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YEAR OF ELECTION 1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS, Montreal, Canada. 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England. 1935. GUILLAUME DANIEL DELPRAT Melbourne, Vic., Aust. 1920. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa. 1933. KARL EIKERS NEW YORK, N. Y. 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England. 1928. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND New York, N. Y. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1917. HERBERT HOOVER Washington, D. C. 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France. 1931. WALDEMAR LINDGREN Cambridge, Mass. 1921. C. McDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico. 1935. ROBERT PEELE New York, N. Y. 1911. ROBERT H. RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass. 1934. T.A. RICKARD Victoria, B.C., Canada 1933. ALBERT SAUVER Cambridge, Mass.

Jan 1, 1936

By Charles Catlett

Some years ago the writer was struck by what might be called the remarkable vitality of the Virginia furnaces during the panic of 1893; and attention was called to the fact in the American Manufacturer of February 8,1895. From the second half of 1892, which was a period of maximum output, to the second half of 1893, when the full effects of the depression had been reached, the output of pig-iron had fallen off in Illinois 85; in New York, 66; in Ohio, 51; in Tennessee, 44; in Pennsylvania, 28; and in Virginia only 15 per cent. It seemed a reasonable inference that the State which had thus shown its marked ability to meet hard times could make and market its product with a larger margin of profit than any of the other States. This was true at that time, and to a certain extent the reasoning still holds good; but my mistake was in not fully realizing the marked effect of the Mesabi development, combined with reduced economies in transportation, and the consequent advantage to those furnaces which were so situated as to utilize these new commercial factors. The effect of these factors is seen in comparing the second half of 1894 with the second half of 1892. New York had dropped off 44, Alabama 23, Tennessee 21, Illinois 19, and Virginia 16 per cent., while Pennsylvania had increased 5 and Ohio 10 per cent. While there is no question of the great economy which has been made possible for certain interests which are peculiarly situated with reference to the ores of the Northwest, it is yet too early to say what furnaces not so fortunate will have to pay for their raw material. Already an increase of twenty cents per ton of ore has been announced, based upon increased cost of production.

Jan 1, 1900

By FREDERICK W. BRADLEY

MINING is one of the world's oldest industries and has pioneered the civilization of all new lands. Today, mining is not only one of the essential and basic industries of the world, but it is constantly growing in magnitude and becoming more important. We think that the most of our mining is done in the western portion of this country, but in the old State of Pennsylvania mines and products derived from minerals account for about two-thirds of the entire productive wealth of the State. As our forests are denuded, mining furnishes substitutes for timber in the way of concrete, gypsum board, etc. ; and as civilization increases the wants of mankind, mining is producing metals and minerals of every kind in increasing quantities. For example: during the past ten years the per capita consumption of copper in the United States has increased 49 per cent, to 14.56 Ib.; that of lead has increased 35 per cent, to 12.24 lb.; and that of zinc has increased 70 per cent, to 9.57 Ib. The consumption in European countries is about one-half of this, and there are other countries with large populations where there is virtually no consumption; so when all other countries catch up in consumption with our country, you can see what an enormous demand there is going to be for the metals, even to the extent of having to find substitutes for copper, lead, and zinc.

Jan 1, 1929

By P. M. Robinson, J. S. LI. Leach

The heats of solution oj' indiurrr, tin, lend, nrzd tellurium have been calculated from the measured heat effects when mechanical mixtres of indium and telLuium tin and tellurium, and lead and tellurium were added to liquid bismuth. The results are in good agreement xith publislzed values.s for the separate sollction of each eleltzent in bismuth. The heats oj solution of cadmium and tellurium calculated from the rneasuved heat effects on adding trechanical mixtures of these elements do not ugree zc,itl the published values jbv the separate solution of each element. It is shown that at 623°K Ile interaction between cadmium and tellurium dissolved in liquid bismuth is strong enough to led lo preciPitation of solid CdTc. The heats oj- jor-mation of CdTe at 273" nd 623°K (1)-c crilculated fi-or the measured heat ejlfecls. The calcnlaled az'erage deviation from the Kopp-l\'ez?,zunrz rule fov solid CdTe is less than 0.06 cat per g-atom- C over this lertzperalure range. Tlze importance 0.f these oDserl.ations to the determination of heals of formation hy metal solution calorimetry is considered. LIQUID metal solution calorimetry is a convenient method for determining the heats of formation of solid compounds. In this technique the heat of formation is the difference between the measured heat effects on dissolution of the compounds and of mechanical mixtures of the components in the liquid metal.' The heat of solution of the mechanical mixture may be calculated from the measured heat effect. At infinite dilution of the solutes, this heat of solution is equal to the sum of the heats of solution of the separate components. If the heat of solution of one of the components is known, the value for the other can be derived; if both are known, they may be used to check the accuracy of the calorimetric technique. The heats of formation of the tellurides of cadmium, indium, tin, and lead have recently been measured by metal solution alorimetr. The heats of solution of indium, tin, lead, and tellurium at infinite dilution in liquid bismuth at 623"K, calculated from the measured heat effects on solution of the mechanical mixtures, are in good agreement with the published values. The heats of solution of cadmium and of tellurium calculated from the measured heat effect on solution in bismuth at 623'K of mechanical mixtures of cadmium and tellurium, however, do not agree with values estimated from the literature. 1) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS The Heats of Solution of Indium, Tin, Lead, and Tellurium in Bismuth. The heat effects were measured when mechanical mixtures corresponding to the compounds In,Te, InTe, In2Te3, In2Te5, SnTe, and PbTe were dissolved in bismuth. The calorimetric procedure and the method of calculation have been described elsewhere.' The heats of solution of the mechanical mixtures were obtained by subtracting the change in heat content per gram-atom of the sample between the addition temperature (273°K) and the bath temperature (623"K), (H623°K - H273°K)S, from the measured heat effects. The calorimeter was calibrated with pure bismuth. The reported values of the measured heat effects are based on (HGoK - ^273oK)Bi = 4.96 kcal per g-atom.3 The measured heat effects are found to be linear functions of the solute concentrations of the bath in the dilute solution range. The values, extrapolated to infinite dilution, are listed in Table I, together with the heats of solution of the mechanical mixtures calculated using the published values of (H 623°K - H273°k)s for indium, tin, lead,3 and tellrium. All the error limits quoted in this work represent the spread of values obtained. The heats of solution in liquid bismuth at 623°K of mechanical mixtures of indium and tellurium in four different proportions were determined. Values of the heats of solution of the two components were then calculated from the resulting four simultaneous equations: The heats of solution at infinite dilution of tin and lead in liquid bismuth at 623°K were calculated from the heats of solution of the mechanical mixtures of tin and tellurium and of lead and tellurium using the heat of solution of tellurium calculated above. These values of the heats of solution are listed in Table I1 together with some published values for comparison.

Jan 1, 1967

By John G. Hall

The unstable metal market during 1949, with resulting lower metal prices, has focused every mine operator's attention on the problem of reducing operating costs. Improvement in mining methods, use of modern mechanical mining equipment, and increasing the efficiency of the labor force are the tools with which we will have to work. Careful planning is necessary to coordinate all phases so that no one phase is overdone. A mine may become over-mechanized if, for instance, capital charges against new equipment exceed the savings in labor costs, or where a large enough tonnage is not produced. The cooperation of labor is essential to any mechanization program. There have been too many instances where mechanization and improvements have done nothing more than make up for a decrease in labor efficiency, thus bringing the production of labor back to its old standard. The operator has gained little and labor has gained only a "softer job." In any mechanization program there are gains to be had by both the operator and labor. By the efficient application of modern equipment and improved mining methods the operator should gain by decreased costs, and labor may profit by receiving a share of these decreased costs.

Jan 8, 1950

By W. H. Wamsley

Used in combination with conveyor belt haulage, bucket wheel excavators offer unusual possibilities for low excavation and haulage costs. Originating in Germany, these machines are now in use or on order for Australia, Northern Rhodesia, the Belgian Congo, Italy, Yugoslavia, France, Belgium, Indonesia, and the Union of South Africa. A diamond mine in South Africa that has been using German bucket wheel excavators since 1928 purchased American cable-way excavators and American scraping equipment after the war. Operating cost for this equipment was double that for the bucket wheel machines operating in the same mines with crawler-mounted stackers. Machines built and operated in the U. S. are, as far as the writer knows, confined to the northern Illinois coal field, where they are used in conjunction with large shovels to strip overburden too high to be reached by the 30 to 40-yd shovels. Their long stacker belts can deposit the spoil far enough behind the coal face to avoid slides, in such a manner as to make reclaiming the land easier. These large, specialized machines are now being made by Bucyrus-Erie Co. but are not adaptable to many open pit mining situations.

Dec 1, 1956

By Arthur E. Granger

IN the early days of the science, and until the recent past, geologists worked as individuals or in small groups. Prior to 1930 perhaps the largest single group under one administrative head was the Geologic Branch (now Division) of the U. S. Geological Survey, which employed at that time (including temporary help) 100 to 150 geologists. Today that same unit employs some 1500. In industry some companies employ as many as 100 geologists in a single department. These numbers obviously pose a need for administration. The basic qualifications for good administration are the same for any group of human beings, but the administration of geologists presents some special problems. Choosing Administrative Personnel: There are two kinds of personnel needs: 1) technical, which requires professional geologists who have proved their capabilities in the field, and 2) clerical and fiscal, which provide the necessary supporting or housekeeping functions. This discussion will be concerned only with the first category, except to point out the need for competent and understanding help from clerical and fiscal people and close relationship between top administration, technical or professional personnel, and the clerical and fiscal groups.

Jan 7, 1957

R. W. NEWCOMB, New York, N. Y. (written discussion *).-This paper is particularly interesting to me, because it gives data on a much mooted question, viz., the serviceability of Le Chatelier (platinum-platinum-rhodium) thermocouples under severe industrial conditions. It has always been supposed that platinum-platinum-rhodium thermo-couples, used at high temperatures under strong reducing conditions, would not give long service and were subject to rapid volatilization. The fact, however, that the carefully kept records indicate that a little more than 3 gm. out of more than 830 gm. was lost over this considerable period, shows what kind of service can -be obtained from platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples,, when properly installed, and well cared for. While the writer has no actual figures on the loss of weight, etc. of platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples under service, he was told, by the man in charge of pyrometers at a large industrial plant in which over 400 platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples were installed in furnaces doing various kinds of heat-treating work, that the average maintenance cost, for materials alone, including platinum-platinum-rhodium wires and protecting tubes, was 27 c. per furnace, per month:

Jan 12, 1919

A list of publications of the United States Bureau of Mines, complete from its establishment to the end of June, 1931, may be had upon request. In addition a monthly leaflet of new publications is issued and is sent to those on the mailing list of the Bureau. Publications are separated into three main divisions: 1. Sales Publications.-Those for which a charge is made. Any orders or remittances in payment for sales publications should be sent directly to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., and not to the Bureau of Mines. Sales publications are classified into (1) Bulletins, (2) Technical Papers, (3) Economic Papers, (4) statistical reports of the mineral resources of the United States, (5) Monographs, (6) Handbooks, and (7) Schedules. Bulletins and Technical Papers present the results of scientific and technical investigations. Economic Papers are analytical studies of production statistics, sources, resources, .distribution, and industrial flow of mineral commodities. The Annual Report, entitled "Mineral Resources of the United States," includes chapters, published separately, on the production and consumption of metals and of nonmetallic minerals. Monographs give detailed results of extensive cooperative investigations of special

Jan 1, 1933

By Philip R. Whitney

Deposition of manganese oxides is of common occurrence in streams of the north-eastern United States. Manganese entering the stream in solution in ground water is oxidized and deposited in the stream, primarily as oxide coatings on detrital materials. Prevalence and thickness of the coatings increases with increasing particle size in the coarse sand and gravel range. A number of metals of economic and environmental interest are enriched in these coatings. Samples of 8 to 16 mm pebbles were obtained from two streams in the Shawangunk region of southeastern New York State, an area of know71 Pb/Zn/Cu mineralization. The pebbles were leached to remove the oxide coatings and the resulting solutions analyzed for Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Co, and Ni. Trace-metal/Mn ratios in these streams are generally one to two orders of magnitude higher than regional background values. Profiles of trace- metal/Mn ratios along the streams show considerable detail; contributions of metals from tributaries are sharply reflected in the metal content of the oxides. The potential advantages and disadvantages of using coated stream gravel for geochemical prospecting and environmental studies are discussed in the light of these and other data.

Jan 1, 1976

By C. B. Dudley

bas shown us that the railroads of this country can save several milt liohs a par by adopting uniform rail sections, and as unfortunately for him, he cannot patent his idea, it only remains for the railroads to adopt it, and to thank him for his payer. Dr. C. B. Dudley, Altoona, Pa. : 111 rising to close this interestin~ discussion, I want, in the first place, to thank every one who has contributed to it for his full and open criticism. The work tvhich has been done on steel rails, and which has been diwu&e,l here Juring thee two days, was not done to establish any pet theories, nor to make out that any person was great or any person small, but with a sincere desire to get at what is the truth in regard to the wedring capacity of steel rails. There are enormous commercial coneiderations invoIved in this question, and, as I look at the matter, the more honest criticism and fair discussion there is, the Inore likely it is that the truth will appear. Ad first I would like to say that it seems to me very little has been said here upon the main conclusion of the paper, namely, that the softer rails give the better wear. All sorts of side issues have been discussed; but this poiat, which is really the principal one at issue, has been largely ignored, aid I cannot But feel that it still remains unshaken. Witb regard to ohemists end chemical work, there has been considerable said tending to throw discredib on chemists and their work; and while I believe that there have been in the past, are now, and may be in the futnre, a good many poor chemical analyses made, X also believe that chemists are, as a rule, as honest and competent as gentlemen who belong to other professiomc. There are chemisb who are chemists, and who are not chemists. The determination of -manganese has bee* called in question. Now I think the chemist at almost every steel works in the country will tell you that, in his experience, the manganese diffe1.s in different parts of the same ingot. Mr. T. T. Morrell, chemist of the Camhria Iron Company, whom I believe to be s thoroughly competent and hone6t chemist, tells me that he has often found different amounts of manganese in different parts of the same ingot. Come with me to Altoona, and I will take you into the machine shop where steel is king cut aud shaped, and I will show you that it is often necessary to stop the lathe or planer and take a cold chisel to cut oat a hard spot, or else ntn the risk of breaking the tool. This hard spot is simply a pttrt of the syiegel which was not thoraughiy mixed with the ma

Jan 1, 1881

[Trans. No.Place Date Vol. Page 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa.* .... May, '71.. 1 8 2. Bethlehem Pa Aug., '71.. 1 10 3. Troy N. 'l Nov., '71.. 1 13 4. Philadelphia, Pa Feb., '72.. 1 '17 5. New York, N. Y.• ....May, '72 1 20 6. Pittsburgh, Pa Oct., '72.. 1 25 7. Boston, Mass Feb., '73.. 1 28 8. Philadelphia, Pa.' May, '73.. 2 3 9. Easton, Pa Oct., '73.. 2 7 10. New York, N. Y Feb.. '74 2 11 11. St. Louis, Mo' May, '74.. 3 3 12. Hazleton, Pa Oct., '74.. 8 8 13. New Haven, Conn....Feb., '75.. 8 15 14. Dover. N. J.' Mav. '75.. 43] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

[Trans. No. Place Date Vol. Page 1, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.* .... May, '71.. 1 3 2. Bethlehem, Pa Aug., '71.. 1 10 3 Troy, N. Y Nov.,'71.. 1 13 4. Philadelphia, Pa Feb., '72.. 1 17 6. New York, N. Y •.... May, '72.. 1 20 6. Pittsburgh, Pa..:.Oct., '72.. 1 25 7. Boston, Mass Feb., '73.. 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa.' May, '73.. 2 3 9. Easton, a Oct., '73.. 2 7 10. New York, N. Y Feb., '74.. 2 11 11. St. Louis, Mo.* May, '74.. 3 3 12. Hazleton. Pa Oct.. '74.. 38 13. New Haven, Conn Feb., '75.. 3 15 14. Dover, N. J.' May, '75.. 4 3 16. Cleveland, 0 Oct., '75.. 4 9] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

University of Alabama-University, Alabama, Mining and Metallurgical Society, James W Stewart University of Alaska-College, Alaska, Mining Society of the University of Alaska, Jack R Hoskins University of Arizona-Tucson, Arizona, Miners Society, A E Gorum Birmingham-Southern College-Birmingham, Alabama, Pick and Hammer Club, Daniel D Arden University of British Columbia-Vancouver, British Columbia, G M Dawson Club, A Gunning University of California-Berkeley, California, Mineral Technology Association, Bernard York Carnegie Institute of Technology-Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, The Metals Club, Gerhard Derge Case Institute of Technology-Cleveland, Ohio, Case Metallurgical Engineering Society, Robert F Hehemann City College of New York-New York, New York, CCNY Student Chapter AIME, Daniel T O'Connell

Jan 1, 1955

By AIME AIME

TUESDAY afternoon the annual meeting was devoted to a general session, in the auditorium, on production control. George Otis Smith presided and in opening the meeting recalled that the session in 1920 on the stabilization of the coal industry was the first time this subject had been discussed by Institute members in a general session and then introduced Carl Snyder, of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, who spoke on "Long-time Growth and the Factors In Its Variations." He spoke without notes and a full presentation of his views must be deferred until the stenographer's report is available. He said that of the total production some 80 to 90 per cent represents goods for consumption and the other 20 to 10 per cent for construction. He discussed various indices of production, concluding that bank clearings are the best, and showed by charts that when they are plotted, allowing for various disturbing factors, they are seen to increase quite regularly at the rate of about 4 per cent per year. The production curve rises at only 3y2 per cent per year, because agricultural production does not in- crease as fast as manufacturing postal revenues in- crease at the rate of 5 per cent per year while the use of electricity increases twice as fast.

Jan 1, 1929

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886 THOMAS EGLESTON 1887 WILLIAM B POTTER 1888 RICHARD PEARCE 1889 ADAM S HEWITT 1890 JOHN BIRKINBINE 1891-1892 H M HOWE 1893 JOHN FRITZ 1894

Jan 1, 1923

PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 R W RAYMOND 1872-1874 A L HOLLEY1875 ABRAM S HEWITT 1876 T STERRY HUNT 1877 ECKLEY B COXE 1878 - 1879 WILLIAM P SHINN 1880 WILLIAM METCALF 1881 RICHARD P ROTHWELL 1882 ROBERY W HUNT 1883 JAMES C, BAYLES 1884-1885 ROBERT H RICHARDS 1886 THOMAS EGLESTON 1887 WILLIAM B POTTER 1888 RICHARD PEARCE 1889 ADAM S HEWITT 1890 JOHN BIRKINBINE 1891-1892 H M HOWE 1893

Jan 1, 1923

The Nominating Committee desire to submit the following nominations. President and Director: SIDNEY J. JENNINGS District 0 Vice-President and Director: H. S. DRINKER District 2 R. M. RAYMOND District 0 Directors: G. C. STONE District 0 HENNEN JENNINGS District 9 S. A. TAYLOR District 2 F. G. COTTRELL District 6 ARTHUR THACHER District 3 These nominations were unanimous. By order of the Committee J. V. N. DORR, Chairman. Oct. 10. 1917.

Jan 12, 1917

By Robert Glass Cleland

THIS IS a history of a company whose roots run deep into the nation's past and whose field of operations has never been narrowly confined. The men who founded Phelps Dodge were men of initiative and imagination. They were men of strong convictions and upright character. They held fast to the simple virtues and traditions of the days when America was young. This heritage they passed on to their successors. From the very beginning, under such leadership, Phelps Dodge became a company of large affairs. It bought and sold, exported and imported, built factories and organized railroads, converted great forests into lumber, and operated coal and iron mines. Much of the iron, copper, and tin plate used in the United States for a generation was under its control. Its business abroad was extensive enough to warrant the organization of a separate partnership in England. Then, almost half a century after its foundation, the company began to substitute new activities for old and eventually transferred its major operations to the West, primarily to Arizona. The family partnership became a corporation. Exporting and importing gave place to mining and metallurgy. Phelps Dodge became one of the largest

Jan 1, 1952

By M. B. Truehaft

Expectations for coal in the early to mid-1970s prompted the government and industry to pursue research and development programs to increase underground and surface mining coal Productivity and net coal recovery. Several programs concerned advanced surface mining methods for thin seam coal recovery. Three such programs, along with related areas of interest, presented in this paper are: extended depth augering for trench-strip applications; high recovery auger heads for enhanced recovery; and variable wall mining in low cover longwalls. Conceptual development is examined, prototype testing is discussed, and potential operations are considered.

Jan 1, 1985