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By W. F. Stowasser

A downdraft traveling grate process to agglomerate pelletized iron ore concentrates has been successfully demonstrated in a pilot plant at Carrollville, Wis. Work there followed several years of development in the Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co. laboratories, and the pilot plant phase was carried out in co-operation with Arthur G. McKee & Co., consultants and engineers to the iron and steel industry. End result of the process is conversion of iron ore concentrates into a form which can easily be transported and smelted in the blast furnace.

Jan 5, 1955

THE education of adolescents to perform the duties and assume the responsibilities of maturity has been a characteristic of human society since the dawn of history. In the beginning the members of the immediate family performed this function, and in modern life they still have an important part in it. Possibly religion was the first field in which education began to be functional; young people were sent for instruction to a teacher who had a broader and deeper knowledge of the subject than was possessed by the family. It does not seem necessary for our purpose to attempt to determine how, when, or where instruction in the practical arts first began to become functional, and the brief outline which follows must suffice. The discovery and utilization of mineral substances to improve and maintain the conditions of human living is a practical art, which must have had an almost accidental origin and have been developed by empirical experiments. We do not know, nor would it be useful to try to fancy, how men first learned that they could make use of mineral substances to their benefit, but however that knowledge was initially gained it was certainly trans- mitted through instruction in the family. At fist such activities must have been merely a minor part of the making of a living, bit in time those who excelled found it better to devote them-

Jan 1, 1941

By E. M. MacKevett

The only source of uranium ore in Alaska that has been mined commercially is the Ross-Adams de- posit, a gently inclined, fusiform orebody in alkali granite in which uranothorite and uranoan thorianlte are the chief ore minerals. In mode of occurrence, apparent genetic association with the granite, and to a lesser extent in mineralogy, this type of deposit is uncommon. The mine is in the southern part of Prince of Wales Island (Fig. 1) at an altitude of about 950 ft on the southeast flank of Bokan Mountain. A steep unpaved road 1 ¾ miles long leads to the dock on the West Arm of Kendrick Bay, which can be reached by boat or seaplane from Ketchikan, some 35 miles to the northeast.

Jan 9, 1959

By J. W. Dougherty, J. M. Douglas

THE Hollinger gold mine is in the Porcupine mining division, District of Cochrane, in the northern part of the Province of Ontario. The adjacent town of Timmins, with a population of 25,119, lies 490 miles by railway north of the city of Toronto. GEOLOGY The property is situated on the northwest limb of a major syncline, which pitches northeast at approximately 50°. The principal rocks of the Hollinger area are of pre-Cambrian age and consist of altered, schistose, Keewatin lava flows intruded by stocks of schistose, quartzfeldspar porphyry generally assigned to the Algoman period. The structure of the Keewatin series is extremely complex as a result of close folding and some faulting. The schistosity, trending north 70° east and dipping steeply to the southeast, is most highly developed along a subsidiary anticline in which the major porphyry bodies occur. The ore bodies, which exhibit three principal structures, consist of quartz veins and associated pyritized wall rock. Some lodes are composed of en echelon veins, others exhibit a main quartz body with branching stringers and a third consists of a single definite lead. Gold, in a coarse visible form, may be confined to quartz in some ore bodies but in others it is finely divided and is found not only in quartz but also associated with pyrite in the adjacent wall rock. In many veins the distribution of gold is such that there are several ore sections, separated by areas of low-grade material, in the same vein although its physical appearance remains unchanged. The veins form a very complex pattern in an ore zone which in places attains a length of 6000 ft. and a width of 4000 ft. They are most abundant in the Keewatin lavas in the neighborhood of the porphyry bodies. Few of the veins are persistent for long distances, though some

Jan 1, 1940

By John Norton

THE tremendous increase in the use of metals that have been prepared by the various cold-working processes during recent years has greatly stimulated the investigation of problems concerned with the fundamental nature of these processes. It has been observed in practice that different methods of bringing about the same dimension changes in a sample result in a rather wide range of properties. Cold working reduces the ductility of a metal, or what is perhaps more nearly correct, its "working capacity," and naturally the manufacturer wishes to produce an article that has as large a working capacity as possible, and to produce it with the smallest number of operations, It has also been known for some time that cold deformation produces a parallel alignment of the crystal grains of a metal, and that the type of this preferred orientation depends to some extent at least upon particular processes employed in the deformation. The present investigation has for its purpose the study of the relations between the various factors of a cold-working process and the preferred orientation of the metal crystals resulting from this deformation. The work is chiefly confined to a study of cold-drawn seamless tubing.

Jan 1, 1932

By Samuel B. Christy

" The man is always greater than his work." The training of the men who are to develop the mineral resources of the world is the most important problem connected with mining engineering. It becomes ever more important to civilization as the mineral wealth of the earth approaches exhaustion. I have therefore decided to consider a few of the more important problems arising in the training of the mining engineer, and especially those arising in America. , The Peculiar Nature of Mineral Wealth. Mining and Agriculture are the two fundamental arts. Without the latter our existence would be precarious; without the former, our civilization impossible. Agriculture furnishes that regular supply of food and raiment which leads to the growth of large communities in which cultivated leisure first becomes possible; while mining furnishes the metallic thread from which is woven that complex fabric we call civilization. But in these two arts the conditions for success are widely different. Most of the crops that the farmer reaps may be harvested year after year, and the proper fertilizers being added, he may continue the annual harvest indefinitely, while, as a result of cultivation, his farm becomes yearly more valuable. But the crop the miner reaps can be harvested but once in the history of the race. Our mineral wealth has taken unknown ages to mature in the bosom of the earth. The ripened fruit can be plucked but once. There are no fertilizers for worked-out mines. It never pays to work over a mine that has been

Jan 1, 1906

Jan 1, 1879

By Elmer A. Jones

Development work in mines of St. Joseph Lead Co., Southeast Missouri, using trackless loading equipment shows definite advantages: Speed of cleaning, ability to work on steep grades and sharp crosscuts, good later tracking conditions, and possibility of wasting rock in old abandoned stopes.

Jan 6, 1950

By J. Richard Kyle

Lead-zinc ore bodies in the upper part of the Pine Point carbonate barrier complex are localized in paled-solution structures that developed as the result of post-middle Givetian subaerial exposure. Detritus-filled dolines host prismatic ore bodies, and macropores and stratabound permeable zones contain tabular ore bodies. Sulfides are concentrated in these transgressive paleosolution structures that acted as natural bypasses between aquifers and loci for mixing of fluids of different character. Complex ore textures indicate rapid early sulfide precipitation followed by slower sulfide growth. Evidence for both sulfide-carbonate equilibrium and disequilibrium conditions suggest fluctuations in ore fluid composition, perhaps related to periodic supply of reduced sulfur. District and ore body metal distribution pattern may reflect the nature and movement of mineralizing fluids.

Jan 1, 1981

By Bernard H. Coyle, Robert N. Anderson, Judith A. Koperski

Between 6 and 8 million cars are shredded annually in the U.S. This shredded material is magnetically separated leaving a mixture of nonmetallics and nonferrous metals which can be further separated into its metallic and nonmetallic constituents. The metallic portion is a mixture of metalr; and alloys containing predominately zinc, and some aluminum, copper, and residual iron. Hydrometallurgical strategies are proposed for recovering the aluminum, copper, and zinc. The thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of the most promising alternatives to separation are discussed.

Jan 1, 1978

A. R. Ledoux,New York City: The so-called combination method " is generally used in assaying bar copper for silver. It has been modified from time to time. Briefly outlined

Jan 1, 1901

Mining headlines in 1952 dealt mainly with expansion as the industry aimed for an ever increasing production to meet the nation's needs. Huge sums were expended for equipment, research, and development. Headlines told part of the story. Negotiations between San Manuel Copper Co. and the RFC finally resolved in a $94 million loan for the development of low grade Arizona ores. Magma Copper, parent firm was to supply an additional 8 million. Kennecott Copper Co., deepening its Deep Ruth Shaft of its Ruth, Neyy mine, announced that the shaft would be in full production in 1953.

Jan 2, 1953

By K. P. Gupta, P. A. Beck, N. S. Rajan

By determining the a phase boundaries in the following ternary systems: V-Fe-Si (at 1175oC), V-Co-Si (at 1175°C), V-Ni-Si (at 1175oC), Cr-Mn-Si (at 1000°C), Cr-Co-Si (at 1175°C), Cr-Ni-Si (at 1175°C), V-Fe-A1 (at 1175°C) and Cr-Co-A1 (at 1175°C), it was found that Si exerts a stabilizing effect on these a phases, while A1 tends to destabilize them. Si atoms in solid solution occupy sites D in the a structure, The co/ao ratio increases with increasing Si-, Mn- or Fe-content. The volume of the unit cell decreases with increasing Si-content. THE stabilization of certain metal silicides (the Nowotny phases) by the addition of relatively small

Jan 1, 1961

I. PRESIDING OFFICERS. At all Business meetings of the Institute the President, or, in his absence, the Vice-President, or, in the absence of both of them, any other member of the Board of Directors to be chosen by the meeting, shall preside. At all other meetings of the Institute the President of the Council or, in his absence, one of the Vice-Presidents, if present, shall preside II. ORDER OF BUSINESS. At each Business meeting of the Institute the order of business shall be as follows 1. Reading of minutes of preceding meeting. 2 Report of the President. 3. Report of the Treasurer. 4. Report of the Secretary. 5. Election of Directors. 6. Election of Members of the Council. 7. Reports of Standing Committees. 8. Reports of Special Committees. 9. Special Orders 10. Miscellaneous business. This order of business may be changed by a vote of a majority of the Members and Associates present in person or by proxy. The usual parliamentary rules shall govern all meetings of the Institute except in cases otherwise provided by the Constitution or the By-Laws. At all sessions of the Institute other than business meetings, the order of proceedings and the time of adjournment, shall rest in the discretion of the presiding officer

Jan 1, 1923

By W. E. Forsythe

WHEN measuring ordinary temperatures, the instrument is generally placed in very close contact with the body the temperature of which is desired. However, if the temperature of the source is continually raised, a point is soon reached where no known substance will, in general, remain constant in any of its temperature-measuring properties if placed in direct contact with the source. Also, it is occasionally necessary to measure the temperature of a source that 'is so small or so situated that it would be very hard to bring the measuring instrument into direct contact with the source. When these conditions exist, advantage is taken of the well-known fact that all bodies, when at sufficiently high temperatures, send out radiation in amounts readily measurable. This radiation has been found to be related to the temperature. The temperatures of very hot bodies have probably always been judged by the color, or the brightness, of the light given off. With practice, one can estimate probably within 50° to 100° C. of the correct value. However, if judgment is left to the eye alone, very much larger errors are sometimes made, due to

Jan 9, 1919

By Reinhardt Thiessen

IN THE general study of coal, all evidence points in the one direction -that coals had their origin in a manner analogous to that of peat. The best method of studying coal, whether it concerns its chemistry, composition, or physical condition, is to study peat. The essentials in a study of peat are a knowledge of the chemistry of plants, knowledge of decay and of the transformation process of plant-substances into peat. A number of facts must be emphasized, namely, (1) peat is formed under wet conditions only; (2) plants grow in the place where peat is formed; (3) all the plant substances go into the bog; and (4) all the plant substances are subjected to a series of phases of decay which are (a) in the air completely above the water level but in relatively moist conditions; (b) above the water level, but covered by debris; and (c) completely submerged by both water and debris.

Jan 3, 1925

By Cyril Smith

ISOLATED alloys of copper and silicon were prepared and examined by chemical methods more than one hundred years ago, but it was not until the work of Rudolfi1 that the equilibrium relations. were studied. The early history of the alloys was well described by Baraduc-Muller2 PERCENT SILICON-BY WEIGHT FIG. 1.-COPPER-SILICON EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM ACCORDING TO RUDOLFI (1907). and need not be further discussed here. The diagram of Rudolfi, based entirely on thermal observations, showed silicon to be soluble in copper up to 4.5 per cent. at 849° C., at which temperature there was a peritectic horizontal resulting from the formation of a 0 phase with about 7.4 per cent. silicon from a and liquid with 7.85 per cent. silicon. The ß phase was believed to form a eutectic with Cu3Si at 820° C. and 9.8 per

Jan 1, 1928

By ROY BERENTZ

MANUFACTURE is the transformation of material by the application of energy and power. The energy of a man exerted throughout a day is equivalent to about one horsepower-hour of mechanical work an amount which can be purchased for less than 2c. It is evident that manual labor is uneconomical if mechanical energy can be applied effectively, or without disproportionate expense. Since manual energy is relatively so costly, economy demands that mechanical power be employed so as to reduce the human effort connected with mining operations to a minimum. Power, like other commodities, is most efficiently produced in large quantities. Mechanical transmission, once prevailing, is being rapidly superseded by electric drive. There are many reasons for this change; such as increased production, ease and accuracy of control, convenient application, ease of moving, etc.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. N. Wolcott

AMONG the many cases of replacement of one mineral by another, that of quartz or silicates by pyrite, or even other sulphides, is not uncommon, but the reverse of this process does not appear to have been recorded, even if it has been observed. It, therefore, seemed to the writer that the case described below was worthy of record. FIG. I.-GROUND MASS OF CHALCOPYRITE (C) CONTAINING ROUNDED GRAINS OF PYRITE (P) SHOWING DIFFERENT DEGREES OF REPLACEMENT BY QUARTZ (Q), AND ALSO QUARTZ VEINLETS CUTTING THROUGH THE PYRITE. (PHOTOGRAPHED BY REFLECTED LIGHT.) The specimens described in this paper were obtained by R. B. Morton of Idaho Springs, Colo., from the Old Town Mine, in Russell Gulch, and are in the collection of Cornell University, where the writer studied them. In the rough, the specimens appeared to consist largely of chalcopy- rite, with some grains of tetrahedrite. The polished surface of some of

Jan 6, 1917

By H. S. Drinker

THE first discovery of zinc 011 the property now worked by this company was made by the celebrated mineralogist, Prof. William Theodore Rapper, in 1845. Different claimants kept the property in continual litigation till 1861, when everything was satisfactorily settled by the purchase of the land by the company, who have worked it ever since. The mines are situated in a valley, four miles south of Bethlehem, Pa., in Lehigh County. The valley is from two to three miles broad, and is bounded 011 the north and south by syenitic hills. Syenite underlies the valley, and upon this is deposited the Potsdam sandstone, then a layer of slate, and, finally, a dolomitic limestone, belonging to the Chazy or Black River formation, in which the zinc deposits are inclosed. The rocks occur in folds, and have evidently been subjected to tremendous pressure from below, the zinc deposit being found in an anticlinal axis, in nearly vertical veins. I t is supposed that the zinc was originally disseminated through the