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NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Apr. 10, 1919, to May 10, 1919. BEAVER, JAMES J., Supt., Mech. Ore Loaders, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co., Box 62, Bessemer, Ala. BLACKWELDER, ELIOT Geol. & Prof. of Geol., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill. BRAECKE, GUSTAVE E., -Min. Engr., Mgr., Societe Curas et Soldado, La Carolina, Spain. BRINK, CYRIL GORDON, Reduction Officer, Charge of Reduction Works. Fairview Devonian Montrose Gold Mines, Ltd., P. O. Sheba, Transvaal, So. Africa. COMERFORD, JOSEPH S., Chief Chem. & Met., American Manganese Steel Co., New Castle, Delaware. DROSDOWSKI, N. C. V., Asst. Supt.,, The Spassky Copper Mine, Ltd., Karagandy, Akmolinsk, Oblast, Siberia. DUNGLINSON, GEORGE, JR., Asst. to Gen'l Mgr., Norfolk & Western Railroad, Bluefield, W. Va. FARAGHER, PAUL VANCE, Research Fellow on Light Metals, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Jan 6, 1919

By A. Stanley, J. C. Mead

E. H. ROSE*—You have wrapped up a great deal of new and interesting information in one quite compact package, and I wonder if it might not help the

Jan 1, 1950

By H. W. Camp

RESEARCH is defined, scientifically, as a "sys- tematic investigation of some phenomenon, and also a search for hidden treasures." Chemists tell us that the hidden treasures of petroleum are far richer than the .products which have been best known to us. However, these secrets will be discovered only through intensive and systematic, as well as scientific, industrial research. Indeed, the scope of the subject is so great that such an intensive research program should be assumed by a centralized organization supported by the petroleum industry as a whole. Such organization would assume the responsibilities for investigation of new products and development of markets for such products. Gasoline, the chief product of the petroleum industry, has become a cheap commodity. The continual un-controlled overproduction of crude petroleum, the in-tensive competitive condition in the marketing of petro-leum products and the increase of refining efficiency and installing of cracking facilities, have all combined to lower the market value of gasoline. The lower cost of gasoline has all been passed on to the purchaser in the form of lower prices so that today the most important product can scarcely be manufactured at a profit. In other fields, manufacturing industries have diversified their products when faced by a similar situation. Thus, they have been able to widen their marketing outlook. Why cannot the petroleum industry employ the same tactics ? Right now we are hearing much discussion concerning the development of a wider market for existing petro-leum products and new products for existing or prospec-tive markets. For instance, we can cite recent develop-ments for use of propane, butane, and ethylene. Butane has been found to be an efficient and inexpensive re-frigerant, especially adapted to home refrigerating sys-tems. Propane and butane fractions of natural gasoline may be shipped under pressure and may be used as a substitute for acetylene in cutting torches in connection with oxygen. There is a possibility of substituting butane for gas oil in the carbureting of coal gas, as we know that butane contains practically the gas enrich-ment as the same volume of gas oil and should prove to be a superior product for this function. Ethylene, a hydrocarbon present in cracked gases, is finding an outlet for the artificial ripening of green fruits. The following table . shows the more general use of petro-leum products as now established.

Jan 4, 1928

By G. C. Stone

The method of making oxide of zinc direct from the ore was invented and developed at the works of The New Jersey Zinc Co. at Newark in the middle of the last century. The process was invented by Burrows, who had not the ability, financial or technical, to work out the details necessary to make it of commercial value. This was done by Col. Wetherill, whose name is commonly attached to this process. The grate bars used are also frequently called Wetherill grates, which is a misnomer because they were in common use for boiler firing at the time, and he never claimed their invention. The invention of the process was due to the efforts of The New Jersey Zinc Co. to find a profitable means of working the ores from Franklin and Sterling Hill, N. J. These are a mixture of franklinite, willemite, and zincite, containing about 20 per cent. of zinc. The first attempts were to make spelter, which were not successful, owing to the low grade of the ore and the fusibility of the residue. Failing in this, the next attempt was to make oxide in large muffles and reverberatory furnaces. This succeeded, although the cost of operation was high, the recovery low, and the quality of the product uncertain. In 1855, the new process was patented and has been in successful operation ever since. Essentially, the process is to spread a mixture of coal and ore on a body of burning coal on a perforated grate, and blow an excess of air through the grate. The zinc is reduced in contact with the coal, volatilized and burned by the excess of air in the upper part of the furnace and in the flues. It is then carried to the bag rooms by the excess air and products of combustion which are foreed through the flues by fans. In its main features, the process is the same today as at the time of its invention, but the details have been so modified that it would hardly be recognized by its originators. OrEs The process is applicable to all the oxidized ores of zinc and to roasted sulphides, provided the gangue is not so fusible as to leave a residue that is impervious to the blast. In many cases the ores contain impurities that make it impossible to produce an oxide of a good enough color to be

Jan 1, 1918

By H. G. Doll

A new electrical logging method is described which measures the resistivity of small volumes of material near and behind the wall of the bore holes. The very small electrode systems used are supported in the face of the flexible insulator pad of appropriate dimension maintained in contact with the wall. The measurements are recorded simultaneously with two different electrode spacings. This method provides a very detailed record of the formations and particularly of the permeable beds traversed by the bore holes. The application of MicroLog to the location of permeable zones within compact formaltions, such as limestone, and to the determination of the amount of sand existing in sequences of thin shale and sand streaks is discussed. The possibility of quantitative determination, providing a step toward the evaluation of formation porosity and mud cake thickness, is also examined. Field examples illustrate the essential features of the method. INTRODUCTION In conventional electrical logging, the spontaneous potential (SP) log is used to delineate the permeable beds, and the resistivity logs are used primarily to provide indications concerning the fluid content of the beds. When the formations are much more resistive than the mud, as happens, for example, in limestone fields, the SP currents are short-circuited by the more conductive mud column, with the result that the SP log is quite rounded. In that case, the SP log generally gives the approximate location of the permeable formations but it cannot be used for an accurate determination of the boundaries of each permeable bed.' Solutions for the problem of obtaining a better determination of the permeable beds in limestone fields were developed from two angles. One approach consisted in improvements to the logging of the SP, as given by Selective SP logging and Static SP logging. These new methods, which have been described in an earlier paper,' give good results when the mud is not too salty, but they are still in a somewhat experimental stage, mostly because the development efforts have lately been concentrated on another approach to the problem, i.e., the MicroLog.

Jan 1, 1950

By Richard Ageton

SALT bodies in the form of rolls, horses (sometimes called horsebacks), folds, wants and pinches1 have been encountered while driving entries and mining out rooms during the development of the potash mines in New Mexico. Superficially these sporadic salt occurrences appear to be much alike, but closer examination reveals individual characteristics, and after four years of observation it seems possible to divide them into three general groups that may tentatively be called "depositional," "erosional," and "structural." The data collected are not yet sufficient to permit forecasts of their probable location, so that the annoyance of having to mine salt instead of potash could be avoided or lessened. However, the information so far available appears to throw some light on the occurrence of the sylvinite2 bed now being mined, and it is as a progress report that the writer presents the results of his observations. The mines of the United States Potash Co. and the Potash Company of America are about 20 miles northeast of Carlsbad, in Eddy County, N. M. They are on the southwestern flank of the Permian salt basin, which underlies western Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, south-central Nebraska, southeastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico. The cuttings from many oil wells and the cores from the potash tests drilled in this basin indicate that this salt series approached its greatest thick-ness (about 4000 ft.) in the southeastern part of New Mexico and the adjoining portions of Texas, and that the most advanced stages of

Jan 1, 1936

By Richard Ageton

SALT bodies in the form of rolls, horses (sometimes called horsebacks), folds, wants and pinches1 have been encountered while driving entries and mining out rooms during the development of the potash mines in New Mexico. Superficially these sporadic salt occurrences appear to be much alike, but closer examination reveals individual characteristics, and after four years of observation it seems possible to divide them into three general groups that may tentatively be called "depositional," "erosional," and "structural." The data collected are not yet sufficient to permit forecasts of their probable location, so that the annoyance of having to mine salt instead of potash could be avoided or lessened. However, the information so far available appears to throw some light on the occurrence of the sylvinite2 bed now being mined, and it is as a progress report that the writer presents the results of his observations. The mines of the United States Potash Co. and the Potash Company of America are about 20 miles northeast of Carlsbad, in Eddy County, N. M. They are on the southwestern flank of the Permian salt basin, which underlies western Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, south-central Nebraska, southeastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico. The cuttings from many oil wells and the cores from the potash tests drilled in this basin indicate that this salt series approached its greatest thick-ness (about 4000 ft.) in the southeastern part of New Mexico and the adjoining portions of Texas, and that the most advanced stages of

Jan 1, 1936

By Richard V. Ageton

Salt bodies in the form of rolls, horses (sometimes called horsebacks), folds, wants and pinches1 have been encountered while driving entries and mining out rooms during the development of the potash mines in New Mexico. Superficially these sporadic salt occurrences appear to be much alike, but closer examination reveals individual characteristics, and after four years of observation it seems possible to divide them into three general groups that may tentatively be called "depositional," "erosional," and "structural." The data collected are not yet sufficient to permit forecasts of their probable location, so that the annoyance of having to mine salt instead of potash could be avoided or lessened. However, the information so far available appears to throw some light on the occurrence of the sylvite2 bed now being mined, and it is as a progress report that the writer presents the results of his observations. The mines of the United States Potash Co. and the Potash Company of America are about 20 miles northeast of Carlsbad, in Eddy County, N. M. They are on the southwestern flank of the Permian salt basin, which underlies western Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, south-central Nebraska, southeastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico. The cuttings from many oil wells and the cores from the potash tests drilled in this basin indicate that this salt series approached its greatest thickness (about 4000 ft.) in the southeastern part of New Mexico and the adjoining portions of Texas, and that the most advanced stages of

Jan 1, 1938

By Richard V. Ageton

Salt bodies in the form of rolls, horses (sometimes called horsebacks), folds, wants and pinches1 have been encountered while driving entries and mining out rooms during the development of the potash mines in New Mexico. Superficially these sporadic salt occurrences appear to be much alike, but closer examination reveals individual characteristics, and after four years of observation it seems possible to divide them into three general groups that may tentatively be called "depositional," "erosional," and "structural." The data collected are not yet sufficient to permit forecasts of their probable location, so that the annoyance of having to mine salt instead of potash could be avoided or lessened. However, the information so far available appears to throw some light on the occurrence of the sylvite2 bed now being mined, and it is as a progress report that the writer presents the results of his observations. The mines of the United States Potash Co. and the Potash Company of America are about 20 miles northeast of Carlsbad, in Eddy County, N. M. They are on the southwestern flank of the Permian salt basin, which underlies western Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, south-central Nebraska, southeastern Colorado and eastern New Mexico. The cuttings from many oil wells and the cores from the potash tests drilled in this basin indicate that this salt series approached its greatest thickness (about 4000 ft.) in the southeastern part of New Mexico and the adjoining portions of Texas, and that the most advanced stages of

Jan 1, 1938

By T. Egleston

The direct process for the manufacture of iron which is principally used in the United States, in New York and New Jersey, is called the Jersey forge, the Champlain forge, the Catalan forge, the Bloomary forge or fire, and sometimes a Forge fire. Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, who has discussed the process as applied to the beach sands of Canada as well as to ores, in the Report of the Canadian Geological Survey for 1867-69, has shown that the name of Catalan forge is incorrect, as this process in no way resembles the Catalan, but is really the old German b1oomary modified by long use in this country. Dr. Hunt gives the probable history of the introduction of the process into the United States, and a series of historic citations of great interest relating to it. Notwithstanding the improvements which have been made in the constrnction of the furnace and its greater output, the process to-day, in all its essential features, is carried out as Karsten described it. It should now be known as the American Bloomary. The name of Jersey or Champlain forge or fire is not sufficiently distinctive. The name of Bloomary, by which the process is usually distinguished, is objectionable, not because it is incorrect but because it is indefinite, as the Knobbling fires, which are a very slight modification of the Walloon process, for making blooms either from pig iron or by sinking scrap, are also called Bloomaries, and although Knobbling fires are only used in a few localities where charcoal pig is made, and special grades of charcoal-refined blooms are required, one does not, without an explanation, know whether the blooms are being manufactured from ore or pig. The name Forge fire is equally indefinite, as it might just as well apply to any of the five direct methods of making blooms which have been in use in Europe, but which have now mostly gone out of date. The name of American Bloomary, however, is the one which most completely describes it, and is the one least open to objection. The names of' German, Jersey, and Champlain bloomary are too local, and these adjectives are thought unnecessary by those who use the process, and we shall not therefore describe it under any of these names, but as the American Bloomary process.

Jan 1, 1880

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Feb. 10, 1918 to Mar. 10, 1918: W. G. Anderson, St. John, N. B., Canada. Charles E. Locke, Boston, Mass. L. M. Banks, Camp Meade, Md. E. T. Lednum, Joplin, Mo. P. E. Barbour, Albany, N. Y. C.' K. McDonald, Washington, D. C. Alan M. Bateman, New Haven, Conn. C. T. Malcolmson, Chicago, Ill. Graham Bright, Pittsburgh, Pa. Stuart B. Marshall, Badin, N. C. J. F. Callbreath, Washington, D. C. T. C. Merriman, New Haven, Conn. J. E. S. Clark, Riverside. Cal. Arvid E. Nissen, Gary, Ind. G. H. Clevenger, Palo Alto, Cal. Herbert G. Officer, Conway, S. C. George C. Crossley, Trenton, N. J. J. E. Parker, Bulawayo, Rhodesia, S. Afr. R. H. Eagles, Palmerton, Pa. Francis R. Pyne, Elizabeth, N, J. Charles Enzian, Pottsville, Pa. Alfred Hull Ramage, Joplin, Mo. Albert H. Fay, Washington, D. C. H. H. Stoek, Urbana, Ill. David B. Gemmill, Crown King, Ariz. G. M. Taylor, Colorado Springs; Colo. Ronald Harris, London, Ont., Canada. Charles Tubby, St. Paul, Minn. Wm. J. Hayes, Colombia. So. America. J. B. Tyrrell, Toronto, Canada. B. B. Hood, Chrome, N. J. Edmund W. Westervelt, Ymir, B. C. 0. P. Hood, Pittsburgh, Pa. Carl Zapffe, Brainerd, Minn. H. M. LaFollette, LaFollette, Tenn. W. S. Boyd, formerly superintendent of mines of the Ray Consolidated Copper Co., has been appointed assistant general manager. William Campbell, Professor of Metallurgy, at Columbia University, is acting as metallurgist at the New York Navy Yard.

Jan 4, 1918

By Thomas M. Turner

Open pit mining, always a demanding task, faces two relatively new problems today: (1) availability of equipment and (2) environmental restrictions. The modern dredge offers relief in both problem areas. Delivery on a major dredge might run 18 to 24 months rather than 60 months; and lowering of the water table is precluded, thus minimizing environmental objections. In addition, a lower first cost and potentially increased efficiency may offer real advantages to the miner who is forced away from his traditional mining methods. What are the objections to the use of a dredge in open pit mining? Perhaps first and foremost is the natural reluctance to change from a successful operation. Who can blame the miner who has developed expertise in the use of the dragline if he is reluctant to change to a new mining technique that requires new and different skills? A part of the same problem is the miners' desire to control the excavation visually in order to delineate sharply between overburden and matrix. This problem can be alleviated significantly by utilizing good boring data and a positive acquisition cutter. In the final analysis, however, if the miner is prohibited from dewatering the area, either he mines the deposit by dredge or not at all. There is little doubt that when the decision is made to remove overburden and/or matrix by dredge, the problems of delineating between overburden and matrix, creation of slimes, and development of mining plans to minimize double handling etc., will be addressed and solved. There are two broad categories of dredges: mechanical and hydraulic.

Jan 1, 1976

By John Finch

IN AUGUST, 1927, the writer examined certain copper deposits in New Mexico, which occur in beds of sandstones and shale, and in connection therewith reviewed the literature upon deposits of this type. Such deposits are known and have been reported upon at various points in Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming and Utah, but in New Mexico they have been given more development than elsewhere and apparently occur there more conspicuously than in the other states. Some 25 years ago the writer examined deposits of similar origin in northern Arizona and more recently other deposits in western and southwestern Colorado, and these examinations have led him to realize how widely scattered are the deposits and how generally non-commercial they are. On superficial development, to one without a comprehension of their geologic nature, they are alluring on account of occasional small amounts of high-grade ore and much misplaced capital has been expended upon them. This paper, therefore, aims to present briefly certain theories of genesis, some details of which may possibly be new, and to lead up to practical conclusions which may be useful to other geologists and engineers. A bibliography of the more important literature upon such deposits is given below.2 Coffin's Bulletin upon the Radium, Uranium and Vanadium Deposits of Colorado, published in 1921, is a particularly clear discussion. The most comprehensive recent statement is Butler's. He describes a large number of occurrences in Utah and connects them up genetically with deposits in other states.

Jan 1, 1928

By Harrison Schmitt

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,' Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

By Harrison Schmitt

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,' Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,' Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,' Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

By Harrison Schmitt

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,' Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

The following list comprises the names of those persons who became. members during the period Oct. 10, 1919, to Nov. 10, 1919. ABELL, 0. J., Pres. & Treas., Abell-Howe Co., 332 South Michigan Ave.; Chicago, Ill. ADAMI, ARTHUR E., Asst. Prof. of Min. Engrg., Montana State School of Mines,Butte, Mont. BASSETT, R. H Chief Engr., Hanna Ore Min. Co., Hibbing, Minn. BOZA, HECTOR J., Cons. Engr., Boza Aizcorbe Hermanos, Box 106, Lima, Peru. BROWN, HAROLD P., Cons. Concrete Engr 120 Liberty St., New York, N. Y. BUCHANAN, W. A Mgr., Meteor Mine, Slocan City, B. C., Canada. CAMERON, JAMES A Supt., Ellsworth Collieries Co., Ellsworth Pa. CARPENTER, CRANSTON HOWE, Electro-Met. Engr., General Engrg. Division, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. CASTLETON, GEORGE T Assayer, Custom Office, Box 122, Eureka, Utah. CHAFFIN, C. E., Eastern Mgr., General Engineering Co., 120 Broadway, New York-, N. Y. CLARK, WALTER R., Wks. Mgr., Bridgeport Brass Co., 1875 Park Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. CLARKE, ERNEST E., Min. Engr., Vinegar Hill Zinc Co., 419 S. Court St., Platteville, Wis. COOLIDGE, E. B., Mgr., Spotted Horse Mine, St. Paul Montana Min. Co., Maiden, Mont. CORTELYOU, ARTHUR P., Resident Mgr., Potrero Min Co. Mocorito, Sinaloa, Mexico. COTTINGHAM, KENNETH, Pet. Engr., Halter & Robitaille Delmonico Bldg.,Fifth Ave. & 44th St., New York, N. Y. CREW, J. A Mgr., Research Dept., Pittsburgh Steel Co., Monessen, Pa. CUMMINGS, LISTER M., Efficiency Engr., Copper Queen Branch, Phelps-Dodge Corpn., Box 1539, Bisbee, Ariz. DANFORTH, GEORGE L., JR., Asst. Gen'l Supt., Illinois Steel Co., South Works, South Chicago, Ill.

Jan 12, 1919

Discussion of the paper of J. K. FURST, presented at the Pittsburgh meeting, October, 1914, and printed in" Bulletin No. 94, October, 1914, pp. 2493 to 2514. W..McA. JOHNSON, New York, N. Y.-On discussing this paper I am open to the criticism of "bringing coals to Newcastle," as I, a zinc man, am bringing new ideas on steel to Pittsburgh. But still the view of an outsider can be valuable to the insider. Any multistage process, where each apparatus operates on its particular part of the work at a high efficiency, constitutes an advance in the state of art. But in multiplicity there can be complication and ensuing loss and inefficiency. The duplex steel process is not the pronounced success which was predicted for it by its adherents, for several of such plants have reverted to plain open-hearth methods. If we regard broadly refining processes, such as the Bessemer, open-hearth, puddling, copper refining, lead cupelling, nickel refining, we find that in general refining processes are intermittent and 'concentration processes are continuous. (This generalization I believe to be original with me; it was communicated to Dr. E. F. Roeber, editor, and appeared as an editorial in Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering, March, 1905.) Where we desire primarily quality in a metallurgical operation we must put a batch of metal in the furnace, work on it until we get it to the required purity, test it, and take it out; whereas, if we desire primarily quantity we shove ore into a furnace and smelt it as fast as possible, allowing conditions to make a non-uniform product provided only we get tonnage. From general commercial principles, I believe that the weak point of the duplex process is that the operation is not a money maker unless the plant is kept at. 90 to 95 per cent. of its rated capacity, or unless the Bessemerizing is done so often that it is practically continuous. For in some manner the operation should be made continuous and the control on the tonnage should be commercially flexible. The commercial rigidity of having to control purity exactly increases operating costs without a corresponding gain. Conversely, the chief reason for failure of "steel from ore direct" is that it makes a final operation continuous, which should be naturally intermittent.

Jan 4, 1915