightly yielding backing for the paper. 3. Lay on the blanket the prepared paper with the sensitive side uppermost. 4. Lay on this paper the tracing, smoothing it out as perfectly as possible so as to insure a perfect contact with the paper. 5. Lay on the tracing a plate of clear glass, which should be heavy enough to press the tracing close down upon the paper. Ordinary plate-glass of ill thickness is quite sufficient. 6. Expose the whole to a clear sunlight, by pushing it out on a shelf from an ordinary window, or in any other convenient way, for six to ten minutes. If a clear skylight only can be had, the exposure must be continued for thirty or forty-five minutes, and under a cloudy sky, sixty to ninety minutes may be needed. * The introduction of this process into the United States is due principally to Mr. A. L. Holley, who first drew the attention of American engineers to its simplicity and convenience. Mention was also made of the process at the meeting of the Institute in New York, in February, 1877, by Mr. Ogden Haight.

Jan 1, 1878

By George Riter

OUR mineral-land laws need revising so as to provide definite title at the outset to the mineral deposits within any definite piece of land. The laws as they now stand, especially those applicable to lodes, breed uncertainty as to rights of possession prior to patent; and to my mind this is the worst feature of all, worse even than the apex bugbear. It is now almost impossible for anybody to tell with certainty what mineral rights exist within any area that is not covered y patent, or whether any valid rights exist at all. Our system is unique in permitting individuals to appropriate and exploit mineral lands of the public domain without notice of any kind to the Federal government, and to relinquish them without any ceremony at all. The result is a clouded record that cannot be cleared' up until each claimant is put to some sort of final proof. In order to accomplish this, new Federal legislation will be required. The requirements for a mineral survey and the proceedings for patent have always been cumbersome and expensive; and perhaps out of regard for the poor claim owner, who can ill afford the outlay for that sort of thing, the law does not require him to go through it unless he chooses to do so. Consequently, every active mining district has become encumbered with tangled groups of doubtful or conflicting locations, whose rights and boundaries, when any valuable ore is found, must usually be determined by lawsuits that are as expensive and as distressing as the stakes are high. So deeply has litigation entered into our mining system that a claim whose rights have never been disputed would probably be set down offhand, y a miner of the old school, as of no value. Think of the litigation over rights of possession on the Comstock lode-12 leading companies involved in an aggregate of 245 suits within a period of less than eight years! Ambiguous local records; the chance of erroneously placed or obliterated monuments; doubt as to the sufficient performance of the statutory annual labor; uncertainty as to prior conflicting or overlapping locations; anxiety as to the changing attitude of the Department of the Interior and the Forest Service-such considerations as these make an unpatented mining claim an unclean thing in the eyes of possible investors. Is it any wonder that they keep themselves and their money at a safe distance,

Jan 7, 1914

By W. O. Hotchkiss

AN ESSENTIAL mental equipment for planning exploration is the fullest possible. knowledge of the way in which the orebodies occur in the region to be explored, also the realization that in no mining district is this knowledge complete, and that new: facts of importance will he revealed to the explorer in every exploration if he is in the proper frame of mind to grasp them. The geology, of the ore deposits of the Gogebic Range for a long, time was thought to be relatively simple, but work in recent years, by several men, has proved that this is not the case. We now realize that we are far from knowing all the factors that have resulted in the localization of ore deposits. For example, we have long known that the intersections of the dikes and. the foot wall were favorable places to look for ore, but only within the last few years have we learned that there are several horizons' in the various members, well north of the foot wall, that are likely to carry ore. The influence of the numerous cross faults on orebodies is not known or appreciated beyond a general realization that they are important. Just how they may be favorable or unfavorable to the localization of ore is not known. Such elementary information as the positions of these faults is just beginning to appear on the mine maps. Such being the condition, one can hardly overestimate the importance to the various operators and fee owners of careful studies of conditions in their properties for the purpose of assuring themselves that they are not missing valuable ore-that they are doing all the exploration that their situation demands in order to secure maximum returns. Valuable ores have been missed in the past and will be missed in the future. Only with a complete knowledge of all the factors that have united to produce ore could anything else be expected. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to these facts briefly and to suggest a few of the principles that should guide effective exploration. The foremost principle is that the man who starts out with the idea that he knows all about the mine geology of the Gogebic Range is starting with a heavy handicap.

Jan 8, 1920

NAME AND OBJECT. SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporation Law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorporation. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely (1) Members ; (2) Honorary Members , (3) Associates , and (4) Honorary Associates Only Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Republic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada shall be entitled to vote at the meetings of the Institute. SEC. 2 All Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates of the American Institute of Mining Engineers as the same existed on the day of the incorporation of this Institute, are Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates, respectively, of this Corporation SEC. 3. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely, as Members and Honorary Members, all professional mining engineers, geologists, metallurgists or chemists, and all persons practically engaged in mining, metallurgy or metallurgical engineering ; as Associates and Honorary Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who, in the opinion of the Council, are suitable. SEC 4. Every candidate for election as a Member or Associate of the Institute must be proposed for election by at least three Members or Associates; must be approved by the Committee on Membership, as prescribed in the By-Laws ; and .must be elected by the Council. Not less than three-fourths of the votes cast shall be necessary to an election Every person so elected shall become a Member or Associate, as the case may be, upon payment of his first dues as herein-after prescribed Each candidate for Honorary Member or Honorary Associate, must be recommended by at least ten Members or Associates ; must be approved by the Council ; and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Directors by the unanimous vote of all the Directors present ; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members and Honorary Associates shall not at any time exceed twenty SEC. 5. If any person elected a Member or Associate does not, within sixty days after notice of his election, accept the same and pay his initiation fee and dues for the current year, his election may be cancelled at the discretion of the Council.

Jan 1, 1917

By W. O Hotchkiss

An essential mental equipment for planning exploration is the fullest possible knowledge of the way in which the orebodies occur in the region to be explored, also the realization that in no mining district is this knowledge complete, and that new facts of importance will be revealed to the explorer in every exploration if he is in the proper frame of mind to grasp them. The geology of the ore deposits of the Gogebic Range for a long time was thought to be relatively simple, but work in recent years, by several men, has proved that this is not the case. We now realize that we are far from knowing all the factors that have resulted in the localization of ore deposits. For example, we have long known that the intersections of the dikes and the foot wall were favorable places to look for ore, but only within the last few years have we learned that there are several horizons in the various members, well north of the foot wall, that are likely to carry ore. The influence of the numerous cross faults on orebodies is not known or appreciated beyond a general realization that they are important. Just how they may be favorable or unfavorable to the localization of ore is not known. Such elementary information as the positions of these faults is just beginning to appear on the mine maps. Such being the condition, one can hardly overestimate the importance to the various operators and fee owners of careful studies of conditions in their properties for the purpose of assuring themselves that they are not missing valuable ore—that they are doing all the exploration that their situation demands in order to secure maximum returns. Valuable ores have been missed in the past and will be missed in the future. Only with a complete knowledge of all the factors that have united to produce ore could anything else be expected. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to these facts briefly and to suggest a few of the principles that should guide effective exploration. The foremost principle is that the man who starts out with the idea that he knows all about the mine geology of the Gogebic Range is starting with a heavy handicap.

Jan 1, 1923

By W. O. Hotchkiss

An essential mental equipment for planning exploration is the fullest possible knowledge of the way in which the orebodies occur in the region to be explored, also the realization that in no mining district is this knowledge complete, and that new facts of importance will be revealed to the explorer in every exploration if he is in the proper frame of mind to grasp them. The geology of the ore deposits of the Gogebic Range for a long time was thought to be relatively simple, but work in recent years, by several men, has proved that this is not the case. We now realize that we are far from knowing all the factors that have resulted in the localization of ore deposits. For example, we have long known that the intersections of the dikes and the foot wall were favorable places to look for ore, but only within the last few years have we learned that there are several horizons in the various members, well north of the foot wall, that are likely to carry ore. The influence of the numerous cross faults on orebodies is not known or appreciated beyond a general realization that they are important. Just how they may be favorable or unfavorable to the localization of ore is not known. Such elementary information as the positions of these faults is just beginning to appear on the mine maps. Such being the condition, one can hardly overestimate the importance to the various operators and fee owners of careful studies of conditions in their properties for the purpose of assuring themselves that they are not missing valuable ore—that they are doing all the exploration that their situation demands in order to secure maximum returns. Valuable ores have been missed in the past and will be missed in the future. Only with a complete knowledge of all the factors that have united to produce ore could anything else be expected. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to these facts briefly and to suggest a few of the principles that should guide effective exploration. The foremost principle is that the man who starts out with the idea that he knows all about the mine geology of the Gogebic Range is starting with a heavy handicap.

Jan 1, 1923

By R. W. Raymond

CHARLES WILLIAM HENRY KIRCHHOFF was born March 28, 1853, at San Francisco, Cal., where his father, Charles Kirchhoff, was at that time employed in the consular service of his native country, Germany. A few years later, the family moved to Hoboken, N. J., in the public schools of which city the son received his preliminary education, proceeding later to Germany, where he was graduated in 1874 as mining engineer and metallurgist at the Prussian Royal Mining Academy of Clausthal, in the Harz. Upon his return to the United States, he became chemist of the Delaware Lead Refinery at Philadelphia, and retained that position for three years. But in 1877 he began what was to be an almost uninterrupted life-long association with David Williams, the publisher of The Iron Age, of New York, who established in that year, and continued for a brief period, a journal entitled the Metallurgical Review, on the editorial staff of which Mr. Kirchhoff received a place. The enterprise was doubtless an attempt to cover a wide metallurgical field outside of that which properly belonged to The Iron Age. But it was soon abandoned, and Mr. Williams wisely concentrated his energies upon the older journal, which, under his vigorous and skillful management, and the labors of the able editors and correspondents whom lie selected, became one of the greatest institutions off its class in the world. From 1878 to 1881, Mr. Kirchhoff was assistant editor of The Iron Age. From 1881 to 1884, he was managing editor of the Engineering and Mining Journal; in 1884 he returned to The Iron Age, to become for five years its associate editor, and in 1889, on the retirement of James C. Bayles, editor-in-chief. This list of dates and employments, without further comment, sufficiently indicates, at least to the eye of an expert, that Mr. Kirchhoff had found his congenial career in trade journalism. His qualifications for this profession were somewhat exceptional. He possessed the scientific training, the knowledge of foreign languages and literatures, and the power of making and keeping friends, which enabled him to get early notice of technical novelties; he had the taste for statistics which made him both industrious and intelligent in their collection and use; and to these traits he added a mastery of the meaning of such accumulated data, and a

Jan 10, 1916

NAME AND OBJECT. SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporation Law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorporation. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely (1) Members ; (2) Honorary Members , (3) Associates , and (4) Honorary Associates Only Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Republic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada shall be entitled to vote at the meetings of the Institute. SEC. 2 All Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates of the American Institute of Mining Engineers as the same existed on the day of the incorporation of this Institute, are Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates, respectively, of this Corporation SEC. 3. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely, as Members and Honorary Members, all professional mining engineers, geologists, metallurgists or chemists, and all persons practically engaged in mining, metallurgy or metallurgical engineering ; as Associates and Honorary Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who, in the opinion of the Council, are suitable. SEC 4. Every candidate for election as a Member or Associate of the Institute must be proposed for election by at least three Members or Associates; must be approved by the Committee on Membership, as prescribed in the By-Laws ; and .must be elected by the Council. Not less than three-fourths of the votes cast shall be necessary to an election Every person so elected shall become a Member or Associate, as the case may be, upon payment of his first dues as herein-after prescribed Each candidate for Honorary Member or Honorary Associate, must be recommended by at least ten Members or Associates ; must be approved by the Council ; and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Directors by the unanimous vote of all the Directors present ; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members and Honorary Associates shall not at any time exceed twenty SEC. 5. If any person elected a Member or Associate does not, within sixty days after notice of his election, accept the same and pay his initiation fee and dues for the current year, his election may be cancelled at the discretion of the Council.

Jan 1, 1917

NAME AND OBJECT. SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporation Law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorpora¬tion. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely (1) Members ; (2) Honorary Members , (3) Associates , and (4) Honorary Associates Only Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Republic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada shall be entitled to vote at the meetings of the Institute. SEC. 2 All Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Asso¬ciates of the American Institute of Mining Engineers as the same existed on the day of the incorporation of this Institute, are Members, Honorary Members, As¬sociates and Honorary Associates, respectively, of this Corporation SEC. 3. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely, as Members and Honorary Members, all professional min¬ing engineers, geologists, metallurgists or chemists, and all persons practically engaged in mining, metallurgy or metallurgical engineering ; as Associates and Honorary Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who, in the opinion of the Council, are suitable. SEC 4. Every candidate for election as a Member or Associate of the Institute must be proposed for election by at least three Members or Associates; must be approved by the Committee on Membership, as prescribed in the By-Laws ; and .must be elected by the Council. Not less than three-fourths of the votes cast shall be necessary to an election Every person so elected shall become a Mem¬ber or Associate, as the case may be, upon payment of his first dues as herein¬after prescribed Each candidate for Honorary Member or Honorary Associate, must be recommended by at least ten Members or Associates ; must be approved by the Council ; and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Direc¬tors by the unanimous vote of all the Directors present ; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members and Honorary Associates shall not at any time exceed twenty SEC. 5. If any person elected a Member or Associate does not, within sixty days after notice of his election, accept the same and pay his initiation fee and dues for the current year, his election may be cancelled at the discretion of the Council.

Jan 1, 1910

NAME AND OBJECT. SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporation Law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorporation. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely (1) Members ; (2) Honorary Members , (3) Associates , and (4) Honorary Associates Only Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Republic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada shall be entitled to vote at the meetings of the Institute. SEC. 2 All Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates of the American Institute of Mining Engineers as the same existed on the day of the incorporation of this Institute, are Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates, respectively, of this Corporation SEC. 3. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely, as Members and Honorary Members, all professional mining engineers, geologists, metallurgists or chemists, and all persons practically engaged in mining, metallurgy or metallurgical engineering ; as Associates and Honorary Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who, in the opinion of the Council, are suitable. SEC 4. Every candidate for election as a Member or Associate of the Institute must be proposed for election by at least three Members or Associates; must be approved by the Committee on Membership, as prescribed in the By-Laws ; and .must be elected by the Council. Not less than three-fourths of the votes cast shall be necessary to an election Every person so elected shall become a Member or Associate, as the case may be, upon payment of his first dues as herein-after prescribed Each candidate for Honorary Member or Honorary Associate, must be recommended by at least ten Members or Associates ; must be approved by the Council ; and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Directors by the unanimous vote of all the Directors present ; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members and Honorary Associates shall not at any time exceed twenty SEC. 5. If any person elected a Member or Associate does not, within sixty days after notice of his election, accept the same and pay his initiation fee and dues for the current year, his election may be cancelled at the discretion of the Council.

Jan 1, 1910

NAME AND OBJECT. SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporation Law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorporation. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely (1) Members ; (2) Honorary Members , (3) Associates , and (4) Honorary Associates Only Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Republic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada shall be entitled to vote at the meetings of the Institute. SEC. 2 All Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates of the American Institute of Mining Engineers as the same existed on the day of the incorporation of this Institute, are Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates, respectively, of this Corporation SEC. 3. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely, as Members and Honorary Members, all professional mining engineers, geologists, metallurgists or chemists, and all persons practically engaged in mining, metallurgy or metallurgical engineering ; as Associates and Honorary Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who, in the opinion of the Council, are suitable. SEC 4. Every candidate for election as a Member or Associate of the Institute must be proposed for election by at least three Members or Associates; must be approved by the Committee on Membership, as prescribed in the By-Laws ; and .must be elected by the Council. Not less than three-fourths of the votes cast shall be necessary to an election Every person so elected shall become a Member or Associate, as the case may be, upon payment of his first dues as herein-after prescribed Each candidate for Honorary Member or Honorary Associate, must be recommended by at least ten Members or Associates ; must be approved by the Council ; and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Directors by the unanimous vote of all the Directors present ; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members and Honorary Associates shall not at any time exceed twenty SEC. 5. If any person elected a Member or Associate does not, within sixty days after notice of his election, accept the same and pay his initiation fee and dues for the current year, his election may be cancelled at the discretion of the Council.

Jan 1, 1910

NAME AND OBJECT. SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporation Law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorporation. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely (1) Members ; (2) Honorary Members , (3) Associates , and (4) Honorary Associates Only Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Republic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada shall be entitled to vote at the meetings of the Institute. SEC. 2 All Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates of the American Institute of Mining Engineers as the same existed on the day of the incorporation of this Institute, are Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates, respectively, of this Corporation SEC. 3. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely, as Members and Honorary Members, all professional mining engineers, geologists, metallurgists or chemists, and all persons practically engaged in mining, metallurgy or metallurgical engineering ; as Associates and Honorary Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who, in the opinion of the Council, are suitable. SEC 4. Every candidate for election as a Member or Associate of the Institute must be proposed for election by at least three Members or Associates; must be approved by the Committee on Membership, as prescribed in the By-Laws ; and .must be elected by the Council. Not less than three-fourths of the votes cast shall be necessary to an election Every person so elected shall become a Member or Associate, as the case may be, upon payment of his first dues as herein-after prescribed Each candidate for Honorary Member or Honorary Associate, must be recommended by at least ten Members or Associates ; must be approved by the Council ; and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Directors by the unanimous vote of all the Directors present ; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members and Honorary Associates shall not at any time exceed twenty SEC. 5. If any person elected a Member or Associate does not, within sixty days after notice of his election, accept the same and pay his initiation fee and dues for the current year, his election may be cancelled at the discretion of the Council.

Jan 1, 1910

NAME AND OBJECT. SEC. 1. This Institute is incorporated under the Membership Corporation Law of the State of New York ; its corporate name is AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS; and its objects are such as are stated in its Certificate of Incorporation. ARTICLE II. MEMBERS. SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise four classes, namely (1) Members ; (2) Honorary Members , (3) Associates , and (4) Honorary Associates Only Members and Associates residing within the United States of America, Republic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada shall be entitled to vote at the meetings of the Institute. SEC. 2 All Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates of the American Institute of Mining Engineers as the same existed on the day of the incorporation of this Institute, are Members, Honorary Members, Associates and Honorary Associates, respectively, of this Corporation SEC. 3. The following classes of persons shall be eligible for membership in the Institute, namely, as Members and Honorary Members, all professional mining engineers, geologists, metallurgists or chemists, and all persons practically engaged in mining, metallurgy or metallurgical engineering ; as Associates and Honorary Associates, all persons desirous of being connected with the Institute who, in the opinion of the Council, are suitable. SEC 4. Every candidate for election as a Member or Associate of the Institute must be proposed for election by at least three Members or Associates; must be approved by the Committee on Membership, as prescribed in the By-Laws ; and .must be elected by the Council. Not less than three-fourths of the votes cast shall be necessary to an election Every person so elected shall become a Member or Associate, as the case may be, upon payment of his first dues as herein-after prescribed Each candidate for Honorary Member or Honorary Associate, must be recommended by at least ten Members or Associates ; must be approved by the Council ; and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Directors by the unanimous vote of all the Directors present ; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members and Honorary Associates shall not at any time exceed twenty SEC. 5. If any person elected a Member or Associate does not, within sixty days after notice of his election, accept the same and pay his initiation fee and dues for the current year, his election may be cancelled at the discretion of the Council.

Jan 1, 1910

By Kefton Teague

The minerals discussed in this section have experienced a gradual, although not spectacular, growth in general. Obvious exceptions are the gradual decreasing use of talc and bentonite as filler materials, partly because of availability and relatively lower sales price of competitive materials. Mineral fillers and filter minerals are used principally in those countries that are heavily industrialized. Except for diatomaceous earth of filter grade, most industrialized countries are reasonably self-sufficient in the various filler and filter minerals. Prices of the various mineral commodities during the period 1950-1970 increased approximately as follows: barite, 43%; diatomaceous earth (filler), 49%; diatomaceous earth (filter), 55%; fuller's earth, 55%; talc. 77%; and bentonite, 94%. Actual usage of these mineral commodities as fillers and filters, during this period, showed changes approximately as follows: (1) Decrease-fuller's earth, 6%; talc, 15%; and bentonite, 29%. (2) Increase-barite, 113%; diatomaceous earth (filler), 150%; and diatomaceous earth (filter), -194%. A relationship between the amount of the various fillers and filters used and price increases is apparent. For example, barite increased only 43% in price, but its use as a filler has increased by 113%. On the other hand, talc, which increased 77% in price, decreased in filler use by 15%; and bentonite, which increased 94% in price, has decreased for filler and filter purposes by 29%. The actual decrease in the use of some of these commodities is not entirely caused by an increase in price. Competitive materials frequently have made substantial gains in the various filler and filter markets. For example, much of the bentonite used in the late 1940s and early 1950s for clarification of mineral and vegetable oils has been replaced by competitive materials. BARITE Occurrences and Sources In the United States, barite is produced from about 14 states, listed in approximate order of importance as follows: Missouri, Arkansas, Nevada, Georgia, Alaska, Tennessee, Kentucky, California, New Mexico, North Carolina, Washington, Idaho, South Carolina, Texas, and others. During the 20 years ending in 1970, almost equal amounts of barite were produced from Arkansas and Missouri. Within recent years, Nevada has replaced Georgia as the third leading barite--producing state. West Germany is second to the United States in barite production. Other important barite-producing countries include: Mexico, USSR, Italy, Greece, Canada, and Ireland. Ireland has become an important barite producer only recently. Barite is obtained from vein and cavity fill-

Jan 1, 1976

By D. B. Williams

For the first time in the history of the Venezuelan petroleum industry production exceeded 200 million barrels. The total production for all fields amounted to 205,430,869 bbl., which is more than 9 per cent of the world's 1939 total. This is an increase of over 15 million barrels or 8.0 per cent above the 1938 figure, which, compared with the slightly less than 2 per cent increase of the 1938 figure over 1937, shows the marked activity in Venezuela during the past year. The Maracaibo Lake fields are still the predominating factor in Venezuelan production, showing an increase of approximately 9½ million barrels over last year's figure and accounting for 71.8 per cent of Venezuela's total. Lagunillas continues to hold precedence as a single field, having yielded 47.1 per cent of the accumulative total and 39.4 per cent of 1939's total. This field showed an increase of slightly more than 3½ million barrels over 1938. Tia Juana, the second largest field, attained a record production, increasing its percentage of the Venezuelan total from 23.4 in 1938 to 23.7 in 1939. The La Rosa field, which includes Punta Benitez and Ambrosio, declined from 13.7 to 12.0 per cent; Bachaquero, the southernmost Lake field, which came into regular production at the end of 1938, contributed over 31/3 million barrels. Quiriquire, in eastern Venezuela, ousted La Rosa as the third largest producing field, and, although production increased by 11/3 milliorl barrels, percentage of the total declined from 13.2 to 12.9. Mene Grande, the oldest field, declined from 6.6 per cent in 1938 to 5.9 in 1939. Tem-blador produced for a whole year for the first time and yielded 3,647,867 bbl. The Colon district, in the Maracaibo Lake area, comprising the Tarra-Los Manueles fields, showed slight increases, as also did Cumarebo and Pedernales. Construction of the 16-in. pipe line from Oficina to Puerto La Cruz (Guanta), the longest line of this size in the world, was completed toward the end of the year and this new field in eastern Venezuela started shipping oil in December. This field is operated by the Mene Grande Oil Co. and was credited with a production of 2,347,625 bbl. in 1939. Jusepin field, some 25 miles southwest of Quiriquire in eastern Venezuela,

Jan 1, 1940

By John Birkinbine

IN the spring of 1878 the Pine Grove Furnace, located in Cumberland County, Pa., was blown in after lying idle for several years. The furnace was constructed in 1770, and for over a century it has been in almost continual operation. The plant consisted in 1877, when the writer was first called there, of a stone stack 32 feet in height, inclosing a shaft and boshes, the latter being 8 feet in diameter. The blast was supplied by two wooden blowing-tubs discharging into a third, having a floating piston sustaining a box weighted to give the desired pressure, the power being furnished by a waterwheel. A small 18-pipe hot-blast stove heated the blast. The furnace was remodelled during the winter of '77-78, and a Weimer blowing-engine with a blowing-tub 5 feet in diameter and 2 feet stroke, and the necessary boilers, were substituted for the wooden tubs and water-wheel. The stack was raised and enlarged, and provided with a bell and hopper having a central drop. Water dam and tymp were added, and general repairs were made. The hot oven, however, was riot increased. The furnace had always been operated with charcoal as fuel, and its reconstruction was made with a view to continue the use of charcoal, but provision was made for ample blowing capacity should other fuels at any time be employed. Although liberal arrangements had been made in cutting wood, the stock of charcoal supplied in 1878 was insufficient for the increased requirements of the remodelled plant, and notwithstanding the purchase of some 80,000 bushels from an adjacent idle furnace, there was riot enough to keep the furnace in constant blast until a new supply could be obtained, particularly as the season was unusually backward. Instead of following the established precedent of many charcoal furnace managers, i. e., blow out every February, it was determined to continue in blast, using coke as fuel. Accordingly, when the charcoal stock was exhausted, on March 22d, 1879, Connellsville coke was substituted, the change of fuel being made at once; that is, the coke charges followed immediately upon the last charcoal charges. After working a few days,-the strike in the Connellsville coke region cut off the supply, and anthracite coal was obtained, a mixture of the two fuels being employed. The strike continuing,

Jan 1, 1880

By L. D. Anderson

WHEN, after years of troublous experiences in roasting sulfide ores with heavy dust and fume losses resulting from the equipment and methods first available, there appeared on the scene of metallurgy that revolutionary process known as sintering, it was felt that at last there had been found the ideal method for preparing sulfide ores for blastfurnace reduction. Not only were the sulfides roasted but also the fine oxidized ores were bound together with them in strong porous cellular masses which were in the best possible condition for reduction. With the experiences gained in the manipulation of the Huntington-Heberlein, Carmichael-Bradford, and Dwight & Lloyd processes there developed a refinement of detail which brought the whole plan of roasting by sintering to a high plane of perfection. But that metallurgy is never stationary is revealed by the fact that changes in milling practice, particularly the development of flotation, have introduced a new set of problems in sintering itself. Inasmuch as it is felt that these problems have not yet been solved in an entirely satisfactory manner this paper is written to record the present practice of the Salt Lake Valley smelters with the hope that there will be brought forth such discussios as may perhaps lead to still better practice. By far the greater proportion of the sulfides smelted today are flotation concentrates. Usually they are high grade, sometimes as high as 70 per cent. and more in lead. They are extremely fine, many mills grinding the ore so that from 60 to 80 per cent. will pass through screens of 200 mesh. The physical condition in which many of these concentrates reach the smelters is disconcerting to the metallurgists. Some are of about the consistency of putty. Others are of a sticky, slimy nature. Others again, dried to the limit, are veritable powders. Remembering that the down-draft sintering charge for the best results must be porous enough to let air be drawn through it reasonably well, must be thoroughly mixed, and must have some coarse material in it to segregate out and form a layer on the grates, it will be understood that the advent of this extremely fine material has made necessary still further elaboration in the equipment and processes of preparing sulfides for the blast furnaces,

Jan 1, 1929

By L. D. Anderson

WHEN, after years of troublous experiences in roasting sulfide ores with heavy dust and fume losses resulting from the equipment and methods first available, there appeared on the, scene of metallurgy that revolutionary process known as sintering, it was felt that at last there had been found the ideal method for preparing sulfide ores for blast-furnace reduction. Not only were the sulfides roasted but also the fine oxidized ores were bound together with them in strong porous cellular masses which were in the best possible condition for reduction. With the experiences gained in the manipulation of the Huntington-Heberlein, Carmichael-Bradford, and Dwight & Lloyd processes there developed a refinement of detail which brought the whole plan of roasting by sintering to a high plane of perfection. But that metallurgy is never stationary is revealed by the fact that changes in milling practice, particularly the development of flotation, have introduced a new set of problems in sintering itself. Inasmuch as it is felt that these problems have not yet been solved in an entirely satisfactory manner this paper is written to record the present practice of the Salt Lake Valley smelters with the hope that there will be brought forth such discussion as may perhaps lead to still better practice. By far the greater proportion of the sulfides smelted today are flotation concentrates. Usually they are high grade, sometimes as high as 70 per cent. and more in lead. They are extremely fine, many mills grinding the ore so that from 60 to 80 per cent. will pass through screens of 200 mesh. The physical condition in which many of these concentrates reach the smelters is disconcerting to the metallurgists. Some are of about the consistency of putty. Others are of a sticky, slimy nature. Others again, dried to the limit, are veritable powders. Remembering that the down-draft sintering charge for the best results must be porous enough to let air be drawn through it reasonably well, must be thoroughly mixed, and must have some coarse material in it to segregate out and form a layer on the grates, it will be understood that the advent of this extremely fine material has made necessary still further elaboration in the equipment and processes of preparing sulfides for the blast furnaces, all of which is expensive. The high metal contents of the concentrates

Jan 1, 1929

By John Birkinbine

In the spring of 1878 the Pine Grove Furnace, located in Cumberland County, Pa., was blown in after lying idle for several years. The fnrnace was constructed in 1770, and for over a century it has been in almost continual operation. The plant consisted in 1877, when the writer was first called there, of a stone stack 32 feet in height, inclosing a shaft and boshes, the latter being 8 feet in diameter. The blast was supplid by two wooden blowing-tubs discharging into a third, having a floating piston sustaining a box weighted to give the desired pressure, the power being furnished by a waterwheel. A small 18-pipe hot-blast stove heated the blast. The furnace was remodelled during the winter of'77-78, and a Weimer blowing-engine with a blowing-tub 5 feet in diameter and 2 feet stroke, and the necessary boilers, were substituted for the wooden tubs and water-wheel. The stack was raised and enlarged, and provided with a bell and hopper having a central drop. Water dam and tymp were added, and general repairs were made. The hot oven, however, was not increased. The furnace had always been operated with charcoal as fuel, and its reconstruction was made with a view to continue the use of charcoal, but provision was made for ample blowing capacity should other fuels at any time be employed. Although liberal arrangements had been made in cutting wood, the stock of charcoal supplied in 1878 was insufficient for the increased requirements of the remodelled plant, and notwithstanding the purchase of some 80,000 bushels from an adjacent idle furnace, there war: riot enough to keep the furnace in constant blast until a new supply could be obtained, particularly as the season was unusually backward. Instead of following the established precedent of many charcoal furnace managers, i. e., blow out every February, it was detemined to continue in blast, using coke as fuel. Accordingly, when the charcoal stock was exhansted, on March 22d, 1879, Connellsville coke was substituted, the change of fuel being made at once; that is, the coke charges followed immediately upon the last charcoal charges. After working a few days, the strike in the Connellsville coke region cut of the supply, and anthracite coal was obtained, a mixture of the two fuels being employed. The strike continuing,

Jan 1, 1880

MAY began with a general strike of the bituminous and anthracite coal miners in the United States in progress, while in Great Britain about three quarters of a million workers became idle by a lockout, caused by a dispute respecting the question of the rights of management in their shops. The employers opened their shops on May 3 to men wishing to resume work, but few availed themselves of the opportunity. Up to this time the statistics had been showing a little increase in the rate of employment in Great Britain and business conditions were considered to be improving. From Russia came reports that the results of the famine had not been so bad as had been prophesied, which is not to say that they were not grievous. In prognostications such things are habitually overesti-mated. Seeding for the new crop has now begun in Russia, with hopes for better results than last year. However, the general economic situation in Russia steadily becomes worse. We had advices during May to the effect that the Soviet Government had decided to abolish the gold ruble even as a theoretical calculating unit and substitute a "goods index." This idea would be somewhat on the lines of Professor Fisher for stablizing the dollar, and there may be a chance to see how it will work in practice. There was a contradictory report from Russia, however, that it had been decided to revert to the gold basis. This is the more plausible report, for if there be anything to be deduced from economic theory and history the present paper rubles will completely collapse and return to gold basis will ensue simply because the people will refuse to sell their goods on anything else. The civil war in China came to a head during the first week in May when General Wu-Pei-fu crushed the forces of General Chang Tso-lin around Pekin. The victor declared his intention to be to reunite the North and the South and in course of time to arrange for a constitutional convention. We probably do not under-stand the conditions in China, but recent events do not appear to have solved the grave difficulties there, though they may be a step toward it. However, the immediate outlook does not appear good, General Chang having retired to the north and declared the secession of Manchuria and Mongolia.

Jan 6, 1922