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By R. E. Lamborn

A summary of oil and gas development in Ohio for 1935 must necessarily be brief. As attention of the state government to the oil and gas industry has never included the collection and compilation of statistics on production, either by producing sands, by counties, by fields, or for the state as a whole, such information as requested in Table 1 of this symposium is impossible to secure for this state. In the absence of production data chief attention must be directed to drilling activity for the year. Information such as can be compiled from various sources, including weekly drilling reports to operating companies and trade journals, is given in the following paragraphs with the realization that the data may not be complete in all its details. Drilling Activity by Fields Drilling activity during 1935 was similar to the preceding year in , that the major operating companies were generally content to drill lease-requirement and offset wells and in that comparatively little effort was made to discover new pools. A compilation of completions recorded in weekly reports to drilling companies and in trade journals show 1022 tests completed for the year in 53 counties of the state. Of this total number, 653 wells were commercial producers and 369 were classed as dry holes. Production was secured in 40 counties from formations ranging in depth to 5700 ft. and ranging in age from Middle Ordovician to upper Pennsyl-vanian. From the standpoint of new production for the year, the most important sands are the Clinton of Silurian age, the Berea of Mississippian age and the Shallow sands of Mississippian above the Berea and of Pennsylvanian age. Trenton Sand Field Production in the field of Trenton sand, which originally included parts of 15 counties in northwestern Ohio, is now on the decline. Seventy-three completions were reported in this field during 1935, of which 33.8 per cent were dry holes. Activity centered in Allen County with 12 completions, two of which were dry holes; in Hardin County with 11 producers; and in Wyandot County with 12 producers and 2 dry holes.

Jan 1, 1936

By R. S. McClellan

In order to meet the ever-increasing demand by consumers for uniformity of ground talc, a new method of blending its finished product has been developed by Gouverneur Talc Company, Inc., at its plant near Gouverneur, N. Y. The method has been in use for a sufficient length of time to be now judged a success. The Gouverneur district is the leading talc producing area of the world, inasmuch as more tonnage is produced there than from any other state in the U.S. or, so far as is known, from any other locality in the world. Almost all of the output goes into industrial uses, with ceramics and paint being the principal consuming industries. The physical and chemical specifications imposed by these industries are stringent and the trend, as in most industries, is toward ever increasing severity. The blending method described herein has aided Gouverneur Talc to keep up with this trend.

Jan 3, 1961

By Dewitt T. Ring

Reliable and detailed data covering the enormous number of wells drilled and the long historical production of the state, many of which were never recorded until recent years, render it impossible to gather statistical material suitable for the Institute's standardized form. The total production of crude oil in Ohio for the year was 3,654,503 bbl., which is less than the total production in the United States for the peak day of August 1937. For a period of eight years, from 1895 to 1902 inclusive, Ohio produced more oil than any other state. During the year, 1271 tests were drilled in the state, or 114 more than in 1936. Of these, 317 were oil wells, with an initial production of 7088 bbl., an average of 22.3 bbl. per well; 503 were gas wells, with an initial open flow of approximately 222,441 M cu. ft., or 443 M cu. ft. per gas well drilled; 451 were dry holes, that is, 35 per cent of the total completions. A number of factors account for the steady decline of oil production in Ohio. In the state, at the close of thc year, there were fewer than 28,122 producing oil wells. In 1936, there were 30,150 operated oil wells with an average yearly production per well of 126 bbl. The production for 1937 averaged 130 bbl. per well. During the year, 2028 oil wells were abandoned. In other words, old wells are being abandoned more than six times faster than new ones are being drilled. Since the inception of the oil and gas industry in Ohio, between 150,000 and 160,000 wells have been drilled in the state; new potential territory, offering desirable locations for either oil or gas, is becoming increasingly more difficult to find; the dry-hole percentage will continue to increase. Prices Another factor directly affecting the crude situation during the year was the matter of price and proration of Pennsylvania grade oil. The posted price for Pennsylvania grade in Ohio on June 7 was $2.37 per barrel; at the close of the year, it was $1.70 per barrel, or a reduction of 28 per cent in price. In addition to this price cut, a 50 per cent pro-

Jan 1, 1938

By D. E. Hyatt

Many flotation plants practicing pyrite depression, mills leaching gold and silver ores, blast furnace facilities, and many metal plating shops share at least one common waste-water constituent of particular environmental concern-cyanide. In free or complexed form, cyanide ion is an emotionally and technically problematical reagent whose removal from water deserves attention. The initial consideration of the fundamental nature of soluble cyanides is followed by a discussion of decomposition or removal options for simple cyanide species. Complexed cyanide reactivity is discussed as it relates to ongoing or proposed methods for the decomposition or removal of soluble cyanides. New approaches to cyanide removal are discussed.

Jan 1, 1977

By William Benzon

Bethlehem Steel's Cambria Division coal cleaning and preparation plant, operated by Bethlehem Mines Corp., is located in Cambria County, Pa., about 2 ½ miles southeast of Ebensburg. Here, above ground, is the most modern coal preparation plant in the world. Below the surface is a new coal mine also referred to as "the most modern that could be built today." The preparation plant has a capacity of 1370 tons of clean coal per hr. It serves three Bethlehem mines, Heisley No. 31, Revloc No. 32, and the new Cambria Slope No. 33.

Jan 12, 1965

By Thomas Fraser, Robert MacLachlan

The dry cleaning of coal is a relatively new art and, as might have been expected, a number of unforeseen problems have been brought to light in the few years that dry methods of treatment have been in commercial use. The pneumatic concentrators that were first adapted to the cleaning of coal had already been developed to a fair degree of efficiency, although at low ratings, in the field of ore dressing. The concentrating machines, therefore, were in a relatively more perfected state than the general technology of dry cleaning and, for this reason, the major difficulties encountered in the early plants were in the accessory operations involved in the servicing of the cleaners rather than in the functioning of the cleaners themselves. The crudities of a new technology were further aggravated, in some cases, by meagerness of appropriations which precluded even the provision of adequate storage bins and such other facilities as had been long recognized as indispensable to the proper functioning of older types of cleaning plants. The practice of dry cleaning is now sufficiently established so that we may examine critically auxiliary equipment and operations. The cleaning processes have been so simplified, with respect to presizing of the raw coal required and the quantity of air circulated, that stinting of expenditures for auxiliary equipment is not necessary to keep the per ton cost of installation in line with complete and well designed plants of other types. Furthermore, sufficient operating experience has been accumulated to ascertain the conditions most conducive to effective operation of dry-cleaning machines; at least the essentials of a definite technology of dry cleaning has been established. Early Operating Problems The problems that have occupied the builders and operators of dry-cleaning plants from the beginning have been relatively few, but difficult of solution. The principal difficulties have been: 1. The proper sizing of the raw coal to suit the cleaning process. 2. The handling of raw coal when it is delivered wet from the mine. 3. Dust collecting. 4. The maintenance of uniformity in cleaning performance.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. P. Nielsen

When two grains in a polycrystalline specimen meet at a point in the course of grain-boundary movements, and the new boundary created at the point is one of relatively low specific free energy, a nonequilibrium boundary condition occurs. The nonequilibrium is enhanced if the other grain boundaries involved at the point of meeting are relatively high in specific free energy. The nonequilibrium results in a correction by growth of the complex grain (two subgrains) to a large size, sufficient in many cases for it to become a self-propagating unit, i.e., a recrystallization grain. This mechanism, herein called "geometrical coalescence," is proposed as a logical origin for recrystallization nuclei, particularly for secondary recrystallization. RECENT publications1-' indicate that considerable progress has been made toward a complete understanding of the three microstructural processes in metals: recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. However, a major problem persists, namely, the origin of recrystallization nuclei. It is generally accepted that once a recrystallization nucleus, a secondary recrystallization nucleus particularly, has reached a certain size, it will continue to grow at the expense of its neighbors, simply as a consequence of grain-boundary free-energy considerations. What has remained obscure, however, is the mechanism whereby such a nucleus comes into being and grows to the self-propagating size. Recrystallization Nucleation in a Two-Dimensional Grain-Boundary System In the left portion of Fig. 1 is shown schematically the meeting of grains 1 and 4 on disappearance of boundary 2-3, i.e., the boundary that existed between grains 2 and 3, as might happen in the course of normal grain-boundary migration. If, by chance —and the probability is not necessarily small— grains 1 and 4 are close together in their mutual orientations, or in some other special way mutually oriented so that the new common boundary has relatively a very low specific free energy (hereinafter referred to by s), then the grain boundary arrangement as depicted in the figure is highly unstable. This is particularly so if boundaries 1-3, 3-4, 4-2, and 2-1 are high in their s values. Assuming, for the sake of argument, that boundary 1-4 has a s equal to zero, and the s's of all the other boundaries present are equal to each other and constant, then the boundary arrangement on the right in Fig. 1 will be

Jan 1, 1955

By Karl Sundberg, Allen Nordstrom

Interesting results were recently obtained in geophysical prospecting at the Questa mine of the Molybdenum Corpn. of America in New Mexico. This paper describes that survey, which was carried out during October and November, 1927, by the Swedish American Prospecting Corpn. It is hoped that the paper will make it possible for the mining man to form an opinion of the applicability of geophysical prospecting under difficult conditions, showing, as it does, the results when prospecting for small small orebodies with comparatively poor conductivity, in a region of rough topography. Some principles underlying electromagnetic prospecting not known to be published previously will also be given in an elementary way, with special attention to the general structure of the electromagnetic field. Geological. Conditions at Questa The property is situated in the Taos range of the Rocky Mountains in northern New Mexico. About this region, L. C. Graton says:' The main range is made up of Pre-Cambrian granites, gneisses and schists but in the vicinity of Red River igneous rocks of later age are present almost to the exclusion of the older series. These younger rocks are divisible into two groups. The older of the two, probably Pre-Tertiary age, is represented by large intrusive masses of monzonite porphyry, usually containing considerable quartz. The more recent group comprises intrusive and probably effusive dark-colored andesites and coarse andesitic breccias, some of which contain fragments of the monzonite; there are also flows of rhyolite and beds of rhyolite breccia. The evidence regarding the relative age of the andesite and the rhyolite is not wholly satisfactory, but there is little doubt that the andesite is the older. The ore deposits, although occurring more commonly in the monzonite porphyry than in the rhyolite, nevertheless are believed to be genetically related to the rhyolite. They certainly cut the rhyolite or andesite in places, and hence fall in the late Tertiary. The molybdenite at the Questa mine occurs in veins in the alaskite granite porphyry belonging to the older part of the Pre-Tertiary eruptives. Overlying the granite porphyry is the granodiorite, capping the granite

Jan 1, 1929

By T. Egleston

THE direct process for the manufacture of iron which is principally used in the United States, in New York and New Jersey, is called the Jersey forge, the Champlain forge, the Catalan forge, the Bloomary forge or fire, and sometimes a Forge fire. Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, who has discussed the process as applied to the beach sands of Canada as well as to ores, in the Report of the Canadian Geological Survey for 1867-69, has shown that the name of Catalan forge is incorrect, as this process in no way resembles the Catalan, but is really the old German bloomary modified by long use in this country. Dr. Hunt gives the probable history of the introduction of the process into the United States, and a series of historic citations of great interest relating to it. Not¬withstanding the improvements which have been made in the construction of the furnace and its greater output, the process to-day, in all its essential features, is carried out as Karsten described it. It should now be known as the American Bloomary. The name of Jersey or Champlain forge or fire is not sufficiently distinctive. The name of Bloomary, by which the process is usually distinguished, is objectionable, not because it is incorrect but because it is indefinite, as the Knobbling fires, which are a very slight modification of the Walloon process, for making blooms either from pig iron or by sinking scrap, are also called Bloomaries, and although Knobbling fires are only used in a few localities where charcoal pig is made, and special grades of charcoal-refined blooms are required, one does not, without an explanation, know whether the blooms are being manufactured from ore or pig. The name Forge fire is equally indefinite, as it might just as well apply to any of the five direct methods of making blooms which have been in use in Europe, but which have now mostly gone out of date. The Dame of American Bloomary, however, is the one which most completely describes it, and is the one least open to objection. The names of German, Jersey, and Champlain bloomary are too local, and these adjectives are thought unnecessary by those who use the process, and we shall not therefore describe it under any of these names, but as the American Bloomary process. * Read at the Montreal meeting, September, 1879.

Jan 1, 1880

By John Tyssowski

In 1925, Harry Howard Stout, then metallurgist for Phelps Dodge Corporation, while investigating the cleaning of cathode copper by various gases at elevated temperatures below the melting point of the metal, observed in the laboratory that particles of pure copper heated in a closed tube filled with hydrogen seemingly "stuck together." By further investigation he found that there was actual crystal growth across the boundaries of the particles of pure metal; in other words, there was a complete new crystal realignment and growth throughout the newly formed copper mass. It was coalescence, not adhesion; the several particles had become one unit. From this discovery has been developed the coalescence process, whereby copper of cathode purity is squirted out in semifabricated form from an extrusion press, by the application of about 3000 tons pressure on a 10-in. piston. Stout decided that cathode copper produced by electrolytic deposition was the logical source of the pure copper required for the coalescence process, but as there was no way of reducing the ordinary tough commercial cathodes to the small particles required he was confronted by a serious problem at the outset. Under his direction, this problem was solved by William H. Osborn and Harry Howard Stout, Jr. They developed the process and technique for producing cathode copper in brittle, friable form, and to them must be given the greater part of the credit for this phase of the development program as well as for that relating to the gas cleaning of the cathode particles. Concurrently, the three metallurgists worked on the problem of effecting a complete union of the cathode particles. Adequate washing was all that was needed to free the particles from electrolyte solution and slimes. A press was designed to produce briquettes of the proper porosity and density, and a method was devised of removing surface oxidation from the particles of cathode, by treatment in an atmosphere of deoxidizing gas at an elevated temperature. The temperature was determined at which the surface cleansing and preheating could be done in one operation, and for this a charging and preheating furnace in which there is maintained a positive pressure of deoxidizing gas atmosphere was designed. And finally, a method of feeding the heated briquettes of deoxidized cathode copper into an extrusion press without contamination from the air was evolved. For the final stage, a press was required because not only heat but pressure was required to obtain complete growth of the new crystals between the cathode particles as well as the elimination of all voids or non-coalesced areas. All essential stages of the process are protected by patents or patent applications in the United States and principal foreign countries, and the copper is produced on a commercial scale.

Jan 1, 1941

By John Tyssowski

In 1925, Harry Howard Stout, then metallurgist for Phelps Dodge Corporation, while investigating the cleaning of cathode copper by various gases at elevated temperatures below the melting point of the metal, observed in the laboratory that particles of pure copper heated in a closed tube filled with hydrogen seemingly "stuck together." By further investigation he found that there was actual crystal growth across the boundaries of the particles of pure metal; in other words, there was a complete new crystal realignment and growth throughout the newly formed copper mass. It was coalescence, not adhesion; the several particles had become one unit. From this discovery has been developed the coalescence process, whereby copper of cathode purity is squirted out in semifabricated form from an extrusion press, by the application of about 3000 tons pressure on a 10-in. piston. Stout decided that cathode copper produced by electrolytic deposition was the logical source of the pure copper required for the coalescence process, but as there was no way of reducing the ordinary tough commercial cathodes to the small particles required he was confronted by a serious problem at the outset. Under his direction, this problem was solved by William H. Osborn and Harry Howard Stout, Jr. They developed the process and technique for producing cathode copper in brittle, friable form, and to them must be given the greater part of the credit for this phase of the development program as well as for that relating to the gas cleaning of the cathode particles. Concurrently, the three metallurgists worked on the problem of effecting a complete union of the cathode particles. Adequate washing was all that was needed to free the particles from electrolyte solution and slimes. A press was designed to produce briquettes of the proper porosity and density, and a method was devised of removing surface oxidation from the particles of cathode, by treatment in an atmosphere of deoxidizing gas at an elevated temperature. The temperature was determined at which the surface cleansing and preheating could be done in one operation, and for this a charging and preheating furnace in which there is maintained a positive pressure of deoxidizing gas atmosphere was designed. And finally, a method of feeding the heated briquettes of deoxidized cathode copper into an extrusion press without contamination from the air was evolved. For the final stage, a press was required because not only heat but pressure was required to obtain complete growth of the new crystals between the cathode particles as well as the elimination of all voids or non-coalesced areas. All essential stages of the process are protected by patents or patent applications in the United States and principal foreign countries, and the copper is produced on a commercial scale.

Jan 1, 1941

By Charles H. Jacoby

A decision was made by the management of International Salt Co. in 1960 to eliminate all waste products which were entering the waters of Lake Seneca. This was to be accomplished by the injection of waste slurries into an abandoned brine cavity. The effluent from the cavity was to be treated and used for the manufacture of salt or disposed by deep well injection into the Cherry Valley limestone. After several years of research and design, a construction permit was granted by the state of New York; the injection, recovery, and disposal wells were constructed and after a public hearing an operational permit was issued. A summary of the operational results of the system is given.

Jan 1, 1974

By E. A. Sondreal, P. H. Tufte

Flue gas desulfurization when burning western U.S. coals can be expected to be easier to achieve and less costly than when burning higher sulfur eastern and central coals. However, western coals cannot generally be burned in compliance with federal and state new source emission standards without some degree of control. Western coals and lignite represent about 20% of total U.S. recoverable reserves with 90% of that strip minable, and their production is predicted to increase from the 60 million tons mined in 1973 to 300 million tons in 1985. Most will be used for electric power generation, where low sulfur content is a paramount concern. Western coals are predominantly below 1% sulfur; low compared with typical values of 2 and 3% for eastern and central coals. Coal cleaning for removal of sulfur is not commercially practiced on Western coals, which typically contain half organic and half pyritic sulfur. A fraction of the pyrite sulfur could possibly be removed, but the

Jan 1, 1976

By William Vietti

WEST TEXAS and New Mexico has been overshadowed by the develop-ment in East Texas to such an extent that the area has been placed on a settled production basis by most of the operators. Considerable develop-ment work on both proven and unproven acreage remains to be carried on, but the incentive, a ready and profitable market, has been lacking. The main characteristics of the fields in this area are so well known that they are not described again in this paper, which thus resolves itself into a statistical review of the more important production features of the area. Proration has been in effect during the year and has been rigorously applied with the full cooperation of all producers. Proration in West Texas and New Mexico is based in the more pro-ductive fields on a potential and acreage distrbution of the allowance to the individual wells or acreage units. Potentials are determined generally by a short production test of from 1 to 4 hr.; and the hourly rate is multiplied by 24 to obtain the 24-hr. production or rated potential of the separate wells. The potential values thus set up have been questioned by many production men who are not willing to concede that the instantaneous (hourly) capacity of a well to produce is its potential capacity for a day with all other wells in the pool producing at their capacity. However, the potential of a well determined as above remains its chief rating as a measure of the permeability in place and as an indication of the possible reserve feeding that well. , The acreage factor has made it unnecessary to overdevelop properties in order to obtain an allowance proportionate to neighbors who are willing to drill an excessive number of wells on a piece of acreage in the hopes of a quick drainage and a corresponding profit. Proration has resulted in an orderly development of many of the pools in this area on the base as out-lined above, resulting in more reasonable spacing of wells and the more even withdrawal of oil and the ensuing expectation of high recoveries.

Jan 1, 1933

By A. L. Labbe

SOON after the Cottrell treater was placed in operation in the Murray plant in 1918 to treat combined lead sinter and Wedge roaster smoke, it was noticed that the power flowing through the treater did not remain constant. This was indicated by the varying milliamperes and also by the total amount of power consumed by the rectifiers. At times, for then unknown reasons, the treater current fluctuated through a wide range of from 40 to 300 milliamperes. Fortunately, these variations in power did not affect the treater's overall recovery, as this installation consisted of three independent units in series, a feature which made the Murray Cottrell an outstanding installation over many years of operation. Water conditioning of the smoke as a means of improving recovery was already known, but was not adaptable to this installation for reasons of excessive corrosion, which had been the case with other treaters using water as a conditioner exclusively. Tests conducted on the smoke had proved conclusively that water vapor played no part in the fluctuation of power, and the same was true of the SO2 contents and dust burden of the smoke. Neither did temperature variations of from 150 to 400°F have any effect on the power. Finally it was noticed that the variation in power taken by the treater, and the efficiency of recovery, had some definite relation to the number of Wedge roasters operating, and particularly to the sulphur contents of the charge. This observation soon led to the discovery that free sulphuric acid was the conditioner for Murray smoke and that variations in acid contents of smoke accounted for fluctuations of treater power. Analysis of recovered dust revealed that only a few hundredths of a per cent free acid was necessary to maintain a very efficient recovery. Once this knowledge was available, the roaster charge was adjusted as to sulphur contents to produce the necessary acid conditioner. For a number of years this practice was followed, but with improvements in the field of flotation, excess pyrites were eliminated from the smelting picture, so with a change in metallurgical practice we were confronted with the problem of providing the deficiency in acid by some other means. The situation was aggravated and our problem of acid conditioning made more difficult by the increase in the lead contents of concentrates roasted resulting from better flotation methods. The first step towards introducing acid vapors into the smoke stream by accessory means was accomplished by boiling sulphuric acid in cast iron pots placed in an open fire box. Acid fumes evaporated from the pots together with the combustion gases from the fire box were discharged into the flue through a cast iron pipe. Capacity of the iron pots was quite limited because of the comparatively slow rate of evaporation and the use of lump coal as a fuel, which did not lend itself to practical temperature control. This method of firing resulted in frequent pot failures due to overheating. In spite of these incidental difficulties, encountered in any new venture, the pot evaporator demonstrated the practicability of fuming sufficient acid to make up the deficiency in that naturally evolved in the Wedge furnace operation. As time progressed, less and less high sulphur material was available for Wedge roasting, and the necessity for accessory acid conditioning reached a climax when the supply of this material was entirely eliminated. Since the cast iron pots could only evaporate a few hundred pounds of acid per day, and were costly to replace, the logical thought presented itself of spraying the acid in a heated chamber. This new type of acid evaporator was simpler and more economical to operate and had sufficient capacity to fume several thousand pounds per day. The attached fig. 1 presents the outstanding features of the new furnace. A is the vaporizing drum, which is heated by the combustion gases of coal stoker fire box, B. Acid is sprayed into the hot gas stream within the drum through a number of air-acid atomizers, C, and the acid vapor, together with combustion gases, is introduced into the smoke stream through two cast iron pipes extending to different points in the flue. The operation of this type of furnace requires control of temperature inside the drum to prevent overheating, which dissociates the acid vapor to SO, and eventually to SO2, with resulting loss of acid. The dissociation to SO, at elevated temperatures is comparatively high, and in some cases accounts for as much as 60 pct of the acid sprayed into the drum. To reduce the loss of acid, through dissociation, some Cottrell plants, where the rate of acid sprayed reaches at times 9 ppm, use two evaporating units. Fuming the acid into the smoke stream is only

Jan 1, 1951

By C. E. Lesher

Coal has been fighting a rear-guard action since the last World War. The battle against competitive fuels has been largely guerilla warfare with more sniping within the ranks than of organized opposition. Oil and natural gas are the fuels that over these twenty odd years have driven coal backward and out of many profitable markets. Now, somewhat timidly, the coal industry is trying a new weapon; namely, Research, or let us more properly say, Organized Research. Engineers have been designing this weapon for many years, supported by those interested in coal, including some coal producers. A part of this pioneer work has been Fundamental Research, the Ph.D. kind that is over the heads of most of us. Another part has been aimed at immediate objectives and realizable profits, the practical, man-in-the-street sort. That is Industrial Research. Enough has been accomplished to make a fair exhibit, but whether this new weapon will have sufficient fire power to rout the opposition, whether the industry will really go into production and use it, the next few years will tell. Need foR Coal Research To utter "Research" is to use the modern magic word; to conjure up the miraculous—rubber from weeds; radar; magnesium from sea water; yes, even gasoline from coal. Research is a very general term. It means something different to every man. What is the coal industry seeking with its research; or what should it seek? And, specifically, how is it going about the job; and is it taking the best way? There are many who say that Coal has been asleep at the switch, while Oil and Gas have been taking the energy business. In an organized way this is true. Large-scale, privatelyfinanced research is just started in the Pennsylvania anthracite industry, and it is still a dream for bituminous coal. What has been done so far collectively is purely defensive; as, for instance, to improve mechanical devices for burning coal so as to be able to recover markets for house-heating fuel long since abandoned to oil and gas. To appreciate just how seriously bituminous coal has slipped back in the national economy in the past 2 5 years, one has only to recall that, in the last war the Navy required for its operations all the high-grade, low-volatile coal that could be produced, and that anthracite was withdrawn from the middle and northwest markets to keep the eastern seaboard warm. All coal was "rationed" by zones, if not to individuals. Now the Navy, the Armed forces and the Merchant Marine are propelled by oil and gasoline. Gasoline and heating oil are rationed to individuals. Production of all coal in this country in 1918 reached the historic figure of 678,200,-000 tons, and in 1943, after 25 years, it is expected to reach a special wartime total of 660,000,000 tons. Meanwhile, production of crude oil this year may exceed 1 ,500,000,000 bbl., and like that of natural gas, reach four times the amount produced in 1918.

Jan 1, 1944

By C. E. Lesher

Coal has been fighting a rear-guard action since the last World War. The battle against competitive fuels has been largely guerilla warfare with more sniping within the ranks than of organized opposition. Oil and natural gas are the fuels that over these twenty odd years have driven coal backward and out of many profitable markets. Now, somewhat timidly, the coal industry is trying a new weapon; namely, Research, or let us more properly say, Organized Research. Engineers have been designing this weapon for many years, supported by those interested in coal, including some coal producers. A part of this pioneer work has been Fundamental Research, the Ph.D. kind that is over the heads of most of us. Another part has been aimed at immediate objectives and realizable profits, the practical, man-in-the-street sort. That is Industrial Research. Enough has been accomplished to make a fair exhibit, but whether this new weapon will have sufficient fire power to rout the opposition, whether the industry will really go into production and use it, the next few years will tell. Need foR Coal Research To utter "Research" is to use the modern magic word; to conjure up the miraculous—rubber from weeds; radar; magnesium from sea water; yes, even gasoline from coal. Research is a very general term. It means something different to every man. What is the coal industry seeking with its research; or what should it seek? And, specifically, how is it going about the job; and is it taking the best way? There are many who say that Coal has been asleep at the switch, while Oil and Gas have been taking the energy business. In an organized way this is true. Large-scale, privatelyfinanced research is just started in the Pennsylvania anthracite industry, and it is still a dream for bituminous coal. What has been done so far collectively is purely defensive; as, for instance, to improve mechanical devices for burning coal so as to be able to recover markets for house-heating fuel long since abandoned to oil and gas. To appreciate just how seriously bituminous coal has slipped back in the national economy in the past 2 5 years, one has only to recall that, in the last war the Navy required for its operations all the high-grade, low-volatile coal that could be produced, and that anthracite was withdrawn from the middle and northwest markets to keep the eastern seaboard warm. All coal was "rationed" by zones, if not to individuals. Now the Navy, the Armed forces and the Merchant Marine are propelled by oil and gasoline. Gasoline and heating oil are rationed to individuals. Production of all coal in this country in 1918 reached the historic figure of 678,200,-000 tons, and in 1943, after 25 years, it is expected to reach a special wartime total of 660,000,000 tons. Meanwhile, production of crude oil this year may exceed 1 ,500,000,000 bbl., and like that of natural gas, reach four times the amount produced in 1918.

Jan 1, 1944

By John R. Don

In the South Island of New Zealand an unusually favorable opportunity is offered for the analysis of the older crystalline rocks, underlying the sedimentary rocks which form the "country" of the gold-deposits. The Manipori formation of this island, comprising the greater part of the mountainous district west of lakes Manipori and Te Anau, in Otago, consists of an enormous thickness (estimated by Professor Hutton1 at 160,000 ft.) of crystalline schists, gneiss, syenite, and syenitic gneiss, with associated masses of granite; the whole forming the most picturesque fart of New Zealand. The famous West Coast sounds occur in this formation. No paying auriferous lodes have been discovered in it; and for this reason an examination of the rocks is specially interesting here. Stelzner, Posepny, and others, who have criticised the conclusions of Sandberger, have laid great stress on the fact that all the silicates analyzed by him were taken from the vicinity of orebodies containing those heavy metals which he notes as occurring in the silicates of the country-rock; their contention being that these metals, supposed to occur as silicates in gneiss and other crystalline rocks, were really contained as sulphides, and were therefore impregnations from the neighboring orebodies. The same objection, whatever be its weight, might be urged with equal justice against Mr. Becker's derivation of the mercury and gold of the lodes of the Pacific Coast from' the granite underlying their country-rock. In the case of the

Jan 1, 1913

GENTLEMEN : Herewith are transmitted the reports of your Treasurer and the Chairmen of your standing committees on Admissions, Membership, Papers and Publications, and Library for the calendar year 1931. To these reports you are referred for further details of the year's activities. Finances.-Depressed industrial conditions prevailing throughout the year were reflected in a substantial decline in current revenue. Aside from interest on sundry special funds (but including that from the Life Membership, Library, and General Reserve Funds) total receipts amounted to $168,274, compared with $194,636 in 1930. The principal items of decrease were $17,000 in advertising income from the monthly magazine MINING AND METALLURGY, and about $9,600 in dues and initiation fees. Of this shrinkage $4,000 is accounted for by decrease in the number of new members enrolled; and $5,600 by diminished income from current dues and arrearages. This naturally has coincided with an \ increase in delinquency and "drops" or suspensions for nonpayment of dues. The decline in advertising income, amounting to 38 per cent as compared with that of 1930, in general paralleled the experience of all technical and trade publications; and it is problematical whether 1932 will show as large a return from advertising as did 1931.

Jan 1, 1932

By Eugene S. Perry

The oil and gas industries in Montana continued through the year of 1937 with but little change. No new fields were discovered, and production of old fields did not vary greatly. No outstanding wildcat wells were drilled. Perhaps most notable were extensions in the western part of the Kevin-Sunburst field. Acid treatment of wells in the Kevin and Pondera fields continued with gratifying results.

Jan 1, 1938