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Jan 1, 1941

Jan 1, 1940

By Salinger, Herbert

WITH the large amount of metallurgical re- search work now being done and the constant effort of the engineer to effect economies of operation, I think it is a safe prediction that the next few years will see a great change in the handling of mine products. The well-managed mine, with sufficient ore reserves to warrant the necessary plants, will increasingly call upon the metallurgist and chemist for the solution of its problems. Shipping sorted ore or concentrate to the nearest smelter will not be the course followed. From ore to metal, or at least to a product directly salable to the consumer, will be the practice followed. As a consequence, mine managers will be increasingly interested in metal trade problems. By metal trade I mean the buying, selling, shipping, handling, and all the practices, forms and customs that go to make up the trade.

Jan 1, 1928

TEE Institute assembled on Wednesday evening at the Western University, and was called to order by President Raymond. Mr. James Park, Jr., of Pittsburgh, made the address of welcome, which was responded to by President Raymond. The Council reported the following names, with approval, for election : Ashburner, William, . . . . . San Francisco, Cal. Asmus, George, . . . . . . New York. Baillie, Nathaniel, . . . . . Uniontown, Pa. Bowie, A. J., Jr., . . . . . San Francisco, Gal. Brown, A. J., . . . . . . Treasure City, Nev. Butler, J. G., Jr., . . . . . Youngstown, Ohio. Chamberlin, J. G., . . . . . Leetonia, Ohio. Clark, R. Neileon, . . . . . Canyon City, Colorado. Cornell, A. B., . , . . . . Youngstown, Ohio. De Crano, E. C., . . . . . San Francisco, Cal. Engelmann, H., . . . . . . Salt Lake City, Utah. Faber du Faur, A., . , . . . New York. Janin, Louie, Jr., . . . . . San Francisco, Cal. Johnson, George J., . . . . . Salt Lake City, Utah., Kent, Joseph C., . . . . . Phillipsburgh, N. J. Kent, William St. G., . . . . Phillipsburgh, N. J. Liebenau, Charles von, . . . . Silver City, Idaho. McClintock, A. H., . . . . . Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Miller, Thomas N., . . . . . Pittsburgh, Pa. Millholland, James A., , . . . Mount Savage, Md. Peters, Ed. D., Jr., . . . . . Dudley, Colorado. Reese, Jacob, . . . . . . Pittsburgh, Pa. Schirmer, J. F. L., . . . . . Denver, Colorado. Smith, W. S., . . . . . . Fairplay, Colorado. Stoelting, Hermann, . . . . . Georgetown, Colorado. Sweet, W. A., . . . . . . Syracuse, N. Y. Tripple, Alexander, . . . . . New York. Van Arsdale, W. H., . . . . . Swansea, Cal. Willard, Dwight D., . . . . . Bordentown, N. J. The following resolution was then offered and passed : Resolved, That gentlemen present, not members, be invited to take part in the discussions of the Institute at the various sessions of the present meeting.

Energy conservation has been the keyword in many plant expansions. Far many years, most of the phosphate industry has been dry grinding their phosphate rock. Agrico Chemical in Florida has recently been evaluating the wet grinding of phosphate rock, a process which eliminates a pre-dry stage for mill feed while allowing higher through- puts. This same company also plans to open a new phosphate facility in Louisiana that will use wet grinding in both ball mills. The Eveleth Expansion Co.'s Fairlane concentrator will have the largest rod and ball mills in the US mining industry. The plant will consist of three lines, each with one rod mill and one ball mill, and will process 464 ltph. The rod mills will be 15 x 20% ft, drawing 2035 hp. The ball mills will be 17 x 41½ ft, drawing 6900 hp and driven by dual 3000- hp motors. The plant is scheduled for startup in the fall of 1976.

Jan 2, 1975

Jan 1, 1941

By A. B. Kinzel

THE year 1936 has been an eventful one in the iron and steel industry. Renewed industrial activity has brought with it many new problems. These problems have generally involved the question of increasing capacity without sacrifice of economies and quality developed in the less active previous years. The nature of the iron ore used and the effect of its porosity and other physical characteristics on the capacity of the blast furnace has been reviewed by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The whole question of handling raw materials and methods of charging furnaces has been intensively studied, with the result that capacity has been in- creased without affecting the quality of

Jan 1, 1937

The General Electric Co., in cooperation with the Montana School of Mines and under a research grant from the Anaconda Co., is presently experimenting on a new non-explosive method of breaking rock with radio-frequency electrical power. The method is known as electrothermal forcing. It must be understood that present equipment has not been designed to perform primary blasting functions. Its conceived use will be restricted to small pieces of rock too large to pass through a chute or grizzly. However, even this use is still far in the future. Experiments to date have been limited mostly to rock smaller than 18 in.

Jan 11, 1961

By Carl E. Swartz

Although a number of articles appeared during the war advocating the use of cadmium in lead-tin solders, very little information of value can be found in the literature regarding the properties of solders containing cadmium. In most of the published articles the cadmium seems to have been considered merely as a partial substitute for tin in a tin-lead alloy rather than as an essential constituent of a ternary alloy. The primary object of the substitution of cadmium for tin was to lessen the amount of tin required, at a time when the latter was scarce and high-priced, and thus to produce a cheaper solder. While this object was accomplished, the new properties resulting from a change from a binary lead-tin alloy to a ternary lead-tin-cadmium alloy were not given proper consideration in many cases. For the past few years, the American Smelting & Refining Co. has been marketing a very considerable amount of cadmium in the form of lead-tin-cadmium alloys for use as solders for certain special purposes, and the successful use of these solders suggested that if more extensive knowledge were available concerning the properties of lead-tin-cadmium alloys of various compositions their field of usefulness might be materially extended. The investigation described in the present paper was undertaken to obtain this information and, by means of tests under conditions approaching those of practical use, to determine the suitability of cadmium solders for various purposes. Characteristics and Requirements of Solders in General General Physical Properties.—When cast into bars, solder should present a smooth and bright appearance free from oxide inclusions and bubbles. Ductility should be as great as possible without sacrificing tensile strength, and vice versa. Hardness and specific gravity are not of any great importance. Melting Characteristics.—The melting or solidification range is important. This statement applies both to the extent of the range and to the actual temperature at which complete solidification occurs. A rather narrow solidification range is desirable in soft solders in order that solidification may take place quickly. The solder should have high fluidity at temperatures only slightly above its melting range. For a

By R. K. Ham, M. L. Wayman

TD-Nickel has been broken in tension and in fatigue at voom temperature. Rod specimens failed in tension by necking, with axial cracks attributed to voids elongated in the extrusion direction. Fatigue specimens failed in shear. Thin-film electron microscopy showed that the subgrain structure of TD-Nickel was very stable, and that particle-matrix detachment was very difficult, in tension and fatigue. TD-Nickel softened slightly during fatigue but had a high fatigue ratio (0.5at 10' cycles). Fractography suggested that Stage I fatigue crack propagation is greatly extended in TD-Nickel. Td-NICKEL* is a dispersion of 2 pct by volume of thoria (ThO2) in nickel, produced by powder-metallurgical methods including compaction, sintering, and extrusion. The spherical thoria particles, which may have a mean diameter of a few hundred angstroms, are dispersed with a mean planar spacing of a few thousand angstroms. By a combination of cold working and annealing, a subgrain or cell structure of dislocations intimately associated with the dispersion can be produced.' This gives the material useful tensile properties which are extremely resistant to exposure to high temperatures.'-= At the same time, the material shows considerable ductility.3'4 At the beginning of the present work, it was considered of great interest to investigate the mechanical stability of TD-Nickel under conditions of fatigue. On the one hand, materials which derive strength from a cold-worked structure are unstable in that they are susceptible to fatigue softening: in addition, the presence of discontinuities such as the particle-matrix interfaces might be expected to assist in the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks, in that they may provide local concentrations of internal stress and sites for the initiation of voids." On the other hand, the substantial ductility of TD-Nickel suggests that if it obeys Coffin's relation8 (or the more refined form proposed by Manson9) it should have good fatigue resistance. The initial purpose of this investigation was to assess the importance of these factors. Also, relatively little fundamental work has been done on the mechanism of fatigue in dispersion-strengthened materials. Work on overaged A1-4 pct CU10-12 revealed a very large Bauschinger effect indicative of internal stresses at the particles, and very great fatigue hardening1' presumably due to the multiple slip stimulated by these internal stresses, followed by softening which was initially due to softening in the matrix, but later might have arisen from cracking at the particle-matrix interfaces. The study of overaged Al-4 pct Cu could not settle this latter point by the electron microscopy of thin films, since the dispersion is too coarse. A previous study of the fatigue of internally oxidized copper13 was complicated by inter granular failure, attributed to oxide particles at grain bouhdaries; internal oxidation of single crystals, however, improved their fatigue properties.'3 Investigations of SAP (sintered aluminum powder) are complicated by the complex particle shapes, and the possibility of continuous internal oxide films.14 It was hoped to avoid these difficulties with TD-Nickel, which had the further advantages that it was commercially available and suitable for study by the thin-film technique. 1) MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE TD-Nickel was purchased from the Driver-Harris Co. as 3/9-in.-diam rod which had been extruded, swaged, and "stress-relieved" (normally at 1010°C for 1 hr). Continuous-radius fatigue specimens with a minimum diameter of -0.1 in. were ground to shape and electropolished in 40 pct phosphoric, 35 pct sul-furic, 25 pct water at 25oC, with a stainless-steel cathode, at -6 v. Fatigue tests were carried out at room temperature with a Sonntag SF-1-U machine operating in push-pull at 1800 cycles per min, and in an Instron TT-C-L modified for reversed stressing at 26 cycles per min as described elsewhere.10 Round tensile specimens were ground with 0.85-in. gage lengths of 0.135 in, diam, electropolished, and tested in a Tinius Olsen hydraulic machine. The surfaces of fatigue specimens were examined with a Reichert metallograph. Discs for electron microscopy with a Siemens Elmiskop I were spark-cut 0.01 in. thick with a modified Servomet 11 employing a tool of moving molybdenum wire, cleaned in 50 pct acetic, 30 pct nitric, 10 pct phosphoric, and 10pctsul-furic at 85oC, and thinned by the window method in the electropolishing solution at -20°C and -6 v. Two-stage replicas (parlodion, then Pt-50 pct C self-shadowed at 40 deg) were taken from fatigue fracture surfaces for electron microscopy. Plane sections parallel to the specimen axis and containing the direction of fatigue crack propagation were polished, etched with Carapella's reagent, and examined optically. Transmission Laue X-ray photographs of as-received material electropolished to a point were used to determine preferred orientation. 2) RESULTS 2.1) The Structure of As-Received Material. Grains -1 µ diam and elongated 20 to 30 u in the direction of the rod axis were observed, With' elongated "intergran-ular" voids (-4 p diam and -90 µ long and identified as such using longitudinal and transverse sections and

Jan 1, 1968

GENTLEMEN : Herewith are submitted reports for the calendar year 1933 of your Treasurer and the Chairmen of the following standing committees: Finance, Admissions, Membership, Papers and Publications, Library, and MINING AND METALLURGY. TO these reports you are referred for additional details of the year's activity. Finances.-Income for 1933 from all sources totaled $121,690 com- pared with $138,331 in 1932. Incidentally, this exceeded the income as estimated in the budget by $7,190; the largest item being a "surplus" of $3,316 over the budget expectancy as to member dues. As compared with 1932 the most important items of shrinkage in income were $9,000 from dues and initiation fees; $5,500 from the magazine, MINING AND METALLURGY; and $2,500 from sales of publications other than the magazine.

Jan 1, 1934

By F. L. Grammer

THE analyses given in Table I. were made several years ado at my request at a plant using Lake ores. The, are of two furnaces, one making basic, the other Bessemer pig-they gave 6 casts each in 24 hr., also two flushes of cinder between each cast. They- are offered simply for the sake of reference as, so far as I know, it is unusual to find so frequent fall analyses made and none are on record. The variations iii manganese-content in the first and second flushes on the basic furnace are interesting, if no more than a freak-the first flash being invariably higher in manganese. The iron-content of the two slugs from an. average of 12 flushes shows: Basic. Bessemer. Per Cent. Per Cent. Total iron 2.55 1.70 Combined iron 0.72 0.52 Free iron 2.13 7.15

Jan 3, 1913

By Willard P. Ward

Having been engaged during the past year in the manufacture of ferro-manganese in a blast furnace, I have imagined that some further information on this subject might be of interest to that large number of members of the Institute who are engaged in the iron and steel industries. The great question of the economical production of good steel, ingot metal, or homogeneous iron (we scarcely know now what to call it) from good materials, and at reasonable prices, has, thanks to the intelligence and energy of a few American engineers, been successfully solved in this country. Nearly all first-class railroads, and many that would not rank so high, have adopted the Bessemer rail. Martin boiler-plates are rapidly gaining ground, in competition with

By T. D. Yensen

Discussion of the paper of T. D. YENSEN, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 110, February, 1916, pp. 483 to 512. JOHN A. MATHEWS, Syracuse, N. Y.-Concerning the critical composition of the steel containing 2.50 per cent. of silicon, I may say that 12 or 13 years ago we made some of these alloys. They. were not as pure as the alloys made by Mr. Yensen, nor were they melted in vacuo, but one of them contained exactly 2.50 per cent. silicon, and about 0.25 per cent. carbon. It gave us no trouble whatever in hammering to a billet or rolling into bars, nor even when rolling into ¼ -in. wire rods. The steel in question was practically free from everything except carbon or silicon and contained no manganese sulphur or phosphorus worth mention. The alloy containing 2.50 per cent. of silicon worked perfectly well, as well as one containing 0.5 per cent. silicon, and it seems to me that further work should be done by Mr. Yensen on the physical properties of alloys at this seemingly critical change point. W. E. -RUDER, Schenectady, N. Y.-We -have made silicon steels of practically every composition and have never obtained any material under 5 or 6 per cent. of silicon which was brittle. This may be due, of course, to the presence of carbon, in some of the 'commercial materials, and I presume that Mr. Yensen would argue that the: presence of this carbon might prevent inter-granular brittleness. However, all of our silicon steels, up to 5 per cent. of silicon, by treatment in hydrogen at temperatures near the melting point, can be made to show inter-granular brittleness. Furthermore, the material made brittle in this way could be restored by treating at the same temperature in hydrogen containing a hydrocarbon vapor. I discussed this matter some years ago in a paper on inter-granular cement. It therefore appears likely to me that Mr.

Jan 5, 1916

By H. O. Hofman

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, In deternlining experimentally the fusibility of clays, two kinds of methods may be distinguished—the direct and the indirect. Of the direct methods, that of Seger has found

Jan 1, 1899

By L. A. Morley, W. T. Parry

Laboratory prepared clay-quartz sand samples and fault gouge from an open pit slope undergoing plane-type failure were tested in the laboratory to determine potential mining applications of electroosmotic stabilization and to provide a better understanding of electrochemical hardening. Experiments with very low current densities and free access of electrolytes to both anode and cathode showed an increase in cohesion. Cohesion in a fault gouge increased by 9.3 to 113%, depending on location with respect to the electrodes. For this, power consumption was equivalent to 0.727 watt-hr per cu ft (25.69 watt-hr per cu m). Regions of electrochemical hardening were determined by pH and the anolyte used. Electroosmotic stabilization appears as a reasonable solution to some types of mining problems.

Jan 1, 1975

By Martin F. Milligan

THIS short discussion of the effects of deoxidation on the mechanical properties of cast steels is intended to serve as general introduction to the subject of this afternoon's session. The subject is covered in detail in Mr. Carter's excellent paper. My material has been collected from the works of various investigators, several of whom are present today. For a definition of deoxidation, as applied to steel-furnace melting practice, we can best go to Briggs' book, "The Metallurgy of Steel Castings." Briggs says that deoxidation "includes all the phenomena in the final preparation of steel that would permit it to solidify free from gas cavities and from dissolved oxygen of all kinds." Various practices are used by welters to produce these end results.

Jan 1, 1947

By L. E. PORTNER

INCREASING military demands on the petroleum industry have brought into bold relief the crude-oil reserves now available to meet combined military and civilian demands, emphasizing the necessity for a greater efficiency in recovery from what has been discovered than ever before, particularly in light of the absence of new discoveries. This situation-and the fact that the industry, as well as members of the Government charged with governing oil production, desire to meet all crude-oil demands made of the industry with the least loss in tangible reserves through production practices-paves the way for increasing application of sound principles of production engineering and conservation.

Jan 1, 1944

By Basil B. Zavoico

The World War I1 spread to Russia on June 22, 1941, when the German Armies began their invasion. The Soviet industries, which were already engaged in a tremendous armament program, further accelerated the flow of munitions, and equipment and supplies for all purposes not directly military were either entirely eliminated or reduced to an absolute minimum. With the occupation by German armies of the Dniepr and Kharkov industrial regions, this trend was necessarily further accentuated. The oil industry of Russia, in consequence, was left to rely more and more upon itself, its own very limited manufacturing facilities, extensive repair shops and probably much used equipment out of order stacked in the warehouses. All evidence available to date points to the fact that the new situation not only did not affect the production either quantitatively or qualitatively, but, on the contrary, caused a larger flow of much needed fuels to the country's war machine, primarily by renaissance of both management and labor. The oil industry of the Soviet Union, left to depend entirely upon itself for equip ment and supplies, and even for new workers and technicians to replace those called into the services, did and is still doing a good and effective job. Since it could not hope for new equipment and parts and could not blame any other industry for the delays in delivery, it dragged out old machines from storage and repaired them in its own machine shops. Often such stored and used equipment was but slightly defective, waiting for some small part from factories in Central Russia, plants that now were either in German hands or entirely converted to the manufacture of munitions. More particularly, instead of the pipe that could not be taken to the Caucasus from Central Russia, casing reclaimed from abandoned or submarginal wells was used, or pipe from the abandoned or but slightly used pipe lines; and this practice is being continued even now on a large scale, to create an ample reserve for the duration of the conflict. Indirectly such a development was even an improvement on pre-war days, when many wells about to be completed had to wait for weeks, even months, for the arrival of new pipe, all blame then being placed outside of the industry on the factories in Central Russia. For the purpose of reclaiming equipment and pipe still usable, special crews were organized. The war also caused much quicker adaptation of certain American practices and introduction of many emergency measures, such as: removal of derricks upon completion of wells and the use of drilling equipment mounted on skids for rapid transfer from location to location—both of these practices, while standard in the U.S.A., being new in Russia; installation of simplified surface pumping units; substitution of wooden bearings in the surface pump equipment; completion of wells in the Ural-Volga district, where formations are hard and tight throughout the sedimentary column, without either casing or

Jan 1, 1942

By Basil B. Zavoico

The World War I1 spread to Russia on June 22, 1941, when the German Armies began their invasion. The Soviet industries, which were already engaged in a tremendous armament program, further accelerated the flow of munitions, and equipment and supplies for all purposes not directly military were either entirely eliminated or reduced to an absolute minimum. With the occupation by German armies of the Dniepr and Kharkov industrial regions, this trend was necessarily further accentuated. The oil industry of Russia, in consequence, was left to rely more and more upon itself, its own very limited manufacturing facilities, extensive repair shops and probably much used equipment out of order stacked in the warehouses. All evidence available to date points to the fact that the new situation not only did not affect the production either quantitatively or qualitatively, but, on the contrary, caused a larger flow of much needed fuels to the country's war machine, primarily by renaissance of both management and labor. The oil industry of the Soviet Union, left to depend entirely upon itself for equip ment and supplies, and even for new workers and technicians to replace those called into the services, did and is still doing a good and effective job. Since it could not hope for new equipment and parts and could not blame any other industry for the delays in delivery, it dragged out old machines from storage and repaired them in its own machine shops. Often such stored and used equipment was but slightly defective, waiting for some small part from factories in Central Russia, plants that now were either in German hands or entirely converted to the manufacture of munitions. More particularly, instead of the pipe that could not be taken to the Caucasus from Central Russia, casing reclaimed from abandoned or submarginal wells was used, or pipe from the abandoned or but slightly used pipe lines; and this practice is being continued even now on a large scale, to create an ample reserve for the duration of the conflict. Indirectly such a development was even an improvement on pre-war days, when many wells about to be completed had to wait for weeks, even months, for the arrival of new pipe, all blame then being placed outside of the industry on the factories in Central Russia. For the purpose of reclaiming equipment and pipe still usable, special crews were organized. The war also caused much quicker adaptation of certain American practices and introduction of many emergency measures, such as: removal of derricks upon completion of wells and the use of drilling equipment mounted on skids for rapid transfer from location to location—both of these practices, while standard in the U.S.A., being new in Russia; installation of simplified surface pumping units; substitution of wooden bearings in the surface pump equipment; completion of wells in the Ural-Volga district, where formations are hard and tight throughout the sedimentary column, without either casing or

Jan 1, 1942