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By Albert J. McIntosh

With petroleum consumption declining temporarily after V-J day, the oil industry is urged to use this period as a kind of stopgap to rebuild its war-depleted inventories and help cushion the effect of this decline on producers and refiners. Higher inventories should be reestablished, since recent experiences have indicated that, by and large, the present inventories of crude oil are too low even with the tremendous current production available. The following analysis indicates that inventory levels could be built up to about 490,000,000 bbl. by the end of 1947, an increase of about 40,000,000 bbl. over the reported stock estimated for the war's end. If at the end of the war the military have some 20,000,000 bbl. on hand, this inventory will either be resold to the industry or certain demands that have been assumed to be met by industry will be supplied out of these military stocks, which would leave about 20,000,000 bbl. (net) to be built up from current production. For stock rebuilding the industry could use 10,000,000 bbl. of crude plus 10,00,000 bbl. of products, totaling 20,000,000 bbl. If this were spread over a year, this would mean 55,000 bbl. a day. By analyzing the average inventories held in a year with the total quantity of goods handled during the year, the following study and tables indicate how far the inventories should increase in the immediate postwar period. Introduction For the period immediately following V-J day, most of the petroleum economists have forecast a considerable decline in the total consumption of petroleum and its products in the United States. This will be caused by the elimination of most of the military demands and the inability of civilians to immediately replace automobiles, burners, etc., and thus increase their requirements to make up for the military decline. When the automobile industry has been back on full production for two or three years, civilians will be able to consume much larger quantities of gasoline. Delay in the manufacture of new oil burners and the time it takes to construct new homes, adds up to the same story for distillate fuels. In reviewing this outlook, the question has arisen whether the petroleum industry should not use this period of lower consumption as a kind of stopgap to rebuild its war-depleted inveritories and help cushion the effect on producers and refiners of this sudden drop in requirements. Some persons have indicated that hundreds of thousands of barrels a day could be used for this purpose extending over a year or more. Refineries will be in existence, which could run over 5,000,000 bbl. of crude oil a day and crude-oil production might be running 600,000 to 700,000 bbl. a day above the demands now forecast for the period after V-J day. Reasons for. Making Inventories In order to plan intelligently for this period, the petroleum industry should determine the needs for the establishment of higher inventories for crude and petroleum products than have been carried during the war. The reasons for trying to make such a determination are as follows:

Jan 1, 1945

By E. S. Bardwell, R. J. Lapee

Twenty years ago, W. T. Burns, in his paper presented at the Butte Meeting of the Institute,' discussed the general scheme then in use in the electrolytic copper refinery of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. at Great Falls, Mont., for removing impurities from tank-room electrolyte and controlling its acid content. Since then marked changes have taken place in copper-refinery practice at Great Falls. The electrolytic copper refinery in use in 1913 has been replaced by a new and entirely modern plant capable of producing up to 27,000,000 Ib. of cathode copper per month. With the building of the new plant in 1916, the treatment of converter anodes was discontinued. At first the substitution of refined anodes for converter anodes resulted in a decrease in the impurity content of the anodes, but as time went on, changes in metallurgical practices at the smelter resulted in substantial increases in the impurity content of the anodes. The leaching of the silver slime to remove copper before shipment to Raritan for treatment further added to the purification problem. The fact that the scheme of purifying electrolyte which Mr. Burns described in his paper has proved adequate for our needs under a wide variation of conditions speaks well for its essential soundness. Method of Purification Briefly, the method adopted for purifying tank-room electrolyte at Great Falls has been as follows: Each day a certain volume of tank-room electrolyte is run off and sent to the purification plant, where it is boiled down to approximately 46' 136. The concentrated electrolyte is then sent to crystallizing tanks where the bulk of the copper is crystallized out as copper sulfate. The mother liquor is then passed through insoluble anode tanks to remove the last of the copper and most of the arsenic and antimony. It is then either returned to the tank room direct or boiled down to 55' Bé, the iron and nickel salts crystallized out and the mother liquor returned to the tank-room circuit as restored acid. Prior to 1930 all of the evaporating was done in lead-lined tanks 13 ft. in diameter by 4.5 ft. deep, provided with lead heating coils through which steam at 30 lb. gage pressure was circulated.

Jan 1, 1934

By M. G. Jones

AT the Edwards mine a 4 by 81/2-ft two-compartment shaft is used for men and supplies in the older workings down to the 900-ft level. All ore is hoisted through a 5 by 15-ft three-compartment vertical shaft which extends to the 1500-ft level. Ore pockets are on the 1300- and 1500-ft levels. The two-compartment countershaft used below the latter level is 6 by 12 ft inclined at 42°. Ore from the countershaft is hoisted to the 1350-ft level where it flows by gravity to the 1500-ft level ore pocket. One-ton skips are used in balance in the countershaft and two-ton skips, also in balance, from the 1500-It level to the surface. These skips are slung under the man cages. Each level has an ore pocket of 200 tons' capacity. Development at Edwards is similar to that at Balmat except that haulage drifts are only 7 by 7 ft. They are mucked with Eimco-Finlay No. 12 loaders. A drill carriage similar to that used at Balmat is being tried out on the new 2300-ft level, the present bottom of the mine. Drifts are driven below grade and later raised 6 in. and ballasted with waste leaving a ditch 6 by 12 in. at one side for drainage. All development is done on an incentive bonus system, the miner paying for his explosives.

Jan 1, 1947

PRESIDENT Mrs Oliver Bowles 5000 Massachusetts Ave N W Washington 16, D. C FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT Mrs David Eugene Park 350 East 57th Street New York 22, N Y. SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT Mrs A B. Kinzel 320 Park Avenue New York 22. N. Y

Jan 1, 1952

Jan 1, 1932

By Gerald Edmunds, R. K. Waring, E. A. Anderson

Brass is liable to failure under the combined influence of stress, certain corrosion media, and time, a phenomenon commonly termed season cracking or stress-corrosion cracking. The consequences of this are serious in applications of brass generally, including the important field of cartridge cases. Cartridge cases (70 Cu: 30 Zn) that fail from this cause may allow the escape of gas from the gun breech, a hazard to the shooter, and may not eject, thus temporarily putting the gun out of action. In loaded cartridge cases, the stress present is partly residual from the, drawing and necking operations and partly applied by the insertion of the projectile. Ammonia, present as a decomposition product of smokeless powder, air and moisture constitute corrosive media. The prevalence of season cracking has been reduced considerably, but not eliminated, during the past quarter of a century by low-temperature annealing to relieve stresses residual from fabrication, a method suggested by Diegel 38 yr. ago(I).2

Jan 1, 1945

By K. Robert Dorman, F. Michael Jenkins

The occurrence of rock bursts in deep metal/nonmetal mines presents a major hazard to their safe and economical operation. As part of a Bureau of Mines program to reduce rock bursts in deep vein mining, a project was conducted in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District of Idaho to evaluate and demonstrate the mining of a destressed sill pillar using undercut-and-fill methods. A 50-ft sill pillar in a burst-prone area was preconditioned by drilling and blasting vertical holes in the ore. After raises were driven through the destressed pillar to the level above, it was mined by the undercut-and-fill method. The conclusion from this demonstration is that the combination of ore preconditioning and underhand mining resulted in greatly improved rock burst and ground control, allowing safe and efficient mining of a potentially hazardous, burst-prone pillar.

Jan 1, 1984

By David Mandolesi

An examination has been made of the structures of strand cast blooms and the rails rolled from them; this paper details the characteristics of these typical structures. Results of mechanical testing data show that this product compares with rails processed from conventional ingot steel. Improvement in processing yields and surface quality standards are also briefly discussed.

Jan 1, 1972

High-type research metallurgist with approximately following qualifications: American, 30 to 45 years old. Mind-Analytical. Education-college graduate. Practical shop experience-not less than 5 years. Metallurgical experience in steel making-at least 5 years. Chemical experience-should have some chemical training. Research ability -should be the type of man who is interested in new developments or research work. No. 337. Engineer with some underground, experience who is physically able to spend a large portion of his time underground, to act as general efficiency engineer. He will have cost keeping on special work, charge of contracts, labor distribution, etc. No. 338. The services of a man experienced in flotation and familiar with the Callow apparatus are required for a short engagement in South America. No. 339. A position as surveyor and draftsman for mines in Mexico is open. Opportunity for advancement. Climate pleasant and healthful. Knowledge of Spanish required. No. 340. The Bureau of Construction and Repair, Navy Department, Washington; D. C., is in need of a few draftsmen of experience for work in connection with the development of industrial yards and shops of the Navy, under the cognizance of the Shore Establishment Division of the Bureau of Construction and Repair. Training in one of the following courses would be considered a requisite qualification:

Jan 9, 1918

Jan 1, 1913

By W. White, C. S. Barrett, R. M. Mueller

THIS communication reports film-recorded low-energy (-100 kev) proton blocking patterns'-3 for hcp and wurtzite crystals. In particular the sequence of relative line intensities* (corresponding to planar blocking) of common hcp metals is compared with those of the wurtzite semiconductors CdS and CdSe. The results show that the sequence is characteristic of structure. For closely similar structures such as those of CdS and CdSe, differences of line intensity attributable to the difference in atomic number, 2, of the scattering centers may also be seen. The apparatus and techniques used in this work were identical with those reported previously in a study of cubic systems.3 All metals were given standard metal-lographic etches, and the semiconductors cleaved, immediately prior to introduction to the vacuum system. Fig. 1 shows the unit cell of the wurtzite structure, and the geometry used to obtain the [1120] and [0001] patterns of Fig. 2. The axial ratio, c/a, for all ma- terials of Fig. 2 is close to 1.63. The patterns are then directly comparable in linear dimensions inasmuch as they have been reproduced at the same overall magnification of the patterns. (Overall magnification is proportional to the product of film-to-target distance and printing magnification. Thus the 1/6-in.-diam beam passage hole in the center of the film need not appear of uniform size in the prints.) The patterns for a given orientation, though similar

Jan 1, 1970

Jan 1, 1908

Jan 1, 1911

By J. A. Clum, R. W. Heins, T. D. Tiemann

The use of Na-montmorillonite clay binders (Western Bentonite) in the pelletizing of iron ore concentrates is well established as is the idea that alternative binders must be found. 1-6 This note summarizes work done7 in evaluating a Wisconsin montmorillonite clay binder. The clay occurs in irregualr beds overlying the Prairie du Chien Dolomite and the St. Peters Sandstone near Hersey, St. Croix County.

Jan 1, 1978

By Waldemar F. Dietrich

Mineral fillers are relatively inert chemically under the conditions of use but have physical properties* that modify those of the materials in which they are incorporated. The mineral fillers considered in this article are asbestos, barite, clays, diatomite, crushed limestone, limestone whiting and lime, mica, silica, talc and soapstone, and pyrophyllite. Slate and stone, other than limestone and its derivatives, are excluded because, even though used in large quantities, they are exceptionally low-cost materials generally produced close to the area where they are used.

Jan 8, 1959

By A. J. Naldrett, N. T. Arndt

In Archean greenstone belts, ultramafic lavas occur interbanded with basalts, commonly at the base of volcanic-sedimentary cycles. The lavas form part of a recently recognized extrusive rock series, the magnesian series, in which liquid compositions range from peridotitic (33 wt-% MgO) to basaltic (8 wt-% MgO). Rocks of this series occur as peridote, pyroxenite and magnesian basalt flows, and intrusive/extrusive bodies of dunite (49 wt-% MgO) grading outwards into a peridotitic marginal zone. The nickel sulfide deposits are of two main types: (1) basal accumulations of massive and disseminated pyrrhotite + pentlandite associated with some of the thickest and most magnesian (<40 wt-% MgO) of the peridotite flows, and (2) widespread zones of disseminated sulfides in the dunite lenses. Massive sulfide segregations may occasionally occur within the dunites.

Jan 1, 1977

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page I Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1871 I 3 II Bethlehem, Pa August, 1871 I 10 III Troy, N Y November, 1871 I 13 IV Philadelphia, Pa February, 1872 I 17 V New York, N Y * May, 1872 I 20 VI Pittsburg, Pa October, 1872 I 25 VII Boston, Mass February, 1873 I 28 VIII Philadelphia, Pa * May, 1873 II 3 IX Easton, Pa October, 1873 II 7 X New York, N Y February, 1874 II 11 XI St Louis, Mo * May, 1874 III 3 XII Hazleton, Pa October, 1874 III 8 XIII New Haven, Conn February, 1875 III 15 XIV Dover, N J * May, 1875 IV 3 XV Cleveland, 0 October, 1875 IV 9 XVI Washington, D C February, 1876 IV 8 XVII Philadelphia, Pat June, 1876, V XVIII Philadelphia, Pa October, 1876 V 9 XIX New York, N Y February, 1877 v 27 XX Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1877 vi 3 XXI Amenia, N Y October, 1877 vi 10

Jan 1, 1917

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page I Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1871 I 3 II Bethlehem, Pa August, 1871 I 10 III Troy, N Y November, 1871 I 13 IV Philadelphia, Pa February, 1872 I 17 V New York, N Y * May, 1872 I 20 VI Pittsburg, Pa October, 1872 I 25 VII Boston, Mass February, 1873 I 28 VIII Philadelphia, Pa * May, 1873 II 3 IX Easton, Pa October, 1873 II 7 X New York, N Y February, 1874 II 11 XI St Louis, Mo * May, 1874 III 3 XII Hazleton, Pa October, 1874 III 8 XIII New Haven, Conn February, 1875 III 15 XIV Dover, N J * May, 1875 IV 3 XV Cleveland, 0 October, 1875 IV 9 XVI Washington, D C February, 1876 IV 8 XVII Philadelphia, Pat June, 1876, V XVIII Philadelphia, Pa October, 1876 V 9 XIX New York, N Y February, 1877 v 27 XX Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1877 vi 3 XXI Amenia, N Y October, 1877 vi 10

Jan 1, 1917

By Robert E. Tally

The ore reserves of the United Verde Copper Co. in 1907 were estimated at 4,500,000 tons, averaging about 7 per cent copper. Seventy-five per cent of this tonnage was confined to the so-called fire stopes and the remainder was virgin ore. The fire area was being operated at a maximum capacity of 150 tons per day, and the other workings furnished the remainder of the ore, approximately 600 tons per day. The mine was developed to a depth of 900 ft. and the lower levels were considered lean and unpromising. The smelter had been built directly over the ore-bodies. Its site was congested, the ground was settling and maintenance costs were excessive. The major needs of the United Verde obviously were 1. Additional ore reserves. 2. A new and modern smeltery. 3. A method for the mining of the fire-stope ores commensurate with the tonnage and values involved. It is the method specified in point, 3 with which this paper is chiefly concerned. Such a method required the removal of the old smelter, and additional ore reserves were essential not only for the maintenance of production but for the investment necessary for the building of a new smelter.

Jan 1, 1932

By J. K. Brooke, R. M. Dreyer

For mining engineers and geologists accustomed evaluating metallic mineral deposits, the problems inherent in determining the worth of non- metallic industrial minerals deposits for the chemical processing industry often comes as a rude shock. These difficulties lead to different, and often much greater, problems in financing the development of such deposits than would normally be anticipated for economic sources of copper, molybdenum, iron, nickel and other metallic minerals. The chemical processing industry is one of the two principal consumers of non-metallic mineral production, the other being the construction industry. In the last decade, the volume of industrial minerals consumed by chemical processers has in- creased by 30%, and further increases are forecasted. To satisfy this growing demand, many new sources of these minerals must be found and developed. For those of us who will become involved in such work, the following brief analysis of the major problems to be expected may be of help in developing a realistic approach to evaluating and financing such a deposit and selling the product to consumers.

Jan 8, 1962