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By R. W. Boyle

"PREFACEThis paper comprises two parts. The first part discusses lithochemical surveys based on major, minor and trace elements in whole-rock samples from primary enveloping halos. The second part continues with discussions of surveys based on leakage halos, zonation of elements, stable and radioactive isotopic distributions, geothermometric, geobarometric, thermolumin escent, pedochemical, hydrochemical, atmochemical and biogeochemical methods. A selected bibliography follows the second part of the paper.ABSTRACTAreal (two-dimensional) geochemical surveys, based mainly on secondary dispersion halos and trains in media such as surface waters, soils and drainage sediments, have proven particularly successful in recent years and have greatly assisted in the discovery of a large number of varied mineral deposits. Three-dimensional surveys based on primary halos and leakage halos have received relatively little attention by research organizations and the mineral industry. Such surveys offer many novel approaches for discovering blind mineral deposits deeply buried below overburden or within their host bedrocks. This paper reviews detailed methods for the discovery of blind mineral deposits based on sampling rocks (lithochemical methods), soils and other types of overburden (pedochemical methods), waters (hydrochemical methods), gases (atmochemical methods) and biological materials (biogeochemical methods) . All are applicable to the discovery of blind deposits; the efficacy of each or in combination depends essentially on the type of mineralization, the extent of the development of the primary and secondary dispersion halos, and the finances available for sampling techniques employing overburden drilling, bedrock drilling, and sophisticated water, gas and vegetation collection."

Jan 1, 1982

By M. Narita, S. Nakayama, M. Fujihara

Hibi Kyodo Smelting Co., Ltd. was founded in 1968 and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2018. In 1972, we started producing copper cathode with a production capacity of 84 KTPY. Since the company founding, we have undertaken seven expansion projects, and our current copper-cathode production capacity is 290 KTPY. To increase our production efficiency, two tank houses were converted from Conventional process to ISA process in 2006 and 2014. In another investment, we equipped a continuous glue dosing system, which allowed for strict additive-concentration control, yielded quality improvements and reduced the power-consumption rate. Along with an increase in the production of copper cathode, the amount of impurities eluted from the anode increases. To solve this problem, the chelate-resin purification process that was introduced in 1983 was renovated, and impurities could be recovered more efficiently. In this paper, we report various improvements that have been implemented at the refinery since 2000. INTRODUCTION Tamano Smelter and Refinery of Hibi Kyodo Smelting Co., Ltd., founded in 1968, celebrated the 50th anniversary of its founding in 2018. The Tamano Smelter opened its No. 1 tankhouse in 1972, and began operating No. 2 tankhouse in 1984. Thereafter, with continuous production increases and technical improvements, electrolytic copper production was increased from 84 KTPY to 290 KTPY as shown in Figure 1. Table 1 shows the major operating facilities and operation data in 2017.In this paper, details of equipment introduced to continuously dissolve and add glue, various improvements made to the chelate resin process, enhancements made to the crude Ni sulfate process, and another vibrating screen introduced to the copper slime processing flow in accordance with the expansion of copper production capacity since 2000 are reported.

Jan 1, 2019

In order to avoid impurity problem and enhance absorption/desorption kinetics of Mg-based compounds, nanostructured Mg-based compounds were synthesized from Mg, Ni and other elemental nanoparticles produced by hydrogen plasma-metal reaction. XRD and TEM results demonstrate that homogeneous nanostructured Mg-based compounds with less impurity were successfully synthesized by this method. DSC in hydrogen atmosphere, pressure-composition isotherm and the kinetics of hydrogen adsorption/desorption were investigated at different temperatures. The results show that the nanostructured Mg-based compounds can absorb hydrogen in a high speed at a low temperature.

Jan 1, 2005

By Narasimha Mangadoddy, Balraju Vadlakonda

"Bubble size distribution, bubble rise velocity and gas and solids hold-up are the key major hydrodynamic parameters that are extensively used for column flotation design and performance evaluation. The distribution characteristics of mean gas hold-up is studied using electrical resistance tomography (ERT) coupled with pressure transducers (PT) in column flotation. The ERT technique facilitates non-invasive and nonintrusive visualization of different flow regimes even in the presence of particles in a column flotation. The effect of superficial gas velocity, feed flow rate and slurry height in the column on mean gas hold-up and its radial distribution has been analysed for both two-phase and three phase flows. Experimental results show ERT coupled with PT is suitable as an online monitoring tool to provide useful information on the three-phase flow hydrodynamic parameters of the column flotation. The tomography images, which were generated using a modified sensitivity back projection algorithm, are employed to explore the influence of parameters in two phase flow in column flotation. Mean gas and solids hold-up values extracted from ERT have been critically analysed for the column operating in various flow regimes. Gas hold-ups and solid hold-ups results using ERT are in very good agreement with conventional estimation and correlations obtained using pressure transmitter methods. Meanwhile, the results show that the gas hold-ups in the centre region increase constantly with an increase in the superficial gas velocity, whereas solid hold-ups distribution is very heterogeneous for high gas velocity. Furthermore, the results also indicate that ERT is a very powerful tool for diagnosing the 'inside' flow behaviour of gas –liquid–solid three phase flow in columns operating for a wide range of flow regimes.INTRODUCTIONColumn flotation is perhaps the most significant technological innovation in flotation machinery and its successful introduction in mineral processing plants. There has been a lot of attention in understanding the various mechanisms that take place during operation. Due to many reasons column flotation has been found to yield better performance than conventional flotation cells, particularly with fine particles (Honaker & Mohanty, 1996). Due to complex flow behavior in nature, the performance of column flotation influenced by on flow characteristics of the process, (Jena, Biswal, Das, & Reddy, 2008). Previously basic research is carried out to evaluate the effect of the hydrodynamic parameters on performance of column flotation (Finch, J.A.;Dobby, 1991). Many techniques have been developed that could be used to experimentally analyse the hydrodynamics of column flotation. Tomography techniques are well sound to investigate the hydrodynamics for process equipment. Among that, Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) has been used in various industrial investigations for visualization of the concentration profiles and characteristics of the fluid dynamics in gas–liquid two-phase systems (Wang, Dickin, & Mann, 1999; Williams, R.A; Wang, 2000). ERT is an imaging technique to analyse the internal flow behavior non-intrusively. ERT provide very useful tools for measuring and monitoring of column flotation process on line. Due to its high speed capability, low cost measurement, robust sensors, ERT is considered to be the most powerful tool among other tomography techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical and infrared tomography. Application of ERT has extended in process systems due to its improved speed of data acquisition, sensitivity, flexibility and noise immunity. In multiphase flow of bubble columns, gas hold-up and solid hold-up are explored by using the coupling of ERT and difference pressure method (Jin, Han, Yang, & He, 2010)."

Jan 1, 2016

By G. A. Gross

DURING the past 5 years a large amount of money and effort has been expended in exploration of iron-formations and in testing their suitability for beneficiation. Beds of ferruginous material are numerous and widely distributed in the Precambrian rocks of Canada and practically all of the known iron ranges or belts have been examined to a limited degree at least in an effort to evaluate their potential as sources of iron ore. A number of favorable beds have been selected for mining on completion of surface sampling, diamond drilling, extensive metallurgical testing and economic studies, and many other ranges are being studied. There are still a great many iron-formations that have not been evaluated by modern concentration methods and their regional extent is not fully known. The iron-formations are easily located by airborne or ground magnetic surveys but the main task in finding a mineable ore-body of this type amounts to locating a bed sufficiently large for mining which consists of material that can be concentrated economically by modern beneficiating methods. The ease with which an iron-formation can be concentrated to give a marketable ore depends primarily

Jan 1, 1961

By DON E. MacDONALD

Marl in Alberta is confined to highly specific geological, hydrogeologica/ and climatic settings. Tufa is fa irly abundant in those areas of western Alberta where bedrock is of the Paskapoo Formation. Marl and tufa originate when the following conditions are met: presence of a carbonate source in drift or nearsurface bedrock; leaching of the carbonate by percolating groundwater; transportation of calcium and bicarbonate ions in a permeable aquifer; discharge at the surface as springs, seeps or lakes; re-precipitation of calcium carbonate. Alberta has seven categories of marl and tufa deposits, based upon over-all depositional environment and calcium carbonate

Jan 1, 1984

By A. K. Alzo?ubi

Block toppling in natural rock slopes has been under investigation since the 1970?s. De Freitas and Watters (1973) introduced the term ?toppling? to describe the movements of rock slopes by rotation in steeply dipping beds. The Lornex pit case history from British Columbia (Canada) was chosen to study the effect of mining on the stability of toppling rock slopes. A discrete element approach that allows fracturing of intact material was applied successfully to model the composite rock slide-rock topple movement. Three main movement modes were observed in the field and the numerical model; the sliding of the top of the slope exposed normal scarps, the toppling at the middle part of the slope exposed obsequent scarps facing opposite to the slope face, and dilation of the rock caused by fracturing at the toe formed loose material. The development of the rupture surface at the toe of the slope was traced and did not evolve into a continuous rupture surface throughout the slope both in the field and the numerical simulation. Good agreement was achieved between the deformations recorded in the field and the numerical simulation.

Jun 1, 2012

By A. Hayatdavoudi, D. Chitila, F. Boukadi

"Shale oil and gas have provided a tremendous boost to energy production in the United States even though the characteristics and behavior of shale are yet to be fully understood. Hydraulic fracturing is often applied to horizontal shale wells to stimulate production. This experiment seeks to determine effects of cyclic variable temperature, water vapor and exposure time on shale micro fracture propagation. We used 22 small Pierre shale specimens and subjected them to aforementioned conditions. Fractures developed in 19 specimens. Combination of high temperature and high water vapor generated the largest number of micro fractures on the specimen surfaces.INTRODUCTIONShale oil and gas have contributed immensely to energy independence in the United States. Most if not all shales depending on their total organic content (TOC) and their clay content bear the promise of being a source rock. For example, the Eagle Ford shale play, located in south Texas, is one of the key contributors to the recent rise in oil and gas production in the United States. Data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), published in 2014, states that monthly oil production from Eagle Ford wells increased from 340 barrels per day (bbl/d) in January 2009 to nearly 1 million bbl/d in June 2013. Natural gas production has also increased at a similar rate over the same period, from 5.8 million cubic feet per day (MMcf/d) to nearly 4,000 MMcf/d (EIA, 2014).According to the railroad commission of Texas (RRC) 2014 published information, the Eagle Ford shale play is an important play because it produces gas and more oil than other shale plays in the United States. It is an organic-rich play with carbonate shale percentage in the 70% range in south Texas and the shale content increases moving to the northwest. High carbonate proportion renders this play brittle and suitable for hydraulic fracturing treatments."

Jan 1, 2015

By S. Khoshkhooei

In this research, the effects of rare earth elements addition on thermal fatigue behaviors of AZ91 alloy were studied. Repeated heating and cooling cycles were applied on the samples at 170°C and 210 °C to develop thermal fatigue cracks, Crack growth mechanisms and microstructural influences were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Thermal fatigue behaviors were improved successively by addition of up to 2-wt% RE, This improvement is attributed to consummation of the aluminum of the melt by precipitation of the needle shape Al 11 RE3 phases, This process reduces the volume of Mg17Al12 phases and consequently decreases the brittle Mg/Mg17Al12 interfaces which are the main reason of weak thermal properties of the alloy at rather high temperatures, Further additions of RE, however, reduced the thermal shock resistance of samples by increasing in the mean length of the brittle needle shape phases.

Jan 1, 2005

By A. K. Debnath

The water resource is key to survival of the mankind and this resource is now becoming critical in many parts of globe including India. As per an assessment of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) of India, a huge shortfall of about 58 billion m3 of water is anticipated by the year 2050. In order to counter this shortfall, there is thrust from Government of India to adopt water conservation measures. National Environment Policy, 2006 of Government of India also stresses upon the need to take up water conservation measures for water security of the country. The coal mines in India provide an excellent opportunity to take up water conservations measures therein. The mine water is not acidic unlike western countries and it conforms to the prescribed regulatory standards. This nature?s gift is utilized in Coal India Limited by allowing mine voids to get filled with mine water. The net recharge potential of the opencast mining area is found to be about 5% in comparison to 2% in non-mining area offering good prospects for ground water recharge. The seasonal rainwater is also diverted into mine voids left at the end of mining operations which act as huge reservoirs/ pit lakes for storage of the water. They also serve as surface water bodies for recharging of water table in the surrounding areas. The area and space left from where coal has been extracted completely in underground mines and will not be entered by any man or machinery after the extraction, called goaf, are also potential source of water conservation. These additional water resources created are being utilized for meeting the industrial, domestic, irrigation and other requirements of the projects and local communities eliminating the need to tap other fresh water resources including ground water. Presently, 75% of the water demand of the coal mining project is being met from the water stored in the mine pits. In future, CIL is likely to create about 3.3 billion m3 of water resource, on an average, in its opencast mines alone. In the mine closure plan of opencast mines, the last cut is proposed to be developed into water body for recharge of ground water and creating additional water resources. A clean potential source of potable water is thus developed after mine closure. This will ensure water security of the country.

Aug 1, 2013

By Maciej Wrobel, Joerg Hammerschmidt, Dana Nurgaliyeva, Alexandros Charitos, Jochen Guentner

"Smelting of copper concentrates in the flash smelter generates a flue dust stream that contains a substantial amount of copper and accumulates more than half of the arsenic input to the smelter. In view of its high copper content flue dust recirculation to the flash smelter is common practice. Globally traded copper concentrates are affected by ever increasing arsenic contents and cause an increasing circulating arsenic load in flash smelter operation. Control of the arsenic level in the smelter slag becomes a challenge. This interaction of arsenic loaded copper feedstock, need for flue dust recirculation and slag quality control call for possibilities to reduce the arsenic load of the recirculated flue dust stream.The technology of partial roasting is known from pre-treatment of copper concentrates before smelting, and gold concentrates before cyanide leaching, to remove the harmful element arsenic. The partial roasting technology can be adapted for use in the purification of the flue dust. A major challenge for flue dust treatment is its extremely fine particle size compared to usual concentrates. For this reason Outotec developed a new process, which allows handling of such fine flue dust. This process solution provides an efficient possibility to reduce the arsenic burden in copper smelter operations.The suggested process aims at reducing the arsenic load to the smelter by treating the flue dust prior to recirculation to the smelter. The presented results are based on test work in the Outotec R&D-centre in Frankfurt. It is possible to remove 80-85% of the contained arsenic and to collect it in an arsenic trioxide residue with a concentration above 90%. The final off gas contains SO2 from decomposition of sulphates that are contained in the flue dust. The off gas stream is relatively small. We assume that it is possible to combine the off gas stream with other smelter process gas streams and to treat it in an existing sulphuric acid plant. Coal is used as fuel and as reductant to reduce pentavalent arsenate to trivalent arsenite. Arsenite can be kept in gas form at temperatures above 450°C. This permits separation of a calcine stream with arsenic levels of 0.2 – 0.3%, which is recirculated to the furnace.Outotec has a wide range of roasting testing facilities from lab-scale to pilot-scale. Outotec has both capability to modify and adapt technology to specific ore or concentrate requirements, but also the necessary infrastructure in its research centers in Frankfurt and Pori to do appropriate validation tests in lab and pilot scale size plants."

Jan 1, 2016

By George S. Martin, Michael D. Winship

"Placer Dome Inc. is the operator of the Musselwhite project located 100km north of Pickle Lake, Ontario. J.S. Redpath Limited was contracted to conduct an underground exploration program using shaft access.During the winter of1988, the shaft collar was established in 16 metres of water bearing sand and till overburden. This paper will illustrates the engineering techniques used to overcome the obstacles to installing a shaft collar in deep overburden. Specialized dewatering and piling procedures were employed.INTRODUCTIONHarold and Allan Musselwhite discovered gold in the Opapimiskan Lake area, north of Pickle Lake, in 1962. The prospectors were grubstaked by ten companies in 1973.A diamond drill program was initiated shortly thereafter.In 1983an underground ramp exploration program was carried out on the West Anticline portion of the property. The program was unsuccessful in establishing an ore reserve so surface exploration continued. In 1986the ""T"" zone was discovered. Further surface drilling was done and an over-all drill-indicated reserve of 6 million tonnes at 7 grams per tonne was outlined. The gold mineralization occurs in several vertical tabular deposits within the iron formation. In late 1987the joint venture partnership, now consisting of Placer Dome Inc., Inco Gold Co., Corona Corporation and Esso Minerals Canada, contracted J.S. Redpath Limited to conduct an underground exploration program on the ""T"" Zone.The scope of work for the project was to: 1. establish a 45 km winter road in 1988 and 1989;"

Jan 1, 1989

The use of roof bolting gave promise of substantial economic benefits to Continuous Miner operations at Michel Colliery. As the first step in the adoption of bolting, 142 anchorage tests, employing six types of anchor shells, were made in three mines. Significant differences were found in the anchorage capabilities of the various shells and the various roof rocks. Introduction S PORADIC attempts at roof bolting had been made at Michel Colliery over a period of ten years. Results were indifferent or inconclusive. A concerted effort was not made, because a compelling need for bolting did not exist. By 1962, however, the advent of Continuous Miners had brought a new significance to roof bolting and, at the same time, the increasing price and scarcity of mine timber made bolting materials more competitive in cost. A fresh appraisal of bolting, therefore, became justified and necessary. The potential benefits of roof bolting at Michel are several.

Jan 1, 1963

By E. A. Rychkun

"For the last 700years of recorded economic history, man has been subjected to alternating inflationary and deflationary patterns. Through this period of time, a severe deflationary pattern has developed approximately every 55 years, creating 12recordable occurrences. Through the last two centuries, this severe deflationary phenomenon has come to be known as a depression. As these depressions have repeated themselves regularly, they are cyclic. This in turn leads to the question of whether the 13th cycle will also repeat itself in the form of a depression. As this cycle is now 51 years old, we must consider the possibility at about 1984.In analyzing a 700-year record of consumer prices in Southern England, the 55-year cycle appears to vary in shape and intensity. This varying phenomenon is due to the effect of longer cycles upon which each one ""rides "". Because each cycle effectively rides on the next largest, which in turn rides on the next largest and so on, the combined measured effect of all cycles together at any point in time is always unique. This means that anyone cycle can never repeat itself in an exact identical manner. The combined effect therefore is what we observe in the form of prices and, as cycles interact, variations in deflation are produced . The ""science"" of economics attempts to quantify and develop theory on situations which are never identical and hence can be conservatively classified as a useless predictive tool.This means that more unconventional approaches may be required to predict our economic future. In looking at previous depression cycles, it is possible to recognize similarities in human behaviour patterns and hence the resulting economic movements. These behaviour patterns create major events or influencing factors which set the scene for a major deflationary condition. The way in which these factors occur, however, is not predictable. As more and more of these similar events are identified in each cycle, we can increase our confidence on the probability of the last event occurring (a depression). By also unravelling the set of larger cycles, we can determine the potential combined effect at any point in the future.This paper presents a system of cycles ranging from 800 years to 3 years which appear to operate in our economic system. By so doing, a long-term projection into the next century can be made. Finally, the paper deals with the main controlling similarities within the depression cycle, to show that a comparison with our current cycle implies that a major deflationary collapse in the mid 1980's is virtualy inevitable."

Jan 1, 1980

By G. A. Peebles

"This paper describes the various types of radiometric instruments and the techniques of their operation for grade control, sampling, assaying and probing drill holes at Eldorado Nuclear's uranium mine in northern Saskatchewan. Modifications that have been made to these instruments are discussed, and suggestions are made for the development of more refined and specialized radiometric equipment."

Jan 1, 1969

By B. M. Das, V. J. Hucka, J. H. Tu

Subsidence can cause serious damage to surface installations such as railroads, highways, pipelines, buildings and other facilities over a period of many years. Although total elimination of the effects of subsidence is difficult, the damage can be minimized through a systematic analysis. An example of such a study for reducing the effects of subsidence on pipelines is presented in this paper. Subsidence-induced stresses on a pipeline over some coal mining properties in Utah have been analyzed using a computer with graphics capabilities. The results are useful in predicting the extent of damages due to mining subsidence. In view of the gradual replacement of room-and-pillar mining by longwall with caving, this sort of analysis will become more and more important. In the next phase of this study the predicted results will be compared with the permissible stress levels on pipelines over actual subsided areas in an actual case.

Jan 1, 1989

This paper describes results of an investigation of fracture during tube expansion of 5052 and 5754 aluminum seam-welded tubes to optimize the forming of aluminum tubes during hydroforming. The tubes were produced in laboratory by press forming of tubular blanks and pilot-scale high frequency induction welding. The effect of property mismatch between the weld and base metal has been investigated. The material work-hardening was obtained by roll forming of sheet blanks in the 0-temper and H32 temper condition. The results showed that a significant work-hardening can be present in aluminum tube without causing weld fracture during tube expansion. The work-hardening increases the yield-strength mismatch between base metal and weld. Annealing reduces the hardness of base metal leading to more uniform deformation during tube expansion. As a result the occurrence of weld fracture is reduced. The study showed significant deformation of the welds during tube expansion. Weld thinning can be as large as parent-material thinning before fracture. To avoid fracture at the weld joint, good formability and high yield strength of the weld is needed. FEM simulation showed that minimizing the width of the weld joint can reduce thinning of the weld.

Jan 1, 2004

By H. Warren Newcomen, Dennis C. Martin

"This paper describes the investigation of a large, progressive slope failure on the southeast wall of the east pit at Highmont Mine, British Columbia Geotechnical investigation s consisted of geological and structural mapping, assessment of blasthole drilling records, review of rock core information, slope movement monitoring and back analysis of various possible failure modes. Climate records and mining history were also assessed to determine their relationship to slope movement .Analysis of movement monitoring records and geotechnical information indicates that the failure is deep seated. The upper portion of the failure surf ace occurs along clay filled discontinuities. The lower portion of the failure surf ace appears to occur through the highly altered rock mass. High groundwater pressures and mining at the toe of the slope are documented to have had a major influence on stability at various times during the failure. Stability analyses results are presented and possible remedial measures are discussed.IntroductionHighmont Mine is located near Logan Lake in the Highland Valley approximately 50 km southwest of Karnloops, British Columbia (Fig. I). Mining of the porphyry copper and molydenum ore bodies began in 1980. In May, 1983, when mining in the east pit had progressed to a depth of about 60 m (200 feet) , a failure (designated the Southeast Failure) began to develop in the southeast corner of the east pit. Subsequent mining to a depth of 110m (360 feet) was accompanied by frequent and substantial slope movements involving between 500000 and I 000 000 m3 of rock . The slope was monitored extensively to assess short-term movement trends for operational safety. Geological mapping, core logging and rock mechanics testing were used in conjunction with the long-term monitoring information to determine the failure mechanism, conduct stability analyses, assess the effects of instability on pit design and enable design and installation of remedial measures."

Jan 1, 1988

By T. C. Murphy, W. Taciuk

In 1966, the Iron Ore Company of Canada commissioned a wet magnetic scavanging plant for the recovery of fine magnetite values p.resent in spiral tailings discharged from a spiral gravity separation process. The plant includes dewatering, grinding, classification, thickening, mini-wedge screening, and primary, secondary and tertiary wet magnetic separation stages. The source of feed varies in quantity and quality, so the original design included variable operational procedures to deal with these conditions.

Jan 1, 1972

By Harold Hopkins

THE Wright-Hargreaves mine is one of a group of seven mines long active in the Kirkland Lake district, Ontario. Detailed geological reports and maps covering the area have been published by the Ontario Department of Mines (1,3)t. Though all these mines work several productive veins there is one vein which is common to all and is known as the North Vein of the camp?not that it is the most northerly vein mined, but it is the more northerly of the two major veins of the camp. At the Wright-Hargreaves mine there are in all ten important producing veins, and most of them have a N.60°-65°E. strike and in general a steep southerly dip. It is a common belief that most of these veins lie along faults but it will be shown that whilst this is true of some of them it is not true of all, and also that a vein may lie in a fault along part of its course and elsewhere fill a fracture in line with the fault, this being a consequence of rotational movements that took place during faulting. The paper describes the history of faulting at this mine in particular, makes observations on the principal pre-ore fault, and describes the method used in solving the movements on the post-ore faults. Other details of geology are not discussed except to mention here that our main veins lie almost entirely in the syenite porphyry stock except on lower levels close to the east boundary of the property, where the North vein leaves the porphyry to enter the greywacke.

Jan 1, 1940