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By Frank Clowes

This lamp has been devised to burn oil from a flat wick in the usual way for lighting-purposes ; and also to burn a hydrogen-flame of standard size instead of the oil-flame, when delicate and accurate gas-testing is to be carried out. The change from the oil-flame to the hydrogen-flame, and vice versa, can be made with great rapidity, and without opening the lamp or running any risk in the presence of gas. The oil-flame serves for illumination; and when the wick is drawn down by the " pricker," so as to abolish the light, the pale blue reduced oil-flame serves to detect fire-damp or "gas," in any propor

Jan 1, 1894

By Charles E. Johnston

The haulage system at the International Minerals T & Chemical Corp. (IMC) potash mine near Carlsbad, N. M., reached a turning point in December 1956 with the introduction of rope suspended belt haulage. In fact, IMC pioneered the use of this type of belt in the potash industry. Since that time belt conveyance has been employed as an extension of the rail system but not as a replacement of the main rail haulage. IMC's potash mine is located in the Permian Basin, approximately 20 miles east of Carlsbad. From three levels, the 800-ft, 850-ft and 900-ft, over 60 million tons have been extracted. Langbeinite (K,SO,. 2MgS0,) is mined on the 850 level and sylvite (KCl) on the 900 level. The 800 level, with both langbeinite and sylvite mineralization, is idle. Mining heights vary from 54 in. to more than 10 ft. A room and pillar mining system is used.

Jan 3, 1963

By G. H., Wigton

THE present milling operations of the Chief Consolidated Mining Co. consist- of flotation of oxidized minerals from siliceous ores of the Tintic Mining district, Utah. As the lead, silver, and gold minerals that give the ores economic value are almost entirely oxidized; their successful flotation has necessitated the solution of many new problems. Laboratory effort resulted in the selection of a, natural float for the oxidized minerals. 'By "natural float," I mean that no reagent was added to produce a sulfide film on the osidized minerals before or while subjecting them to flotation operations. As compared to methods involving sulfide filming, the natural float was selected because it promised successful treatment of a larger variety, of ores without change in quantity or kind of reagents, as well as a better economic balance between metal recovery and concentration ratio. In explanation, I can, state that with sulfide filming, the efficiency of the method decreases rapidly with increase of hydrated, iron osides in the ore, whereas with the natural float the same effect has not been noted. Evidence shows that although sulfidizing can produce greater metal recoveries, it yields a concentrate so much lower in grade that no advantage results.

Jan 1, 1928

By A. R. Denison

The Permian Basin as it appears in the title of this article refers to three rather widely separated areas of production. It includes what are commonly known as the "Panhandle" fields of the northwest part of Texas; the West Texas fields, in the southwest part of Texas; and the New Mexico fields, in the southeast corner of New Mexico. These three areas are all included in a single province and produce the majority of their oil from limestones or dolomites of Permian age. The manner of accumulation of oil in the three areas is somewhat diverse. In the Panhandle, production is found on the flanks of an enormous structural ridge, the core of which is granite. In southwest Texas and New Mexico oil is produced from both gentle and steep folds and from lenticular areas of porosity. Production in Texas During 1927 Texas produced a total of 216,306,000 bbl. of oil of which the Permian Basin contributed 89,797,000 bbl., or 42 per cent. During 1928, Texas produced 255,021,000 bbl. of oil of which the Permian Basin contributed 145,955,000 bbl., or 57 per cent. The increase in total production is entirely due to the West Texas fields. All other districts in Texas declined during the year while the west Texas fields registered an increase of more than 71,000,000 bbl. West Texas daily average production increased from 260,752 bbl, at the beginning of 1928 to a maximum of 406,318 bbl. per day the first week in May. Due to prora-tion agreements, the production was held at a fairly constant level around 340,000 bbl. during the remainder of the year, having 345,660 bbl. the last week in December. Daily average production of the Panhandle fields decreased from 80,178 bbl. at the beginning of the year to 59,025 bbl. at the close of the year. The combined daily average production of the Panhandle and West Texas fields at the beginning of the year was 341,138 bbl. and at the close of the year was 405,408 barrels. Fig. 1 gives a comparison of the production in the Permian Basin in relation to the production of the entire state. It is clearly shown that

Jan 1, 1929

By Walter O. Snelling

Continuation of the discussion of the paper of WaltER o. SnelLIng, presented at the New York and San Francisco meetings, February and September, 1915, respectively, and printed in Bulletin No. 100, April, 1915, pp. 695 to 704 and Trans., li, pp. 657 to 671. A. C. McLaUghlin, San Francisco, Ca1.—It seems to me that Mr. Snelling's work, if it is what it appears to be, is one of the most important contributions to petroleum technology that has been brought out in the last 25 years. If his end products are what they seem to be, he has made. a discovery, which, in my judgment, will revolutionize the petroleum industry. As to industrially carrying out these processes I do not think there is the slightest difficulty, for I have had some work recently where crude oils were handled successfully at a temperature of 750" F, and pressure of 750 lb. per square inch. William A. WillIams, San francisco, Ca1.—What metal did you use, Mr. McLaughlin? A. C. McLauGHILIN.—Ordinaly seamless tubing, extra strong. William A. Williams.—Tests were made in Dr. Rittman's experimental plant at Pittsburgh, upon samples of residuum furnished by Mr. Bell, the residuum being the remainder of the crude oil after the lighter fractions had been removed. After the material had been run through Dr. Bittman's plant, yields of from 43 to 58 per cent. of material, boiling under 150" C. were obtained. The distillate had a peculiar odor, due to the presence of benzene, toluene, and other unsaturated hydrocarbons. W. N. Best, New York, N. Y.—What is the difference between the Rittman and the Snelling process or system? William A. Williams.—he fundamental difference is that reactions take place under relatively higher temperatures and pressures and with none of the oil present in its original or liquid state, while the reactions secured by Mr. Snelling and other investigators have been from the liquids in the presence of some vapors. Under such conditions as Mr. Snelling operates, the temperatures and pressures used are limited and the flexibility in the control of these variables is extremely limited when compared with the Rittman process.

Jan 1, 1916

By V. R. Garfias R. V. Whetsel

Production of crude petroleum in Mexico during 1935 totaled approximately 40,082,000 bbl., an increase of 1,925,000 bbl. over the previous year. Successful development continued in the Poza Rica field during the year, increasing production in that area from 3,708,000 bbl. in 1934 to 9,542,000 in 1935. The output of the South fields (Golden Lane) area decreased by 3,000,000 bbl. during the year, and the heavy-oil district of the Northern fields by 1,500,000 bbl. Production in the Tehuantepec fields showed a slight gain. Production of natural gasoline increased from 430,000 to 600,000 bbl. in 1935. Crude run to stills in local refineries is estimated at 30,000,000 bbl., some 4,000,000 bbl. more than in the previous year. Exports of crude and refined products were approximately 22,000,000 bbl., or 2,000,000 bbl. less than in 1934. Exclusive of ships bunkers, domestic consumption increased about 900,000 bbl. during the year, reaching an estimated total of 14,500,000 barrels. Only 74 wells were completed, as compared to 148 in 1934 and 91 in 1933. In proven areas 58 completions resulted in 33 producers and 25 failures. In northeastern Mexico, near the United States border, six wildcat wells were completed, all of which gave little or no encouraging results, except Rancheria No. 3, near Camargo, which is a fair-sized gas well. Four wildcats were drilled just northeast of the Northern fields (heavy-oil district), all of which were failures. A deep test was completed a short distance southeast of the Golden Lane (South fields) in Palo Blanco, which encountered small production not sufficient to exploit. On the Isthmus of Tehuantepec a wildcat well was completed for an estimated initial production of 2000 bbl. daily, a short distance south of the old Jalapa field, which was perhaps the most important new development of the year. Four other wildcats drilled in the Isthmus district resulted in failures. Fields Northern Fields (Heavy-oil District).—In the Northern fields, 18 producing wells and 20 failures were completed, as compared to 34 producers and 71 failures in 1934. The initial production of the new

Jan 1, 1936

By V. R. Garfias R. V. Whetsel

Production of crude petroleum in Mexico during 1935 totaled approximately 40,082,000 bbl., an increase of 1,925,000 bbl. over the previous year. Successful development continued in the Poza Rica field during the year, increasing production in that area from 3,708,000 bbl. in 1934 to 9,542,000 in 1935. The output of the South fields (Golden Lane) area decreased by 3,000,000 bbl. during the year, and the heavy-oil district of the Northern fields by 1,500,000 bbl. Production in the Tehuantepec fields showed a slight gain. Production of natural gasoline increased from 430,000 to 600,000 bbl. in 1935. Crude run to stills in local refineries is estimated at 30,000,000 bbl., some 4,000,000 bbl. more than in the previous year. Exports of crude and refined products were approximately 22,000,000 bbl., or 2,000,000 bbl. less than in 1934. Exclusive of ships bunkers, domestic consumption increased about 900,000 bbl. during the year, reaching an estimated total of 14,500,000 barrels. Only 74 wells were completed, as compared to 148 in 1934 and 91 in 1933. In proven areas 58 completions resulted in 33 producers and 25 failures. In northeastern Mexico, near the United States border, six wildcat wells were completed, all of which gave little or no encouraging results, except Rancheria No. 3, near Camargo, which is a fair-sized gas well. Four wildcats were drilled just northeast of the Northern fields (heavy-oil district), all of which were failures. A deep test was completed a short distance southeast of the Golden Lane (South fields) in Palo Blanco, which encountered small production not sufficient to exploit. On the Isthmus of Tehuantepec a wildcat well was completed for an estimated initial production of 2000 bbl. daily, a short distance south of the old Jalapa field, which was perhaps the most important new development of the year. Four other wildcats drilled in the Isthmus district resulted in failures. Fields Northern Fields (Heavy-oil District).—In the Northern fields, 18 producing wells and 20 failures were completed, as compared to 34 producers and 71 failures in 1934. The initial production of the new

Jan 1, 1936

By W. C. Bednar

In all, 127 producing oil wells, 8 producing gas wells and 212 dry holes were drilled during 1936 in the Central Texas area; 76 wells in Bexar County, 62 in Caldwell County, 44 in Guadalupe County, 22 in Williamson County, 20 in Navarro County and 20 in Frio County. Less than 20 were drilled in each of the other counties and none at all in Ellis, Hill, Bosque, Coryell, Lampasas, Burnet, Llano, Kennedy, Mason, Real, Kinney and Uvalde Counties. The Pearsall-Austin chalk field in Frio County and the Zoboroski field in Guadalupe County were the only new discoveries and there were no important extensions to old fields. In this report Corsicana, Mildred (Elm Ridge), Angus-Edens-Hodge, Burke, and Rice-Oil Ridge, all shallow Navarro County stripper fields, are grouped together under the name of Corsicana. This grouping follows that of the Railroad Commission of Texas, thus facilitating the gathering of production data. A map showing the location of the oil and gas fields in the Central Texas Area was published in Volume 114 of the A.I.M.E. TranBactions, page 380. New Fields Pearsall-Austin Chalk.—The Amerada Petroleum Corporation completed 13 Austin chalk wells during 1936 on the large Amerada-Rycade block in Frio County. Other companies drilled two dry holes to the Austin chalk in this vicinity. Not enough wells were drilled to give control of the structure but it appears to be a nose plunging in a west-southwest direction. A second deep test is being drilled in the Pearsall area and at this writing has cemented off a show of oil and gas in the Edwards limestone. The Humble Oil and Refining Co. is building a 6-in. pipe line from Lytle, Tex., to serve the Pearsall field. Zoboroski.—Actual discovery of the Zoboroski field was made by W. J. Walton et al. in 1931. The discovery well, Anton Zoboroski No. 1, was a small producer making but from 3 to 5 bbl. per day, which was used locally for fuel oil. The discovery of the Darst Creek Extension in

Jan 1, 1937

By Henry H. Thomas

In Tasmania a tailrace tunnel to handle water discharged from a turbine generator has been successfully driven by a machine tunneling method similar to that described in the July 1962 issue of Civil Engineering. The Hydro-Electric Commission, Tasmania, is constructing a high- head (2750 ft) power project that will utilize the storage in the Great Lake (1,150,000 acre-ft) at an elevation of 3380 ft. The underground power station will house six vertical shaft turbo-generators, each rated at 50,000 kw. The tailrace tunnel, 16 ft diam and 14,600 ft long, was driven through a reasonably homogeneous hard mudstone. It was decided to excavate this mechanically in the hope of saving some money on excavation and a considerable sum on the ultimate lining of the tunnel. Mechanical engineers from Tasmania worked with the firm of James S. Robbins and Associates of Seattle, Wash., which designed and supplied the "mole."

Jan 4, 1963

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 Born November 3, 1794, Cadoxtan, Glamorganshire, South Wales. Died in 1882. Attended schools in Wales. Came to America in 1839. A.I.M.E.: Member, 1871; Honorary Member. Iron manufacturer; inventor. Built first anthracite fired hot-blast furnace in America. Known as the "Father of the Lehigh Valley." President, Catasauqua and Fogelsville Railroad; Director, Lehigh Valley Railroad; Founder, Thomas Iron Co. and St. Luke's Hospital at Bethlehem, Pa.; Trustee, Lafayette College.4 ROSSITER WORTHINGTON RAYMOND 1872-1874 Born April 27, 1840, Cincinnati, Ohio. Died in 1918. Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, 1857; Lafayette College, Ph.D., 1868; Lehigh University, LL.D., 1906; University of Pittsburgh, Hon. LL.D., 1915., Gold Medal, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London). A.I.M.E.: Founder, Member of 1871; Vice President, 1871, 1876-1877; Secretary, 1884-1911; Secretary Emeritus, 1911-1918; Honorary Member. Consul¬ing mining engineer; practicing lawyer, sailor, soldier, writer, orator, editor, theologian, teacher, novelist, chess player. Recognized as the "Grand Old Man of the Institute." ALEXANDER LYMAN HOLI,EY 1875 Born July 20, 1832, Lakeville, Conn. Died in 1882. Brown University, 1853; Hon. LL.D., 1878. A.I.M.E.: Member, 1871; Vice President, 1874; Manager, 1877-1879. Bessemer Medal (Iron and Steel Institute, London), posthumously. Brought bessemer process to United States. A statue was erected in Washington Square in his memory and presented to the City of New York in 1889. The inscription notes: "foremost among those whose genius and energy established in America and improved throughout the world the manufacture of bessemer steel." ABRAM STEVENS HEWITT 1876 Born July 31, 1822, Haverstraw, N. Y. Died in 1903. Columbia University, 1842; Hon. LL.D., 1887. A.I.M.E.: Member, 1871; Manager, 1872-1875. Bessemer Medalist and Honorary Member, Iron and Steel Institute (London). Gold Medal, Chamber of Commerce of New York City. Philanthropist, lawyer, statesman, publicist, pioneer in the iron and steel industry. Mayor of New York City in 1887. Business partner of Peter Cooper, Executive Manager of Board of Trustees, Cooper Union, New York City.

Jan 1, 1947

By H. D. Attra

The effects of phase behavior on reservoir economics is a function of both fluid composition and flow properties of the reservoir rock. In some operations such as gas injection into volatile crude-oil resertoirs, the stock-tank recovery derived from vaporization of the reservoir oil by the displacing gas can approach the recovery derived from the displacement mechanism. In other cases of gas-cycling reservoirs, the dry injected gas can effectively vaporize a retrograde liquid phase, allowing a substantial reduction in cycling pressure with no appreciable loss in recoverable liquids. Because of these effects, it is essential that phase behavior be considered in developing the economics of any secondary recovery program in which gas is the injected fluid. The inclusion of phase behavior in conventional calculation procedures has been retarded because of the complexity of the calculation and the large volume of laboratory data required. However, by applying high-speed computers and new laboratory techniques, the phase-behavior displacement calculation has been developed to economically include this basic fundamental of gas displacement. The calculation is performed by reducing the reservoir to a series of one-dimensional segments. Phase changes, saturation distributions and changing fluid properties are evaluated for each segment as a function of time. The relative volumes of equilibrium liquid and gas displaced from each segment are determined by a trial-and-error procedure to meet the requirements of phase equilibrium and two-phase flow. The produced fluids are flashed through conditions of surface separation approximating those in the field to obtain actual values for stock-tank liquid recovery and producing gas-oil ratios. Based on the results of successful field studies, the technique appears to have application to reservoirs producing under a nonmiscible gas-displacement mechanism and should substantially increase the reliability of this type of analysis when phase behavior is an important factor. Predicting reservoir performance under gas-injection operations involves three basic principles of reservoir engineering. First, a material balance exists between the displacing gas and the displaced reservoir fluid. Second, the oil and gas flow in relationship with the two-phase flow property of the reservoir rock; and third, phase equilibrium exists between the displacing gas and the native reservoir fluid. To illustrate these three principles, consider the one-dimensional reservoir shown in Fig. 1. The reservoir is divided into a series of segments representing a one-dimensional cross section between an injection area and a producing area. So represents the oil saturation, Cw represents the connate-water saturation and Sg represents the displacing gas saturation. The gas is moving into Segment 1 and the reservoir oil is being produced out of Segment N. Consider the case when gas has just moved into Segment 1 and the displacing gas-oil contact is at position a-a The volume of oil pushed out of Segment 1 is a function only of mobility and the two-phase flow properties of the reservoir rock, that is, Kg/Ko and µo/µg. Behind the front if the injected gas is foreign to the reservoir oil (a nonequilibrium gas), there will either be vaporization of the oil into the gas or condensation of the gas into the oil. In either case the net result is a mass transfer and a re-distribution of composition and liquid and gas saturation. If the displacement is at constant pressure and is continued, the gas moves into new segments, proceeding succesively into Segment 2, 3, etc. The total volume of oil produced from the reservoir

By R. J. Mechin

IN the early part of 1934, the St. Joseph Lead Co. purchased from the Kadco Corporation three dust-removal units, two suitable for raise work, and the other for drifting operations. The equipment was installed at the Balmat mine, in St. Lawrence County, New York. The Kadco dust-control system can be briefly described as one in which hoods, through which the drill steel is drawn, control the dust at the drill hole, the dust is conveyed through rubber hose or pipe to a collector, where it is removed from the air stream, and the air is then available for recircula-tion in the working place. As during the last few years a number of studies had been completed for the purpose of determining whether or not the dust was effectively removed by the Kadco system, and as the dust counts taken in these tests apparently indicate that it was, the St. Joseph Lead Co. was only inter-ested in obtaining data to show the efficiency of drilling, expressed in terms of minutes per foot drilled, when -using Kadco equipment, in comparison with the former method of drilling dry in a raise and drilling wet in a drift. Comparative dust counts were taken at Balmat, however, by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. to show the difference in the dust content of the air in which the operators worked when drilling dry, wet, or with the Kadco equipment.

Jan 1, 1935

By Helmer Hedstrom

The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to the importance and the usefulness of phase measurements in electrical prospecting for ore, a subject about which virtually nothing has been published. The paper describes a new field method for ore prospecting, the "Turam" method, which makes use of phase measurements, and which has been used with great success for five years. Of the principal geophysical prospecting methods, the gravimetric and magnetic methods determine the direction and strength of the static fields of force of the earth. By seismic and electrical methods, fields of force are applied to the block of ground under investigation. By these methods a third parameter can be measured, besides the direction and strength of the field; namely, the time of arrival of the applied field at the different observation points. This time of arrival has been practically the only parameter measured in seismic work, while in electrical prospecting it has generally not been considered, the measurements having been limited to determination of direction and strength of the applied field. Phase Measurements In the most widely used of the electrical prospecting methods, those using alternating current, the time of arrival of the "electrical vibration" at the different observation points can be carried out as phase measurements. The phase angle measured then expresses, in part of one "vibration," or one cycle, how much the electrical vibrations at the observation point are out of step with those close to the source of the field. A phase lag of 45", for instance, means that the alternating field in the observation point is one-eighth of one complete " vibration," or cycle, out of step behind the field at the source. If the frequency is, say, 500 cycles per second, a frequency often used in electrical prospecting, a phase lag of 45' then means that the time required for the field of force to travel from the source to the observation point is 1/8 ' /500 = 1/4000 sec. Since the phase angle can be measured with an accuracy of a fraction, say one-tenth, of a degree, and the frequency can be considerably higher than 500, it is readily seen that the time of arrival can in this way be measured

Jan 1, 1940

By Helmer Hedstrom

The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to the importance and the usefulness of phase measurements in electrical prospecting for ore, a subject about which virtually nothing has been published. The paper describes a new field method for ore prospecting, the "Turam" method, which makes use of phase measurements, and which has been used with great success for five years. Of the principal geophysical prospecting methods, the gravimetric and magnetic methods determine the direction and strength of the static fields of force of the earth. By seismic and electrical methods, fields of force are applied to the block of ground under investigation. By these methods a third parameter can be measured, besides the direction and strength of the field; namely, the time of arrival of the applied field at the different observation points. This time of arrival has been practically the only parameter measured in seismic work, while in electrical prospecting it has generally not been considered, the measurements having been limited to determination of direction and strength of the applied field. Phase Measurements In the most widely used of the electrical prospecting methods, those using alternating current, the time of arrival of the "electrical vibration" at the different observation points can be carried out as phase measurements. The phase angle measured then expresses, in part of one "vibration," or one cycle, how much the electrical vibrations at the observation point are out of step with those close to the source of the field. A phase lag of 45", for instance, means that the alternating field in the observation point is one-eighth of one complete " vibration," or cycle, out of step behind the field at the source. If the frequency is, say, 500 cycles per second, a frequency often used in electrical prospecting, a phase lag of 45' then means that the time required for the field of force to travel from the source to the observation point is 1/8 ' /500 = 1/4000 sec. Since the phase angle can be measured with an accuracy of a fraction, say one-tenth, of a degree, and the frequency can be considerably higher than 500, it is readily seen that the time of arrival can in this way be measured

Jan 1, 1940

By T. D. Thomas

CONTENTS PAGE T. D. Thomas-Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines 3 W. H. Forbes-Misfires in Bituminous Coal Mines 12 A. W. Worthington-Misfires in Non-metallic Mining (Limestone) 18 Misfires in Anthracite Coal Mines BY T. D. THOMAS,* LANSFORD, PA. (New York Meeting, February, 1929) IN THIS paper, major attention is given to misfires in mines where electric multiple shot-firing is the system used. Misfires are sometimes caused by one action or condition and at other times by a combination of two or more. They may be divided into two classes: (1) those caused by workers in the mines, (2) mechanical or manufacturer's causes. The second cause will be discussed first.

Jan 1, 1929

By J. Donovan Jacobs

An underground excavation project usually is a highly organized complex of different but interrelated construction activities. It is the whole effort, including the necessary tools, which will be referred to as the System. Tunnel-driving and shaft-sinking operations are among the most systematic of construction efforts. Systems are not new in the performance of construction. It is the Systems Concept which seems only recently to have been discovered and made the subject of much study and discussion. HISTORICAL From the seventeenth century, when explosives were first utilized for rock excavation, until the successful application of the rotary-head continuous tunneler in this decade, the cyclical drill-blast-muck-support method has been standard tunnel-driving procedure throughout the world. Whatever improvements occurred were the result of development of better tools for performing the various operations of the cycle. The electric locomotive replaced the mule and permitted the use of larger muck cars. The steam drill, which ended the day of the double jack, was itself quickly made obsolete when compressed air replaced steam as the source of drilling energy. Power shovels were introduced to save the time and money involved in the hand-loading of excavated materials. A cubic yard of rock tunnel muck can be excavated today for just half the man-hours of labor required in 1948. Developments over 20 years which cumulatively have resulted in this economy include: drifter drills mounted on hydraulically controlled booms and positioners; tungsten-car- bide-tipped bits; long feed shells on the drifters, making it possible to drill the full depth of a round without changing steel; better designed,

Jan 1, 1970

By R. F. Weber

The relation between the chemical composition and the refractoriness of fire-brick has long attracted the attention of manufacturers of fire-brick and others interested in their use, yet but little systematic work has been done along this line, especially in the United States. Analyses of fire-brick have been quoted for years, but fire-tests of brick, except those of durability in practical use, have usually been lacking. Although many tests and analyses of foreign fire-brick have been published, only a few have appeared in the United States; and even in the foreign literature, the references and facts are more or less scattered. The most elaborate foreign paper on the subject is that by Dr. Jochum.' One of the earliest, and perhaps the most detailed piece of work in the United States, is that of F. Platt, which was done for the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, in 1876.2 His investigation consisted of the analysis and heat-tests of 21 bricks, the testing being made in an experimental shaft-furnace at Har-risburg, Pa. All the bricks were more or less affected at the temperature reached, which was considerably higher than the melting-point of steel. The exact temperature at which individual bricks fused was not ascertained, hence the comparisons quoted in the paper are of value only for the bricks used in the test. The next comprehensive investigation, made by the New Jersey Geological Survey,³ deals chiefly with fire-clays; analyses and refractory tests having been made of 123 clays, kaolins, feldspars and fire-sands. Here; again, there was no accurate means of measuring the temperature, the only measurement of

Jan 1, 1905

Alan Stanley (Titanium Dioxide Analysis of Maclntyre Ore by Specific Gravity, P. 971) is currently head of the General Metallurgical Group of the National Lead Co. He has been with National Lead since 1946, after serving with the USAAF as a first lieutenant of engineers during World War II. A native New Yorker, he graduated from Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1942 with a Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering. Since joining National Lead he has been a flotation supervisor, in the high tension pilot plant, and done sinter testing. He is an AIME member and presented one other paper before the Institute, Sintering Characteristics of Minus 65 and 20 Mesh Magnetite. Stanley plays the piano in his leisure moments.

Jan 1, 1952

By Donald W. Scott

THE year just ended was the 50th anniversary of that first flight at Kittyhawk, N. C., in 1903. In this 50-year period the aviation industry made startling developments from flight distances of 120 ft-at snail's pace-to speeds of over 1300 mph and flights that circle the globe. And 1953 also was the 50th anniversary of the Utah Copper Co., the Father of our mass production porphyry copper ventures. How do developments in the mining industry stack up with the aviation industry? The mineral industry can be as proud of developments over the past 50 years as the aviation industry. Only for the developments of the mineral industry could aviation and other allied industries advance as they have. The year 1953 made its contribution to this progress, with the normal number of process and equipment developments and an abnormally high amount of activity in new plant capacity, particularly copper. Tonnages are on the increase and operating troubles are becoming more and more problems in materials handling and control. We're approaching molecular dissemination of ores with hydro and pyro methods coming to the front to take over where flotation leaves off.

Jan 2, 1954

By Plato Malozemoff

Our young, technically oriented people today are entranced by the space program, by physics that unlocks the secrets of nature, by electronics, and by other new technologies. The mining industry seems to be their last choice. Enrollment in mining schools is dropping and so is the interest of our great universities in mining curricula. The image of the mining industry appears to be one of being conservative, nonprogressive, resistant to change, and lacking in excitement and challenge. I submit that this public image is wrong. While the initial development of mines is usually slow and seemingly plodding, the problem of solving the imponderables of nature-the ore emplacement, its structure and physical characteristics, its response to recovery processes, and its probable ultimate profitability-is stimulating to the most acute and searching of minds and requires careful application of a combination of many technologies. The paths to obtaining the desired results must be within the bounds of reasonable expenditures in the early stage of development when risks are still high, and this financial discipline is a further stimulus to the imaginative search for the right answers.

Jan 6, 1968