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By Edgar Rickard

IT SHOULD be clearly understood that my remarks on economic conditions in Russia are entirely personal, and not official as an officer of the Ameri-can Relief Administration. The American Relief Administration is concerned exclusively in relief operations. The American Relief Administration has played a large part in the conditions as they exist in Russia today and it does not seem to be out of order to give you the high lights of the work accomplished. SIXTY MILLION DOLLARS FOR RUSSIAN RELIEF The Riga Agreement, by which we were enabled to carry on our operations, was signed in Riga on Aug. 20 of last year. On Sept. 8, we opened our first relief station in Petrograd. On Sept. 18, our first food was handed out in Samara on the Volga River, in the center of the so-called famine district. Altogether over 775,000 tons of food have been sent from the Atlantic Coast into Russia and we have moved this entire quantity of food over a dilapidated and wornout system of railways; and we estimate that our loss will be less than one-half of one per cent. in shortages and thefts. We have had available for this Russian work approximately $60,000,000. The bulk of this money was derived from a Congressional grant of $20,000,000 for food stuffs, a further Congressional grant of Army medical surplus supplies of $4,000,000, a grant by the Soviet Government of $11,400,000. This Soviet grant is a rather interesting phase of our operations. In all of Mr. Hoover's relief work abroad he has demanded of the country receiving relief that the people them-selves do something concrete for their own good before he would undertake to collect large sums of money in America. Secondly, before he was willing to go before Congress and ask for funds from our government he desired that the Soviet Government show their good will.

Jan 11, 1922

By L. C. Campbell

The purpose of any accident-prevention program is the curtailment or entire elimination of injuries and fatalities. It is a job that is never finished in the coal-mining industry. Day by day, on shift and off shift, men are exposed to injury and death in varying numbers. Seldom is it possible to lock up at the end of the shift and leave a mine plant in the care of a sleepy watchman, as can be done at most manufacturing plants. Even on off shifts there are maintenance and supply crews, coal cutters, pumpers and ventilation men exposed to danger. The prevention program of The Koppers Coal Co. recognizes two primary facts: First, no program can be successful without the full support of the management and complete knowledge of the job at hand on the part of every supervisor. Second, and equally important, is the full cooperation of every employee in observing the safety rules and practices set up by the management. Conscious day-to-day concern for his safety by the individual worker is the longest stride toward a good safety experience. How to accomplish the education of the individual worker and supervisor for safety is the problem of The Koppers Coal Co., as it is the problem of all coal companies. Safety Rules A simply stated set of Safety Rules and Practices for the government of employees is the starting point with The Koppers Coal Co. There are but 13 of these rules, which are short, easily understood and followed by a campaign of education and inspection. Each employee receives a set of these Safety Rules and Practices and signs a receipt for them, which is bound in at the back of the booklet, and this receipt becomes a part of his employment record. These rules and practices are as follows: Introduction The following rules have been compiled for the safety of employees and are established according to rules number one and number two of the official bulletin

Jan 1, 1940

By F. W. Bloecher, A. M. Gaudin

THIS paper describes the results of a series of tests carried out to determine the partition of dodecylamine between distilled water and the surface of quartz at various concentrations of dodecylamine acetate in solution. An adsorption-column technique was utilized for this purpose. Ralston and Harwood, of Armour and Co., had synthesized marked dodecylamine acetate for us.' In their preparation which we employed, 0.0007 pct of the total carbon was the radioactive isotope, carbon fourteen. Unmarked dodecylamine acetate of high purity was also prepared by them for our use. The presence of carbon fourteen in the dodecylamine enabled us to analyze quantitatively for dodecylamine on the surface of quartz, using a radioactive-tracer technique. The method used was that known as internal gas counting of carbon dioxide, formed by oxidation of the amine. This method has already been described, "3 ' and the reader is referred to these papers for details of the analytical method and procedures. and surrounding liquor, a technique analogous to chromatographic columns was utilized. The experimental setup is shown in fig. 1. The dodecylamine-acetate solution was made up in a volumetric flask and poured into the glass funnel shown. It was allowed to drip slowly onto the quartz bed, the rate of flow from the funnel reser- voir being controlled by a hose clamp. The quartz column was contained in a small, fritted-glass filter (size 20 mm, C). The beaded top edge of the filter was cut off to enable the holder and contents to fit into the open end of the 30/45 joint on the combustion tube. This combustion tube is used in the analytical train described in a previous paper.' A piece of gum-rubber tubing joins the bottom of the fritted-glass filter to a filter flask, which in turn is connected to a vacuum line, or water aspirator. The rate of flow of amine solution through the bed was

Jan 1, 1951

By Kendall E. Born

Production of crude oil in Tennessee during 1936 approximated 20,000 bbl., about the same as in 1935. Accurate figures are available only for the Glenmary field in southwestern Scott County and the Boone Camp, Seabolt, and Coon Hollow pools in north central Morgan County. Small amounts of oil were produced in the Poplar Cove region of eastern Fentress County, in Tinsleys Bottom along the line between Clay and Jackson Counties, and in the Lock Branch pool of northern Jackson County. The renewed interest in these three pools, which were abandoned for several years, reflects the effect of rising prices for crude oil in Tennessee. Developments in these fields were begun late in 1936 and therefore have had little cffect on the production for the year. A nurnber of small scattered wells in abandoned fields in Clay County were pumped intermittently during the year, but no production figures are available on this production. The acidizing of a number of wells in Scott and Morgan counties reported last1 year has been responsible for an increase of nearly 4000 bbl. over 1935 in this region. Results have shown, however, that the Glenmary pay (Glenmary and Coon Hollow pools) at about the top of the St. Louis limestone, responds more favorably to acid treatment than does the Boone Camp (Boone Camp and Seabolt pools) horizon in the Fort Payne formation of lower Mississippian age. This difference is probably due to the siliceous and argillaceous content of the Boone Camp pay. The only natural gas marketed off the lease in Tennessee during 1936 was in Morgan County, where approximately 10,000,000 cu. ft. were furnished the towns of Sunbright and Burrville and the immediate vicinity. The gas occurs with the oil in the Boone Camp field and small amounts were put on the line from the near-by Coon Hollow and Seabolt pools. There are 11 gas wells in the area. Development Although the presence of petroleum in Tennessee was noted more than one hundred years ago, this state has never been an important

Jan 1, 1937

By Roy W. Wright

Introduction The title of my paper is satisfyingly broad and allows me to touch lightly or dwell at length on virtually any aspect of mining, while endeavouring not to trespass on the subjects of other papers to be presented. However, at this stage in our world history when for the first time we are beginning to take conservation and the welfare of future generations more seriously, I want to concentrate mainly on the question of whether or not there will be the resources of minerals available to sustain mankind's progress in the generations ahead. Metals and the Population Problem The supply of raw materials is of course only one of the fundamental problems that will face future generations: if we assumed that the world population would continue to increase at the present explosive rate, then I believe we can say with certainty that other fundamental problems of much greater significance would arise long before a shortage of raw materials - or other substitutes -had any impact on the progress of mankind. Thus, I must start this paper with the assumption that some equilibrium in population will be arrived at before these other problems overwhelm the world. Will the Metals Run Out? At the 75th Anniversary Meeting of this Institute in March, 1947, Clinton H. Crane, President of St. Joseph Lead Co., prophesied that for the next 100 years there would be enough copper, lead and zinc for every essential need. He defined a need as essential where the qualities of the metal in that use were irreplaceable. Today, except for one or two cases such as lead in lead-acid batteries, few metals have qualities that cannot be provided either by another metal or by another material. It is more a question of what the engineer or manufacturer is prepared to pay for special qualities as compared with using cheaper materials and perhaps a less satisfactory design.

Jan 1, 1971

By R. S. Barneyback

Not much more is known about concrete today than was known to the Romans. For all the research only better tools have resulted to measure the quality of the materials that go into it." In this paper "some of the materials for lightweight concrete and their characteristics are considered and effort is made to indicate their effect on the end result — a structure of lightweight concrete." Lightweight concrete had noble beginnings. It is believed that the first specification for lightweight concrete was written by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the early years of his reign, 117-138 AD. Hadrian, was an engineer by trade and an Emperor by adoption. He took considerable interest in the structures sponsored during his reign, even to the point of working out the structural details and preparing working drawings for some of the more prominent works in the vicinity of Rome. In order to reduce the dead weight of the 140 ft diam dome of the Pantheon he specified that the lightweight structural concrete members supporting this concrete and tile composite dome were to be fabricated from a concrete containing pumice and scoria. Still standing after 18 centuries of abuse, this structure has been described as the master effort of a great structural genius, the ultimate achievement of Roman engineering skill.' The Romans were the first to employ many concrete techniques we think of as modem innovations. Some unnamed superintendent noted that when a carefully measured amount of pigs blood was measured into each batch of concrete during mixing, the concrete was more durable and exhibited much better resistance to freezing and thawing climates. He no doubt, attributed this success to the appeasement of one of the gods who in return provided protection for the building containing this sacrificial offering in its walls. It is known today that the blood-entrained air in the concrete tends to make mixtures more workable, resistant to moisture penetration and more resistant to frost damage.

Jan 1, 1964

By B. Amadei

INTRODUCTION Laboratory studies on the deformability and strength of intact rocks generally involve the uniaxial compression test, the standard triaxial compression test and direct or indirect tension tests. If [al ,a2 ,a3] are principal stresses [(al>a2>a3)] with compression taken as positive and tension taken as negative, the applied stress field for each one of these tests can be represented as shown in Fig. 1. However, for most in-situ conditions, such as those that exist at any point around an underground excavation, the stress field is truly three-dimensional or multiaxial [(al+ a2+a3)] and none of the tests shown in Fig. 1 can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of the rock. There are special cases for which one of the three principal stresses vanishes. Biaxial loading of rocks in-situ takes place, for instance, when rocks deform and fail in plane stress conditions. This can occur in a free unloaded surface of a rock structure such as in the wall of an underground excavation or a rock slope. Parallel to the free surface, the stress field components can be both compressive [(al>a2>0)], both tensile [(O>a2>a3)], or mixed, one component being compressive and the other one tensile [(U~>O>U~)]. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of 25 true biaxial tests that have been conducted on cubical specimens of Indiana Limestone using the multiaxial cell available at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The tests include uniaxial compression and tension, biaxial compression and combined biaxil compression- tension. Flexible fluid cushions and brush bearing platens were used for compressive and tensile loading respectively in order to minimize loading end effects on the test specimens. The paper begins with a review of previous investigations on the multiaxial behavior of rock. Then, test results are presented in terms of

Jan 1, 1984

By L. C. Campbell

The purpose of any accident-prevention program is the curtailment or entire elimination of injuries and fatalities. It is a job that is never finished in the coal-mining industry. Day by day, on shift and off shift, men are exposed to injury and death in varying numbers. Seldom is it possible to lock up at the end of the shift and leave a mine plant in the care of a sleepy watchman, as can be done at most manufacturing plants. Even on off shifts there are maintenance and supply crews, coal cutters, pumpers and ventilation men exposed to danger. The prevention program of The Koppers Coal Co. recognizes two primary facts: First, no program can be successful without the full support of the management and complete knowledge of the job at hand on the part of every supervisor. Second, and equally important, is the full cooperation of every employee in observing the safety rules and practices set up by the management. Conscious day-to-day concern for his safety by the individual worker is the longest stride toward a good safety experience. How to accomplish the education of the individual worker and supervisor for safety is the problem of The Koppers Coal Co., as it is the problem of all coal companies. Safety Rules A simply stated set of Safety Rules and Practices for the government of employees is the starting point with The Koppers Coal Co. There are but 13 of these rules, which are short, easily understood and followed by a campaign of education and inspection. Each employee receives a set of these Safety Rules and Practices and signs a receipt for them, which is bound in at the back of the booklet, and this receipt becomes a part of his employment record. These rules and practices are as follows: Introduction The following rules have been compiled for the safety of employees and are established according to rules number one and number two of the official bulletin

Jan 1, 1940

By F. W. Bloecher, A. M. Gaudin

THIS paper describes the results of a series of tests carried out to determine the partition of dodecylamine between distilled water and the surface of quartz at various concentrations of dodecylamine acetate in solution. An adsorption-column technique was utilized for this purpose. Ralston and Harwood, of Armour and Co., had synthesized marked dodecylamine acetate for us.' In their preparation which we employed, 0.0007 pct of the total carbon was the radioactive isotope, carbon fourteen. Unmarked dodecylamine acetate of high purity was also prepared by them for our use. The presence of carbon fourteen in the dodecylamine enabled us to analyze quantitatively for dodecylamine on the surface of quartz, using a radioactive-tracer technique. The method used was that known as internal gas counting of carbon dioxide, formed by oxidation of the amine. This method has already been described, "3 ' and the reader is referred to these papers for details of the analytical method and procedures. and surrounding liquor, a technique analogous to chromatographic columns was utilized. The experimental setup is shown in fig. 1. The dodecylamine-acetate solution was made up in a volumetric flask and poured into the glass funnel shown. It was allowed to drip slowly onto the quartz bed, the rate of flow from the funnel reser- voir being controlled by a hose clamp. The quartz column was contained in a small, fritted-glass filter (size 20 mm, C). The beaded top edge of the filter was cut off to enable the holder and contents to fit into the open end of the 30/45 joint on the combustion tube. This combustion tube is used in the analytical train described in a previous paper.' A piece of gum-rubber tubing joins the bottom of the fritted-glass filter to a filter flask, which in turn is connected to a vacuum line, or water aspirator. The rate of flow of amine solution through the bed was

Jan 1, 1951

By H. Beecher Charmbury

Water is a most remarkable substance. It is essential for life of all kinds. Not only can no one live without water, but man has always needed water for farming, raising animals, manufacturing, transportation, and recreation. When our country was young and inhabited by few people, the streams, rivers, and lakes were able to provide all the clean water needed by man and take away all the wastes created by man. However, with our growing population and our ever-increasing demand for goods and services, the public, industry, and government at all levels have become aware of the need to more efficiently manage the water resources of this nation. Coal has helped this nation to become the greatest industrial nation in the world. Coal has generated our electricity, run our railroads, and helped arm our nation during wartime. The result has been the highest standard of living in the world, a time of widespread prosperity, and a national defense potential that has delivered the hardware during four wars in this century. The use of water in coal mining is somewhat different than in most industries. With the exception of the small amount of water used in cleaning plants and for fire protection, most of the water encountered in coal mining operations is unwanted since it serves no useful purpose. In other words, it must be removed, otherwise it will interfere with mining operations by flooding. In the past, removing water from working areas of most mines was usually a fairly simple matter. Pumps with piping were installed at sumps or low spots in the mine and the water was pumped to the surface. Ditches were often used to drain the water by gravity to the outside or to main sumps for pump discharge. In either case, the water was allowed to flow into the nearest stream or river. The concept of "water is water" was generally accepted without too much concern over what

Jan 1, 1973

By J. R. Hoffert

ON Oct. 27, 1941, the Sanitary Water Board of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania called a meeting of the representatives of the coal operators in the Schuylkill River Basin, and frankly suggested to the operators that they "clean up their house" before someone else came in and did it for them; that they should not emulate the railroads with their "public be damned" policy and its fateful results. It had been four years since the passage of the antipollution law of 1937, a law which exempted silt from collieries until such time as a practical method existed for the removal of their water polluting properties. It had been fifteen long years since Sisler, Frazer and Ashmead concluded that 900 million tons of culm and silt had been deposited in Pennsylvania's streams in the process of preparing five and a half billion tons of anthracite for the world's consumers. Fine coal was being "mined" in the streams by "washeries" and river dredges downstream from the collieries, and silt banks no longer held back the endless black stream entering the Schuylkill at the rate of 350,000 tons per month. The coal operators were apparently working on the outmoded assumption that each ton of fine coal prepared displaced a ton of larger sized, more profitable coal. The meeting between the Sanitary Water Board and the coal operators signaled the beginning of the end of Pennsylvania's pollution problems. As a result a committee was formed at that meeting by the operators to find out what conditions were at each colliery. The Bureau assisted in the indication of methods of measurement and sampling and in the development of forms for reporting the needed data. One large producer had its chief engineer supervise the gathering of the information concerning the quantity of waste waters, the amount and sieve analyses of the waste solids, and the existing means for retaining

Jan 3, 1950

By Frederick N. Rhines, Robert F. Mehl

Relatively few data have been collected on the rates of diffusion in ternary solid solution systems. In general it does not seem worth while to gather extensive data for such systems until the factors that determine the rates of diffusion in binary systems are better understood. But the rates of diffusion in a ternary system of limited solid solubility, in which the terminal solid solution is in equilibrium with an intermediate phase and may thus be represented as a quasibinary system, represents a case of special interest. In this case, where by reason of the association of the two solute metals in an intermediate phase a special attraction of the two solute atoms may be safely assumed, some interaction of these atoms during simultaneous diffusion in the solvent lattice might be expected. It has frequently been proposed that molecular solid solutions exist in quasibinary and in other ternary (and binary) solid solutions. There is no direct evidence for such solid solutions; arguments based upon the supposed anomaly in certain physical properties1 are hardly important; unexpected density relationships have proved deceptive;2 suggestions of molecular solid solutions have been made on the basis of solution laws in their application to certain systems, but without result;3 attempts to find lattice parameters in the solid solution Al-MgZnz, which cannot be calculated from the separate effects of magnesium and zinc and might therefore be taken as evidence for a molecular aggregation, have given negative results.* Fundamentally, methods for the determination of the state of molecular aggregation in solution depend upon the kinetic behavior of the particles constituting the system. If it could be shown that the two solutes in a quasibinary ternary system diffuse in molecular proportions, despite a radical difference in the separate rates of diffusion of each solute when diffusing alone in the solvent lattice, some basis for the concept of molecular solid solution would be afforded. Freche5 examined the rates of

Jan 1, 1940

By N. D. Gerald

The mathematical analysis, which is an essential part of this paper, has revealed the interesting fact that contrary to the opinions of many, determinate and measurable economic factors are largely responsible for the price of crude oil. It should, however, be well understood that the results of this analysis are applicable, without qualification, only to the particular period and market studied. There are certain peculiarities of the petroleum industry which make the consideration of its economics very difficult, and at times practically impossible. Noneconomic factors often become highly important and have serious economic effects, which make unqualified predictions based on economic data extremely hazardous and ill advised. However, in spite of the attendant difficulties there are many problems, especially in price analysis, to which approximate solutions must be made for the proper guidance of public and private policy, but their limitations should be kept clearly in mind. An understanding of the nature of prices is of fundamental importance for a number of purposes. Measurement of the motivating factors giving rise to trends and other price movements is essential to forecasting for the intelligent engineering and financial administration of the industry. The fixing of prices, maintenance of an intelligent industrial dictatorship, or the making of other industrial adjustments, demand, for success, an accurate understanding of their probable consequences. The establishment of a system of equitable relations within an industry, or between industries, by methods other than the natural competitive ones, requires a thorough knowledge of the price structures and the nature and trends of the normal and basic prices of their products. This research has shown that in this case, even though the statistical records are only fair, quantitative economics offers a direct and satisfactory approach to the problems of economic consequences dependent on the reactions of mass intelligence. A consideration of commodity prices naturally leads to costs. The true cost of petroleum is so complex and elusive that its accurate deter-

Jan 1, 1934

By Frederick N. Rhines, Robert F. Mehl

Relatively few data have been collected on the rates of diffusion in ternary solid solution systems. In general it does not seem worth while to gather extensive data for such systems until the factors that determine the rates of diffusion in binary systems are better understood. But the rates of diffusion in a ternary system of limited solid solubility, in which the terminal solid solution is in equilibrium with an intermediate phase and may thus be represented as a quasibinary system, represents a case of special interest. In this case, where by reason of the association of the two solute metals in an intermediate phase a special attraction of the two solute atoms may be safely assumed, some interaction of these atoms during simultaneous diffusion in the solvent lattice might be expected. It has frequently been proposed that molecular solid solutions exist in quasibinary and in other ternary (and binary) solid solutions. There is no direct evidence for such solid solutions; arguments based upon the supposed anomaly in certain physical properties1 are hardly important; unexpected density relationships have proved deceptive;2 suggestions of molecular solid solutions have been made on the basis of solution laws in their application to certain systems, but without result;3 attempts to find lattice parameters in the solid solution Al-MgZnz, which cannot be calculated from the separate effects of magnesium and zinc and might therefore be taken as evidence for a molecular aggregation, have given negative results.* Fundamentally, methods for the determination of the state of molecular aggregation in solution depend upon the kinetic behavior of the particles constituting the system. If it could be shown that the two solutes in a quasibinary ternary system diffuse in molecular proportions, despite a radical difference in the separate rates of diffusion of each solute when diffusing alone in the solvent lattice, some basis for the concept of molecular solid solution would be afforded. Freche5 examined the rates of

Jan 1, 1940

By E. C. Lee

The safety of mine workers has received more attention from both State and Federal law-making bodies than any other industry, a fact that shows clearly the hazardous nature of the industry. The last, but by no means the least, of the measures adopted for the protection of mine workers, is workmen's compensation legislation. This is proving to be a powerful instrument for greater safety in the industries, from the fact that special stress is laid not on how the accident happened or who may have been responsible for it, but on how badly the employee is hurt by it. The injured person does not have to employ lawyers to prove his case, because- the mere fact of his employment is proof of his right to compensation. The immediate effect of such legislation is the certainty confronting the mine operator that he must. pay out large sums for every accident, regardless of its cause, thus adding materially to the cost of the production of his coal. his fact furnished to the operator the strongest incentive to reduce the causes of accidents; not that the operator has ever lacked reasonable consideration for the welfare of his employees and a proper humane interest in their safety, but his engrossmentin earning his daily livelihood has been so great that he has not felt that he had the time to devote to the safety of the operation. This time he must now find because of the actual cash value of the prevention of accidents in his mines. This agency alone proved inadequate to bring about a material improvement because operators have always been willing enough to improve safety conditions when possible to do so within reasonable limits of their financial ability. The requirement in the Workmen's Compensation Laws of several of the States, that the mine operator shall insure as a guarantee of his ability to meet his compensation obligations, has furnished the needed incentive, moral and financial, necessary to the prompt and effective dissemination of a more general knowledge of the causes and

Jan 1, 1918

By Robert Franke

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) IN view of the prominence which the conical mill has attained in the fine-crushing field .within the few years since its introduction, the following comparison with its more mature forerunner, the Chilean mill, based on extensive tests, is submitted in the interest of the milling profession. Soon after designing the concentrating plant of the Miami Copper Co. in 1909, the Hardinge conical mill made its appearance in the milling forum. . Its possibility as a suitable crushing device for the plant was well recognized, but in view of the lack of commercial demonstration, at the time, as to capacity, efficiency for desired product, and the still more uncertain factors of cost of maintenance and power consumption, it was deemed that the immediate adoption of this machine throughout the plant would be a hazardous undertaking. For these reasons it was decided to equip the majority of the immediately required units of the plant with Chilean mills, the fine-crushing proficiencies of which were better known, and one section with Hardinge mills, to serve as a test unit for the guidance of future installations and replacements. Thereby, after 1.5 years' operation with both types of mills, a thorough test as to metallurgical efficiency and cost economy has been obtained. The conical mill used in these tests is the 8-ft. Hardinge pebble mill, having a cylinder 22 in. in length. The cylindrical portion of this mill is lined with cast-iron liner plates, and the conical extensions with silex bricks bound together by cement. Each. liner plate carries a projecting lifter, the function of which is to increase the height of drop of the lifted material. Danish No. 5 pebbles, obtained from the coast deposits of Denmark, are used for the grinding charge. The Chilean mill used is a fast-running, 3-roller, 6-ft. Saturn mill, with screens of 0.037-in. opening. The feed to these mills is the oversize of Callow screens having 0.029-in. openings, which. follow rolls crushing to 0.5 in.

Jan 7, 1913

By Charles Macdonald

It may seem to be almost unnecessary to occupy the time of the Institute in further consideration of a question which has been so comprehensively treated in papers already on file in our own Transactions and in those of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Unfortunately, however, the results of these concerted efforts have not been materially to increase our stock of Knowledge in the direction sought for; and as the necessity for this information is becoming.more and more apparent as the demand for structural materials increases, it is believed that by continuing the agitation by means of discussions in this and kindred societies, whose members are vitally interested in obtaining reliable data as to the properties of the materials they are called upon to work with, public opinion may be educated up to the importance of exerting such an influence upon the law-makers of the country as will result in the formation of a competent board, with adequate means at its disposal, to carry out this great work in a manner alike acceptable to the makers and users of the materials in question. It may be proper in the first place to glance briefly at what has been attempted thus hr, then to indicate some of the more important lines of needed investigation, and finally to consider reasons why government aid may with propriety be sought for in carrying on the work. At a convention of the Society of Civil Engineers held at Chicago June 5th, 1872, it was, on motion of General William Sooy Smith, resolved, that, " Whereas, American engineers are now mainly dependent upon formula for the calculation of strength of the different form of iron and steel, not based on experiments upon American materials and manufacture; and " Whereas, There differ greatly in many of their ch~racteristics front thoae of foreign production, both in their nature and forma: therefore,

Jan 1, 1882

By Robert Mehl

RELATIVELY few data have been collected on the rates of diffusion in ternary solid solution systems. In general it does not seem worth while to gather extensive data for such systems until the factors that determine the rates of diffusion in binary systems are better understood. But the rates of diffusion in a ternary system of limited solid solubility, in which the terminal solid solution is in equilibrium with an intermediate phase and may thus be represented as a quasibinary system, represents a case of special interest. In this case, where by reason of the association of the two solute metals in an intermediate phase a special attraction of the two solute atoms may be safely assumed, some interaction of these atoms during simultaneous diffusion in the solvent lattice might be expected. It has frequently been proposed that molecular solid solutions exist in quasibinary and in other ternary (and binary) solid solutions. There is no direct evidence for such solid solutions; arguments based upon the supposed anomaly in certain physical properties1 are hardly important; unexpected density relationships have proved deceptive ;2 suggestions of molecular solid solutions have been made on the basis of solution laws in their application to certain systems, but without result;3 attempts to find lattice parameters in the solid solution Al-MgZn2, which cannot be calculated from the separate effects of magnesium and zinc and might therefore be taken as evidence for a molecular aggregation, have given negative results.4 Fundamentally, methods for the determination of the state of molecu¬lar aggregation in solution depend upon the kinetic behavior of the par-ticles constituting the system. If it could be shown that the two solutes in a quasibinary ternary system diffuse in molecular proportions, despite a radical difference in the separate rates of diffusion of each solute when diffusing alone in the solvent lattice, some basis for the concept of molecu-lar solid solution would be afforded. Freche5 examined the rates of independent and simultaneous diffusion of magnesium and silicon in

Jan 1, 1939

By John Garcia

COAL MINING, as well as all the other major in-dustries of Russia, is controlled by the Soviet Gov-ernment by means of organizations in each dis-trict, known as "Trusts," such as the "Kisel Coal Trust" in the Urals, the "Donugol Trust" in the Ukraine, etc., and each Trust functions as a unit, reporting direct to the chief of the department of the government at Moscow. The responsible head of each Trust is usually a mem-ber of the Communist party and, filtered through his organization, one generally finds a fair proportion of Communists in "key" or important positions, such as purchasing agents and local managers or superinten-dents, but in the majority of places requiring technical or professional knowledge, or trained brains and ex-perience, little or no attention is paid to a man's political opinion provided, of course, he "behaves himself." These different Trusts were authorized or ordered by the Central Committee at Moscow to investigate the methods of mining and type of mines developed in all other coal producing, countries of the world, and after a period of several years of intensive investigation and study reported back to headquarters that the modern American mines were the most efficient, recommending that the program for the rehabilitation of the Russian coal mining industry should follow the lines of American practice. The Trusts were then authorized to negotiate with American engineering firms for technical service for mine designs, and invited Americans to send commis-sions to Russia to prepare and submit to the Technical Council one or more projects for a complete modern American-type operation adapted to the local conditions. A "project" is a preliminary set of designs on the entire mine, top and bottom, with specifications. cost estimates, production costs, schedule of operation, budget of expen-diture, etc., and is quite an elaborate and sizable under-taking-I might say, it took six of us working tooth and nail for over three months to finish our first project.

Jan 3, 1928

By Anthony Anable

The definite trend to stricter specifications with respect to hydraulic concrete has become increasingly manifest in the last six years or so; but it remained for the vast reclamation projects of the Bureau of Reclamation of the Department of the Interior of the last few years to focus attention on this trend, and to demonstrate how thousands of tons of concrete-making aggregates can be produced continuously and automatically with a control of fineness comparable with that obtained with small samples in well equipped private and governmental laboratories. Pioneer work in this direction was done, to be sure, by private companies, notably the Kaiser Paving Co. of San Francisco, prior to the present vast public works program. Then in 1931 came the first great aggregates-preparation plant of the Six Companies, Inc. to supply construction materials for Boulder Darn1 in Nevada, and now, in 1936, the aggregates plant of the Mason-Walsh-Atkinson-Kier Co., general contractors on the Grand Coulee darn in Washington. At Boulder dam and to an even greater degree at Grand Coulee dam, sand production is recognized as probably the most important single element affecting the physical characteristics of the concrete. For in the construction of dams accurate grading of the fine aggregate has considerable bearing on the attainment of a uniform and homogeneous concrete of a high degree of workability and placeability and, at the same time, combining high density and low cement content. Low cement content is of value not only from the standpoint of ceonomy but also because the use of an unnecessarily rich concrete causes certain undesirable characteristics to develop. This paper will relate how at Grand Coulee dam methods that are more advanced than ever before are producing four sizes of gravel and a sand having a fineness modulus of 2.5-3.0. The design capacity is 1000 tons an hour. Significantly, the methods and equipment employed arc broadly those that have been used for a generation in metallurgical mills for accurately sizing and grading both precious

Jan 1, 1938