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By Rashmi Kumar, Amit Chatterjee, Sanjay Chandra

The practice of adding alloying materials to a molten bath is an integral feature of many pyrometallurgical operations. However, very little is known about the dissolution rate and solution mechanisms of solid additives in liquid melts. In foundries where large tonnages of liquid metals are handled, there is considerable interest in achieving optimum metal quality at minimum cost. This objective is influenced by several factors and the solution is often plant specific. Though the amount, sequence and mode of ferroalloy addition vary from plant to plant, various fundamental factors determine how quickly these additions dissolve in the bath. At the Ingot Mould Foundry (IMF) in TATA STEEL blast furnace hot metal is used to cast ingot moulds. The composition of hot metal desired for making ingot moulds demands addition of 20 kg each of Ferromanganese and Ferrosilicon in the 12 T transfer ladles into which the blast furnace metal is poured at the IMF. Owing to low temperature of hot metal at the IMF, casting commences immediately and complete dissolution of the ferroalloys is often not possible. To study this aspect in detail and to evolve suitable corrective measures, a mathematical model for the melting of a solid particle in a liquid metal bath was developed at TATA STEEL. The model was validated using the data available in literature. In keeping with published work, two separate dissolution periods were identified - a "shell period" and a "free dissolution period". The maximum thickness of the crust formed around a spherical particle shortly after immersion, can be obtained by using the mathematical model which has been developed. The model can also be used to investigate the effect of various parameters such as superheat of the bath, size of the particle, etc., on the maximum crust thickness and the particle melting time. On the basis of this study, the addition of ferromanganese and ferrosilicon was optimized at the IMF in Tata Steel.

Jan 1, 1996

By Yurniko Nakamura

Hydriding properties and crystal structure of a Ti-V- Mn solid solution alloy have been studied by P-C isotherm measurements and neutron and X-ray powder diffraction. The absorption P-C isotherm at 298K shows two plateau regions at 0.01MPa and 1MPa. The X-ray diffraction data have demonstrated that three phases with a BCC, a pseudo-cubic FCC and an FCC structure form subsequently with increase of the hydrogen content. Crystal structure of the latter two phases has been determined by Rietveld refinement of the neutron diffraction data. The FCC phase is the di-hydride of CaF2 type with hydrogen occupation in the T sites. The pseudo-cubic FCC phase is the mono-hydride of NaCl-type with hydrogen occupation in the 0 sites, which has not been reported so far. The lattice constants of the mono-hydride (Ti1.0V1.1Mn0.9)H_2.7 are a'=0.407 nm for two axes and c'=0.390 nm for the third axis. The a'axis is shorter by 4% than the c'axis. This pseudo-cubic FCC lattice is formed by contraction of 5% of the a axis and expansion of about 30% of the c axis from the original BCC lattice.

Jan 1, 2002

By SM Rao

Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC ) , Hyderabad (IN DIA ) , is engaged in the manufacture of nuclear fuel assemblies and zircaloy structural components required for the Indian nuclear power reactors. The production of zirconium oxide, sponge and zircaloy materials through chemical and hydro - metallurgical processes generates many effluents containing valuable zirconium and hafnium . This paper deals with the various processes such as multiple crystalization, phosphate precipitation, ion-exchanges amine solvent extraction etc, for the treatment of these effluents and subsequent recovery of valuable zirconium and hafnium .

Jan 1, 1992

By Nagy El-Kaddah

"One of the emerging technologies for the production of ultra-clean metals is electromagnetic filtration. The theory and the mechanism of electromagnetic separation of inclusions from molten metal are briefly reviewed along with basic electromagnetic separation systems. This paper focuses on inclusion removal in the induced current separators, with specific reference to a new separator developed at the University of Alabama. A simple analytical model is presented for the analysis of particle separation in such a system. The role of the applied magnetic field on inclusion removal will be discussed. It is shown that particle velocity increases exponentially with increasing magnetic field strength. At moderate field strengths, the velocity of 50 to 100 u. inclusions· are an order of magnitude larger than those achieved by buoyancy. The separator developed at the University of Alabama is described together with experimental results of laboratory and large scale experiments on purification of molten aluminum. These results demonstrate the capability of the system for producing super-clean metals.IntroductionThe nature of extraction, refining and processing of metals is such that oxides and other non-metallic particles will always be present. This is due to the highly reactive nature of metals with oxygen and other non-metallic elements. The presence of these type inclusions in metals, even in minute amounts, can seriously flaw the reliability and performance of the final product. They not only reduce the strength and the stiffness of the metal/1/, they are the reason behind many of manufacturing defects such as porosity in castings, surface and internal cracks in continuously cast ingots and rolled products, etc., which act to cause premature failure of manufactured parts. In fact, for critical applications such as turbine blades, there is virtually no tolerance for inclusions above ten microns in size /2/. Therefore, removal of inclusions from the liquid metal is an essential processing step.The demand for cleaner metals has brought major changes in the technology and practice of metal refining and casting. Inclusion removal from the melt is currently achieved by passing the melt through a series of melt treatment systems, including induction stirring furnaces, argon-stirred ladle, and ceramic foam and deep-bed filters /3,4/. These systems are generally capable of removing all inclusion particles above 50 microns in diameter, which meets current cleanliness requirements for most applications. However, they may not be able to meet the projected cleanliness levels for critical applications due to kinetic and operational limitations of these systems in removing smaller particles /5/."

Jan 1, 1996

By Itavahn Alves da Silva, Izabela Diniz Duarte, Carlos Antonio da Silva, Varadarajan Seshadri

Mathematical modeling using computational fluid dynamics has been employed to assess the thermal losses in a steelmaking ladle. Thermal losses lead to thermal stratification and convective flow inside the ladle. The effects of preheating, mineralogical and physical characteristics of the lining as well as thickness of slag cover have been studied and the results obtained from application of the model have been discussed.

Jan 1, 2016

By Hideharu Fukunaga, Jin Pan

"The recognition of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) as a means of providing high specific strength, high specific stiffness, excellent wear resistance, low thermal expansion and improved high temperature properties has led to a number of new processing, not previously used for plastic and ceramic matrix composites. As a primary fabricating process, the liquid methods are the major ones, which are reviewed briefly from the view of processing terminology. One of them, squeeze casting process is the most traditional and well-developed, because it is rapid, versatile and near-net shape production of materials. Two of new squeeze casting processes are presented to offer the hardness· controlled MMC and the· functionally graded MMCs as well as a newly developed whisker preform.I .IntroductionA large number of liquid processes and techniques including semi-solid liquid process are proposed. The most primitive process is ''pressure infiltration casting” of liquid metal into the fiber preform. It is called as follows depending on pressure and its source squeeze casting (1-4) by hydraulic ram, gas pressure infiltration casting (5, 6), vacuum infiltration, centrifugal casting (7), Lorentz-force-driven infiltration (8). The pressurizing on the liquid metal requests a large and stiff equipment, so pressureless infiltration technique has been developed using K2ZrF6 flux (9,10) while the mechanical properties are not high enough, and using H2 gas with Mg alloying element called pressureless infiltration casting (11-13), spontaneous infiltration process (14) and PRIMEX (15). In those processes, no severe reaction occurred between the reinforcement and matrix molten metal. In early l 990's, the reactive processing with pressure or without pressure, in which one material is totally transformed into another of the required shape, eq. assisted oxidation, has been developed, called reaction squeeze casting (16,17), DIMOX (18) reactive infiltration casting (19,20), and in-situ process (21,22). Die casting of SiCp/Al alloy (23,24) and thixocasting of SiCp/Mg alloy (25) are also applied to produce the machine component of MMCs."

Jan 1, 2000

By Veneta Groudeva

A pyritic ore containing zinc, lead and copper as? the relevant primary sulfide minerals, .as well as gold and silver finely disseminated in the sulfide matrix, was? leached in percolation columns. Each column contained 30 kg of ore crushed to minus 10 mm. Firstly, zinc and copper were efficiently leached by means of chemolithothrophic bacteria? in acidic sulfate bearing medium. Zinc was leached more rapidly than copper but the final extractions of these metals were similar (about 75% in 300 days). A part of the galena was oxidized to the. insoluble lead sulfate during the leaching. The pyr:ite was, however, relatively slightly attacked. The ore was then leached by means of FeC11 - HCl solutions both in the presence and in the absence of bacteria to solubilize the lead. The chemolithotrophic bacteria grew in media containing both chloride and sulfat~ ions and maintained a high ferric to ferrous ion ratio in the percoiating solutions. The chemical leaching was, however, more efficient since ft was possible to carry it out at higher chloride ion concentrations. About 10% of the lead was leached in this way in 90 days. Finally, the ore was leached by thiourea in the presence of a gold-oxidant (oxone) to extract the gold and silver. Over 60% of the gold and over 55% of the silver were extracted from the ore in 150 days, while. the extractions of these precious metals from an untreated ore sample were lower than 25%.

Jan 1, 1991

By Walter Curlook

An atmospheric acid leaching process for leaching nickel and cobalt from highly-serpentinized saprolitic fractions of nickel laterite deposits has been developed and patented [I]. The process involves leaching the highly-serpentinized saprolitic portion of the nickel laterite ore profile in strong sulphuric acid solutions at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 80°C and 100°C, essentially autogenously, to extract over 85% of its contained nickel content and a large proportion of its cobalt content after leaching times of about one hour. The amount of sulphuric acid used in the leaching process is between 80% and 100% by weight of the finely ground highly-serpentinized saprolite ore on a dry weight basis. The metal values are recovered as intermediate products. Key words: Atmospheric Leaching; Nickel Oxide Ores; Laterites

Jan 1, 2004

By Xie Hao

According to its raw materials orthogonal test scheme is designed and a large number of systemic experiments were carried out in order to study the sintering characteristics of three types of fine ores in Kunming Iron&Steel Co.Ltd(KISC). The effects of carbon mixture ratio and basicity on sintering time, agglomeration ratio, physical properties and utilize coefficient were researched via single factor analysis and range analysis. The experimental results show the best mixture ratio of each fine ore. Analysis found that the influence of the carbon mixture ratio is more significant than which of the basicity on the sintering process except agglomeration ratio of foreign ore.

Jan 1, 2009

By Isabela Leao Amaral da Silva, Felipe Perisse Duarte Lopes, Alice Barreto Bevitori, Sergio Neves Monteiro

"Jute fibers have in the past decades being investigated as possible reinforcement of polymer composites. However, information is still needed on the fiber interaction with a polymeric matrix for a complete evaluation of the capacity of load transference inside the composite. The present work investigated the interaction of jute fibers with polyester matrix by means of the critical length assessment through pullout tests. Tensile tests of polyester sockets embedded with different fiber lengths allowed the critical length to be determined and then the interface shear stress to be calculated. A relatively low interfacial strength was found, which indicates a weak adhesion between the ramie fiber and the polyester matrix. The SEM analysis of pulled out fibers corroborates this result.Introduction Natural fiber, mainly those lignocellulosic extracted from plants, have, in the past few decades, attracted the attention not only of scientists but also of industrial technologists of our society interested in their engineering applications. As it is well known, uses of natural fiber in clothes carpets, baskets, ropes and low cost construction roofing has existed from the beginning of our civilization. Today environmental and energy saving issues are motivating research works on new uses of lignocellulosic fibers in polymer composites [1-6]. Moreover, industrial application of lignocellulosic fiber composites are already in technological sectors such the automobile industry, packing and civil construction [7-9].In addition to environmental, economical and social benefits, some lignocellulosic fibers present specific properties that are comparable to those of other synthetic fiber used for polymer composite reinforcement. For instance, the specific strength (GPa.cm3/g) of curaua (1.31), sisal (0.92) and ramie (0.93) fibers, from results obtained with very thin diameters [10] are relatively closer to that of glass fiber E (1.33). Therefore, in principle, it would be technically justified to replace glass fiber, which is more expensive, toxic and represents a problem to the environment [ll], by a strong lignocellulosic fiber. However, serious drawbacks such non-uniform dimensions and heterogeneous properties [6] as well as the tendency to form aggregates during processing and incompatibility with a hydrophobic polymer matrix, reduce the potential of lignocellulosic fiber to be used as composite reinforcement [1-6]. In particular, a low interfacial strength causes a weak adhesion between the hydrophilic fiber and the polymer matrix."

Jan 1, 2011

By S. Yabe

The reinforcement of the annual copper production capacity to 330,000 metric tons has been attained at Saganoseki Smelter & Refinery in 1991, which is one of the largest and most efficient custom smelters in the world. Many operational improvements and technology developments have realized the increase of smelting and refining capacity without adding main facilities to the existing process. The blister copper refining and anode casting process is composed of two 400 tonnes anode furnaces and one double-wheeled casting machine with the capacity of 80 tonnes per hour. The great innovations in this process such as the finding of essential issue on the extending of anode-mould life and the development of a new anode-mould casting machine have raised the operation efficiency by 14% Now, the process is producing 38,500 tonnes per month of best quality anode in well- controlled working condition, and anode productivity per worker increased by 52%. The progress in extending anode-mould life, the mechanism of the new anode-mould casting machine and the increase of efficiency in butane reduction, that were the principal parts of many technological improvements, are described in the present paper, including some operation results.

Jan 1, 1993

By Takeshi Ohgai, Hisaaki Fukushima, Tetsuya Akiyama, Joon-Seo Ki

"Recently, an intensive attention has been paid to the electrodeposition of Zn-Cr alloy in the field of the production of super-highly corrosion-resistant alloy plated steel sheets for the next generation. In this study the electrodeposition of Zn-Cr alloys from the sulfate baths was conducted to investigate the codeposition mechanism of Cr with Zn. As a result, Cr was codeposited with Zn at higher current densities in both polyethyleneglycol(PEG)-free and PEG- containing baths. However, PEG made it possible to reduce Cr+ to the metallic state and Cr existed in the form of Cr(III) hydroxide in the deposits obtained from PEG-free bath. The measurements of the partial polarization curve of Zn and the pH in the cathode layer revealed that PEG acted as a polarizer to shift the cathode potential to the reduction potential of the composited hydroxides of Zn and Cr formed due to the pH rise in the cathode layer.1. IntroductionRecently, much attention has been paid to the electrodeposition of Zn-Cr alloys because of its application to the production of super-highly corrosion-resistant alloy plated steel sheets for the next generation1Hl_ Some researches have already tried to commercialize this type of steel sheet. High corrosion-resistance of this steel sheet is brought about by codeposited Cr in the alloys. According to Piontelli's classification5l concerned with metal deposition from aqueous solution, Cr belong; to an inert metal and its deposition is associated with a large amount of hydrogen evolution. Therefore the current efficiency for Cr deposition is extremely poor. It has been also reported that Cr is unable to codeposit in the electrodeposited Zn film in the absence of a certain additive in the solution. 0-compounds group colloids7l, ether group organic compounds8), 9>, peptide based compounds10l, etc., have been found to be effective additives to induce the codeposition of Cr with Zn. However, few studies have been made on the codeposition mechanism of Cr with Zn. In this research, the fundamental electrodeposition behavior of Zn-Cr alloys from sulfate baths was investigated to clarify the codeposition mechanism."

Jan 1, 1998

By E. Fregeau-Wu

The mineralogy and grain size distribution of phases in a steelmaking slag and experimental products from the heating of the slag under various conditions were determined to explore the possibility of recycling of the iron and manganese to the blast furnace. The steelmaking slags consisted of three major phases: dicalcium silicate, dicalcium ferrite, and Mg-Mn-wustite. Most of the phosphorus was contained in the dicalcium silicate and to lesser extent in the dicalcium ferrite. Due to the fine grain size of the dicalcium silicate, grinding and magnetic separation required pretreatment to increase the grain size and hence the liberation. Experiments on a steelmaking slag were conducted by heating the slag to 1633-1748°K( and slow-cooling in an inert atmosphere at various rates with or without the addition of fluorspar (CaF2) as a flux. Grain size distribution analyses of the starting material and the slow-cooled products were performed using the SEM-IPP area scan method and the QEM*SEM linear scan method. Comparable and reproducible results were obtained on the same sample using both methods. A size versus volume percent plot showed the increased grain growth most effectively. Examples of the grain size distributions obtained were used to show that a higher soaking temperature prior to slow-cooling, a slower cooling rate, and the addition of fluorspar to the slag promoted grain growth.

Jan 1, 1989

By Francois Barthelat, Sam Goroshin, David Frost, Alexander Cappozi, Atefeh Nabavi

"In this study, a novel chromium–chromium sulfide cermet was produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Conventional techniques for manufacturing metal sulfides are complex, environmentally harmful, and not suitable for producing complex-shape articles. To overcome these disadvantages, a new method for the preparation of the metal-sulfur precursor charge is proposed, which can be described as reactive casting. The first cermet samples produced with the SHS process were found to be very porous, brittle, and have low mechanical strength. The possible sources for the generation of porosity were identified and analyzed and the process for manufacturing the cermet was modified. By improving the manufacturing process, the porosity inside the produced cermets was reduced from 70% to 12%.IntroductionMetal sulfide composites are in high demand in the chemical, metallurgical, and electrical industries because of their valuable characteristics such as hardness, semi-conductivity, electroluminescence, infrared transparency and catalytic properties. Current manufacturing methods for metal sulfides usually involve one of two different principal methods, including a complex multistage wet chemical process involving the precipitation of the corresponding salts from an aqueous solution with hydrogen sulfide, or hot sintering of the respective elemental reactant powders in a resistive furnace in a high-pressure inert or hydrogen-sulfide atmosphere [1, 2]. These conventional methods for synthesizing ceramic metal composites are complex, extremely time and energy consuming, environmentally harmful, and rarely able to manufacture articles with complex shapes. Therefore, in order to overcome these disadvantages, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was considered as an alternative method that offers significant improvements over the traditional cermet manufacturing methods [3]. SHS, which is a relatively new and attractive method for producing a wide range of advanced materials, is based on the self-sustaining feature of the highly exothermic reactions of the reactants. The SHS process results in high product purity, since the high temperatures generatedin the reaction cause any impurities to volatilize [4, 5]. SHS has low energy consumption and doesn’t require an external energy source and complex equipment, and it is self-contained [1, 5]. Since combustion synthesis has low power requirements, it is one of the few methods of materials synthesis that is feasible in outer space. Also, the process has a low cost and is capable of directly synthesizing articles with the desired shape, size and structure [5, 6]. The chemical reactions associated with SHS are typically completed in a few seconds leading to the formation of the condensed product. The high reaction rates and relatively rapid cooling in SHS reactions can avoid undesirable grain growth in products which often occurs with the conventional sintering method [3, 5, 7]. The traditional method for sample preparation in the SHS technique is to compact the reactant mixture powders in a steel die by a press to a typical density of about 80% of the theoretical maximum value, before igniting the mixture [8]. This method requires a large compression force to increase the green density and to minimize any pores in the green compact. To overcome these disadvantages, a new method for the preparation of the precursor charge in metal-sulfur by SHS is proposed which can be described as melt casting of a reactive mixture, or reactive casting in short."

Jan 1, 2012

By S. Seetharaman

The present paper presents. the concept of micro-models and illustrates the application of the same in the simulations metallurgical processes. Development of micromodels requires access to accurate thermodynamic, thermophysicaland kinetic information for the relevant systems with suitable models to extrapolate the data as functions of temperature and composition. Experimental measurements and modelling of the thermodynamic properties, sulphide capacities and viscosities of oxide melts carried out in the department are presented. The incorporation of these models in process models, with special reference to ladle refining of steel is illustrated. Typical example of micro-modelling of solid-gas reactions is also presented.

Jan 1, 1999

By Susan Fredholm, Randolph Kirchain, Jeremy Gregory

"Jurisdictions across the world have struggled to create and finance systems that can effectively collect and process electronics waste (e-waste). Many different system architectures have been proposed and implemented, but it is difficult for policy-makers and system architects to compare the costs and benefits of different systems, particularly when the systems operate in different contexts. This paper presents a systematic methodology that seeks to address this challenge and uses data from several existing electronics recycling systems across the world to illustrate its implementation. The methodology characterizes three main system characteristics: architecture (e.g., financing and collection methods), context (e.g., jurisdiction population, density, and wages), and performance, both economic and materials collection. A comparison of systems in Europe and North America with different system architectures and contexts illuminates the importance of using the methodology to discern the extent to which architecture and context drive system performance.IntroductionElectronic waste (e-waste) recycling offers several environmental benefits when processing is done responsibly. The controversy around e-waste recycling systems rarely debates such benefits; rather, it focuses on the characteristics of an effective system and whether benefits outweigh costs. Historically, the costs of recycling most electronics have outweighed the value of the scrap recovered. Thus, in the absence of legislation, e-waste recycling systems have been limited to private recycling of high-value waste with minimal consumer participation. E-waste recycling systems now exist in many locations worldwide including Asia, the European Union, Canada and the United States and the amount of related legislation continues to increase. Numerous approaches have been proposed including landfill bans, extended producer responsibility (EPR) and consumer advance recovery fee (ARF) funded recycling systems."

Jan 1, 2008

By M. D. Strachan

Technical & Procurement Services Limited (TECHPRO) in Ashford, Kent, UK, have been appointed as Project Managers for the major rehabilitation of the Copper Smelting complex of Nkana Division, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited, (ZCCM) Zambia. In outline, the overall scope covers three main areas: a) Transfer and implementation of new technology into Zambia for the production of primary copper. b) Replacement of gas collection and gas treatment circuits to guarantee high quality feed to the acid plants. c) Completion of a number of minor projects in the copper smelter and associated utility plants to complement changes in the primary smelting technique. This paper describes the Project Management methodology and style used by TECHPRO to tackle typical problems that arise in retrofit projects of this type. Reference is made specific aspects of the smelter projects to illustrate solutions to the problems. The subjects. addressed highlight the complexities not only of having a -Client 5,000 miles from the Project Office, but also the difficulty of co-ordinating and controlling the performance of min sub-contractors who are also geographically distant.

Jan 1, 1991

By Fan Jiang, Haigang Wang, Shi Liu

"This paper describes several applications of Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) in gassolid two phase flows. A new image reconstruction algorithm was evaluated by both simulation and experiments. It is then applied to the online measurement of solids distributions in square circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) and good results were obtained. From the measurement of solids distributions in the bottom zone of a CFB, a bubbly fluidization pattern is identified. A cross-correlation technique was combined with the solids concentration measurements to obtain the flow rate through the dip leg of the cyclone, i.e. the circulating rate of a test CFB. The same· technique was applied in a dense phase pneumatic transport pipe provides the solids concentration, and the flow rate of a wavy gas-solids flow.IntroductionElectrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has been developed for imaging multiphase distributions in the 90's of the ·last century. It is a non-intrusive method. The principle of ECT can be firefly described as follows:Firstly ECT uses a number of electrodes to surround the measuring zone, depicted by Fig. I. The capacitances between the electrodes are measured in turn and an array C is obtained that contains a total number of m independently measured capacitances. Meanwhile the measuring zone is virtually divided into a grid of n pixels, represented by an array G, named the image vector, the gray level of each pixel represents the local value of the concentration of the material. As the material distribution will be reflected by the capacitances between each pair of electrodes, such distributions can be reconstructed according to the measured capacitance, a process called image reconstruction. A common image reconstruction method is called linear-backprojection (LBP). It linearize the relationship between the dielectric distributions in the measuring zone and the capacitances between the electrodes as the following:"

Jan 1, 2004

By L. Sh. Tsemekhman

The results of laboratory, large-scale laboratory and commercial scale investigations regarding the process of slag melts cleaning by oxidizing-reduction gas mixtures with a wide range of Po2 and the use of matte of various compositions as an extracting phase are presented. The copper, nickel and cobalt behavior during the cleaning process has been studied based on SEM and x-ray Microprobe of the quenched slag melts. The general cleaning mechanisms have been found. On the basis of the obtained data the most efficient cleaning methods have been proposed.

Jan 1, 2003

By V. R. Voller

"The World Wide Web (the web) provides a very useful resource for the enhancement of teaching and research dissemination. This paper advocates that researchers take control of this resource and become actively involved in creating web content. Two examples of the use of the web in a materials setting is provided. The first illustrates how a concept quiz for teaching can be developed. The second shows how a materials processing model can be run in real time over the web. The paper closes with a summary of some resources that can be used to create web materials.IntroductionA recent copy of a newspaper advertisement read""Share what you know, learn what you don't""This neat phrase sums up a powerful teaching and research philosophy. In an educational setting a prime motivation for research is to uncover the unknown and venture in directions previously uncharted. The balance to this search for knowledge should be a desire to share that knowledge with others; whether it be with students in the classroom or research colleagues in a wider setting.The .World Wide Web and its associated multi-media software offer a perfect platform for researchers to share their knowledge with an extremely wide sector of the research community. To enable the use of this resource researchers must take the power that the web offers them into their own hands and create products that take maximum advantage of the medium. It is key that researches at the forefront become directly involved, otherwise a potential powerful medium will not realize it's true potential, and colorful products with no core content will proliferate. The object of this paper is to outline two ways in which the web can be used to enhance teaching and research objectives."

Jan 1, 2000