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By Dozier Fircley

SOME nonmetallic minerals and their products, such as portland cement, common brick and hollow tile, sand, gravel, crushed rock, vitrified salt-glaze clay pipe, and the like, are a necessity in every community. They are mineral in nature but the establishment of plants for their production is usually a local and elementary problem. Yet it is probable that an economic study of the problem in every locality will show that such nonmetallic mineral commodities are not always obtained in the most economical way, or in the best quality. Other nonmetallic minerals are of such value that they may be shipped for long distances and sold in sufficient quantities to establish prosperous commercial ventures. Among these are phosphates, barium compounds, borates, nitrogen compounds, magnesium compounds, sulfur, asbestos, and potash. Success in marketing such products depends on quality, production cost, transportation, and similar conditions.

Jan 1, 1932

THOSE NOT MARKED ARE MEMBERS; MARKED THUS t ARE ASSOCIATES. HEAVY-FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP. JUNIOR MEMBERS ARE MARKED II. THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION. AARONS, J. BOYD, Genl. Mgr., Chaffers G. M. Co., Boulder City, West. Australia. '05 ABADIE, EMILE R., Min. Engr Box 291, Porterville, Tulare Co., Cal. '76 ABBOTT, CLARENCE E., Genl. Supt., Iron Mines Div., 1405 Minnesota Ave., Bessemer, Ala. '04 ABBOTT, J. W., Min. Engr., "St. Omer," 123 N. Grand Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. '94 ABBOTT, Louis BENJAMIN, Chief Engr., Consolidation Coal Co., Elkhorn Div., Jenkins, Ky. '15 ABBOTT, ROBERT R., Met. Engr., Peerless Motor Car Co., Cleveland, Ohio. '12 ABE, ASAKA Yamagano G. M., Satsuma-Gori, Satsuma, Japan. '14 || ABRAHAMS, A. I., Student 1391 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. '14 tACKER, E. O'C., Met Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. '86 ACKER, Louis K., JR., Min. Engr 565 Highland Place, Bellevue, Pa. '08

Jan 1, 1917

A comprehensive, systematically structured mineral evaluation system is a prime requirement for objectively assessing mineral supply impacts on the economy. The Minerals Availability System developed by the US Bureau of Mines is a step in the right direction-a well-organized unraveling of the mineral supply network, structured in format to allow quick retrieval for rapid listing, supply analysis, and other uses.

Jan 9, 1977

By Harlowe Hardinge, R. C. Ferguson

Laboratory and plant data covering 12 different operations show that lower than "standard" ball mill speeds increase grinding efficiency. In the case of high pulp-level mills, the gain is so great that the increase in capital cost of the larger lower speed mill will pay for itself in less than a year's time.

Jan 1, 1950

By DR. RICHARD RATHBUN

(Washington Meeting, May, 1965.) THE remarks of Dr. Rathbun in his address of welcome render it unnecessary that I dwell either upon the history or aims of the National Museum, and enable me to proceed at once with a brief descriptive outline of the Department for which I am responsible, and this with particular reference to that division devoted to applied geology. The amount of geological material brought together prior to 1876, under the various Congressional acts quoted, was, though valuable, comparatively small. It consisted mainly of the collections made by Professor J. D. Dana and his assistants during the Wilkes Exploring Expedition; by the various geologists accompanying the surveys of the Pacific railroads in 1854-55; the Surveys West of the 100th Meridian under the direction of the Engineering Corps of the Army; the United States geological surveys under direction of Dr. F. V. Hayden ; and the various Land Office surveys. Prior to 1873 there were no paid assistants to care for these collections. They were studied, if studied at all, by " collabrators," so-called, several of whom had offices and even sleeping apartments in the Smithsonian Institution. In the list of these collaborators are found such names as Conrad, Cope, Gabb, Leidy, Lesquereux, Meek, and Newberry. The building now occupied by the National Museum was designed primarily to make room for the great mass of material secured in 1876 at the close of the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. As completed in 1880, it afforded opportunity for expansion and incidental organization on much more practical basis than had previously existed. This found expression in the creation of numerous departments with salaried officials to take charge of the various collections. With the appointment of Dr. George W. Hawes to the position of Curator of Geology and Mineralogy, in 1881, and Dr.

Jul 1, 1905

By H. M. Morse

This report covers the period from Jan. I, 1943 to Dec. 31, 1943. During the year, II2 wells were drilled in Mississippi, as foilows: wildcats drilled and abandoned, 54; wildcats producing oil, 4; oil wells drilled in oil fields, 26; oil wells drilled in fields, dry and abandoned, 10; sulphur-test wells drilled, 14; salt-water-disposal wells, 3; core tests, I. Prospecting Geophysical work in Mississippi during 1943 amounted to 1127 crew weeks, divided as follows: reflection seismograph, 809 weeks; gravity meter, 285; magnotometer, 30; torsion balance, 3. A considerable amount of core drilling was done over a large part of the state. The complete data on this activity are not available at the present time. Salt Domes To date, the following salt domes have been discovered in Mississippi: Midway, Edwards, Glass, Newman, Tatum, Oak-vale, Kings, Halifax, D'Lo, Hazlehurst, Byrd, Leedo, Prentiss, Carson, Moselle, Monticello, Ruth, Keno, Taylorsville. New Oil Fields Lincoln County.—On March 10, 1943, the California Company completed its Smith No. I in sec. 4, T. 7 N., R. 7 E., Lincoln County, as an oil well and produced 29 bbl. of 25" gravity oil in 24 hr. through a fi-in. choke. Two outpost wells have been drilled in this area by the California Company, and both have been abandoned as dry holes. Madison County. —Love Petroleum Co. completed its J. R. Anderson No. 2, sec. 2, T. 8 N., R. I W., Madison County, on Sept. 7, 1943. This well produced 135 bbl. of approximately 30" gravity- oil in 24 hr. through a )/4-in. choke. The production comes from a sand or porosity in the upper part of the Chalk formation of the Cretaceous age. Adams County.—The California Company drilled its National Gasoline Co. of Louisiana No. I in sec. 52, T. 7 N., R. I W., to a total depth of 10,383 ft., and at 10,280 ft, it perforated and obtained gas and a condensate. The well had several showings in the Wilcox of the Eocene age. Several of these showings were tested and the well finally was completed at 5888 ft. on Oct. 6, 1943, producing 44" gravity oil in the second sand in this formation. No other wells were completed in this field during the year. However, a number of wells are contemplated in the near future, and locations have been staked by the California Company. The Oklahoma Pipe Line Co. will market the oil through its pipe-line facilities. Wayne County.—The Gulf Refining Co. drilled Davis No. I in sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 9 W. in Wayne County. After several stem tests 545'-in. casing was set at 6850 ft. and production was obtained in the so-called Massive Sand of the Lower Tuscaloosa. The well produced 359 bbl. of oil in 24 hr., and it Was completed on Oct. 4, 1943. Other locations have been staked ill this area and probably will be drilled in 1944 by

Jan 1, 1944

By H. M. Morse

This report covers the period from Jan. I, 1943 to Dec. 31, 1943. During the year, II2 wells were drilled in Mississippi, as foilows: wildcats drilled and abandoned, 54; wildcats producing oil, 4; oil wells drilled in oil fields, 26; oil wells drilled in fields, dry and abandoned, 10; sulphur-test wells drilled, 14; salt-water-disposal wells, 3; core tests, I. Prospecting Geophysical work in Mississippi during 1943 amounted to 1127 crew weeks, divided as follows: reflection seismograph, 809 weeks; gravity meter, 285; magnotometer, 30; torsion balance, 3. A considerable amount of core drilling was done over a large part of the state. The complete data on this activity are not available at the present time. Salt Domes To date, the following salt domes have been discovered in Mississippi: Midway, Edwards, Glass, Newman, Tatum, Oak-vale, Kings, Halifax, D'Lo, Hazlehurst, Byrd, Leedo, Prentiss, Carson, Moselle, Monticello, Ruth, Keno, Taylorsville. New Oil Fields Lincoln County.—On March 10, 1943, the California Company completed its Smith No. I in sec. 4, T. 7 N., R. 7 E., Lincoln County, as an oil well and produced 29 bbl. of 25" gravity oil in 24 hr. through a fi-in. choke. Two outpost wells have been drilled in this area by the California Company, and both have been abandoned as dry holes. Madison County. —Love Petroleum Co. completed its J. R. Anderson No. 2, sec. 2, T. 8 N., R. I W., Madison County, on Sept. 7, 1943. This well produced 135 bbl. of approximately 30" gravity- oil in 24 hr. through a )/4-in. choke. The production comes from a sand or porosity in the upper part of the Chalk formation of the Cretaceous age. Adams County.—The California Company drilled its National Gasoline Co. of Louisiana No. I in sec. 52, T. 7 N., R. I W., to a total depth of 10,383 ft., and at 10,280 ft, it perforated and obtained gas and a condensate. The well had several showings in the Wilcox of the Eocene age. Several of these showings were tested and the well finally was completed at 5888 ft. on Oct. 6, 1943, producing 44" gravity oil in the second sand in this formation. No other wells were completed in this field during the year. However, a number of wells are contemplated in the near future, and locations have been staked by the California Company. The Oklahoma Pipe Line Co. will market the oil through its pipe-line facilities. Wayne County.—The Gulf Refining Co. drilled Davis No. I in sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 9 W. in Wayne County. After several stem tests 545'-in. casing was set at 6850 ft. and production was obtained in the so-called Massive Sand of the Lower Tuscaloosa. The well produced 359 bbl. of oil in 24 hr., and it Was completed on Oct. 4, 1943. Other locations have been staked ill this area and probably will be drilled in 1944 by

Jan 1, 1944

By Philip M. McKenna

WHEN a new material becomes available to industry, it is useful to describe its properties as a guide to its most effective application; and when the new material may be produced in compositions having a series of graded properties, tests to select the combination of properties best adapted for various uses are helpful. The class of materials to be considered in this paper are hard tool materials produced by processes of powder metallurgy from hard carbide constituents and various matrices of iron, nickel or cobalt, or alloys of them with tungsten, or tungsten and carbon. The customary use of carbide hard alloys is for metal-cutting tools; although wire-drawing dies, lathe centers, follow rests, grinding rests, burnishers, rolls, extrusion dies, measuring gauges and micrometers, and a number of other tools are also made with these hard alloys as the essential wear-resisting parts. The properties and tests to be considered are those affecting these uses. In the development of tool materials since the industrial revolution we have had carbon tool steels, Mushet steel, high-speed steels, stellites, and now cemented carbide compositions. For an understanding of the latter category of materials their properties and uses relative to the older and more familiar tool materials will be considered. Hardness has been the property of greatest practical interest in tool materials. The word "hardness" is a generalized term lacking definite¬ness unless the specific test used is described. However, efforts to explain physical properties as a consequence of chemical bond, and distance between atoms in chemical compounds have been illuminating. This seems the most generalized attack on the problem, and is based upon the idea that atoms in a lattice are held together as the square of the valence and inversely as the square of the distance between the atoms. The compounds compared must all be of the same crystalline arrangement. It is interesting to note the values of the figure [V ] a number of

Jan 1, 1938

By J. A. Heskett

NEW ZEALAND is dependent on the outside world for its ferro goods, yet it can boast of at least two well-defined iron-ore deposits; namely, Para Para limonite, 3 Fe203 + 21120 also found as lower hydrated oxides, and Taranaki iron-sand, a combined magnetite and ilmenite, 2FeO + 2Fe203 + FeO + Ti02. The former is of massive variety and the FIG. 1.-VIEW OF WORKS SHOWING IRON-SAND DEPOSITS, ALSO WHARF AND BREAK¬WATER IN THE DISTANCE. latter granular and mixed with various proportions of fine shell and siliceous sand well water-worn. This latter deposit forms the greater portion of the beach sands of the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is so fine that the whole of a sample passed through a sieve of 40 meshes to the inch. The ilmenite cannot be detected by the microscope, as in the titaniferous ores of the Adirondacks, nor can it be magnetically separated, as in the titaniferous ore of Natashkwan, Canada. To all appearances it is a chemical compound of the double oxides of iron and titanium and not a mechanical mixture, as is the ore of the Adirondack deposits.

Jan 8, 1920

By James Johnston

Synopsis.—A description of the working of the mills of this company and the metallurgical practice in vogue, by which a remarkably complex silver ore, averaging 54 oz. of silver per ton (run-of-mine ore), is treated to give a 95.66 per cent. extraction. The main features of the processes are: The cyanide amalgamation of the high-grade ore. The cyanide treatment of the low-grade ore, after extremely fine grinding and close classification, in a caustic soda solution. The use of a wet desulphurizing process to break up refractory silver minerals. The substitution of aluminum dust for zinc dust as a precipitant. The recovery and shipment of over 13,000,000 oz. of silver in bullion at 997 to 999 fine since this metallurgy was inaugurated, about 2.5 years ago. On the completion and successful operation of the mill to treat their high-grade ore,' the Nipissing Mining Co., under the general management of R. B. Watson, started a series of investigations of the possible treatment of the low-grade ore by the cyanide process, so that they would be in a position to market only silver bullion. These tests were run in July, 1911, on a large scale, by G. H. Clevenger, on an average mixture of Nipissing ore. The results obtained by a partiai amalgamation followed by cyanide treatment gave an extraction varying from 90 to 93 per cent. and were sufficiently encouraging to warrant Charles Butters, the company's Consulting Metallurgist, in recommending that the new low-grade ore mill under contemplation should be a cyanide mill, instead of a concentrator. The cost of such a mill, capable of treating 200 tons per day, to obtain a 90 per cent. extraction at a working cost of $3 per ton of ore treated, was estimated at $250,000. In coming to a decision as to which type of mill should be erected, the concentrator, with the subsequent shipping of concentrates to a smeltery,

Jan 1, 1915

George A. Packard, Boston, Mass. (communication to the Secretary†):—The very interesting results obtained by Prof. Hofman and his assistants came to my attention when I had temporarily assumed charge of the metallurgical department of the Missouri School of Mines, and had found it, pending the completion of a new building, lacking a furnace in which to roast ore preparatory to the customary lead blast-furnace run. An attempt at lime-roasting had been already determined upon, but the use of a charge which would make a slag of definite composition was a new idea. The results following were obtained by Messrs. Aubrey Fellows, J. C. Long, E. R. Wash, and Dr. T. C. Tseung, under my supervision. It is regretted that the data are not more complete; but the work was done simply incidentally to securing the desired ore for the blast-

Jan 1, 1908

Jan 1, 1908

By L. J. Ingvalson, Roy H. Miller

IN 1948, as part of a program to expand the copper tube mill facilities of the American Brass Co. plant at Kenosha, Wisconsin, plans were formulated to convert the 100 ton capacity anode casting furnace at the Great Falls, Montana plant of the Anaconda Co. to the production of 3 in. phosphor -ized billets. The furnace was rebuilt completely and construction was started on an addition to the building. Members of the Great Falls staff visited various billet casting plants to draw upon the experience of other producers of this type of casting. Many features of other plants were incorporated into the Great Falls plant but, in addition, many new designs were made and perfected to make the plant the most advanced of its type. Construction was begun in 1949, with the intention of having the plant in production in the early part of 1951. In January 1951, as the plant was being rushed to completion, the government placed restrictions on the production of copper tubing. As a result, work was halted and the plant lay idle for two years. Interest was reactivated in May 1953 with the lifting of restrictions on copper. Plans were laid to go into production in July and the first charge was taken out July 1, 1953. Basically the plant is designed to produce from cathode copper a 3 in. diam billet, 50 in. long. weighing 110 lb, and containing 0.013 to 0.036 pct P, at a rate of 150,000 Ib per operating day. These billets are to be pierced and drawn into tubing. Furnace The furnace is a 100 ton capacity reverberatory type, gas fired furnace; 21 ft long and 9 ft wide. Gas is introduced to the furnace through two 38 hole Mettler gas burners. These burners are of chrome nickel alloy with four jets per hole. The furnace is charged with cathodes from the Electrolytic Copper Refinery plus return scrap from the casting operation by means of a Wellman Seaver Morgan Co. 7,000 lb capacity charging machine. The charge crane has a 20 ft boom and fork peel provided with an air ram to push material off the peel. The machine travels on overhead tracks and can be moved in any direction. The boom can be raised and lowered and swung through an arc of 180". With well stacked units of 6,000 lb, an experienced operator can put the first charge into the furnace in 40 min. After charging, the steel framed silica brick charge door is put in place and sealed with clay. After melting and skimming off the slag, the copper is blown until an oxygen content of 0.40 pct is reached. The metal is then heated to 2180°F, covered with coke, and poled. Poling is continued until a 3 in. diam test billet, 8 in. long, shows a flat set. The oxygen content is usually 0.030 pct at this time. At the end of poling, a temperature of 2160" to 2180°F is desired. In the side of the furnace opposite the charging door is the taphole slot, extending 36 in. upward from the bottom of the furnace. It is 4½ in. wide at the outside face and widens to 9 in. at the inside face of the furnace. It is filled with a wet mixture of sand, fireclay, and crushed coal. Flow of metal

Jan 1, 1957

By V. H. Wilhelm

The trend initiated in January 1936, of stabilized gasoline prices, increased demand and extraordinary drilling activity, continued in California during the year 1937. Crude prices were maintained during the year at the highest level since September 1930. Wildcat activity with resultant new discoveries and development of proven acreage were greater than in any year since 1928. Many fields in California in former years have been produced at full capacity, with consequent loss of reservoir energy, but at the present time continued activity is maintained to develop adequate reserves, so that production in these fields can be taken at a rate to correspond with good operating practice. Naturally, this good operating practice will be influenced to some degree by gas outlets and, in certain instances perhaps, by oil outlets. In any event, these last two controlling features will result in favorable rather than detrimental operation. In fields producing from great depths, ultimate production will be practically limited to the flowing and compressor life of the well, since there is as yet no economical method for pumping wells below depths of approximately 7000 ft. Experience has shown, however, that such pumping difficulties will be overcome and that production secured by pumping will add some to reserves established on the flowing life of the wells. California continued to operate under voluntary curtailment, but with unlimited transfers of allowable between various fields. Even though there was at all times considerable production above the Umpire's established quota, a constantly increasing demand reduced storage during the year. This increasing demand was due mainly to the rapid rise in Pacific foreign shipments from May to September. It is questionable, however, whether this favorable condition will be maintained over a prolonged period. (See Fig. 1.) Field Discoveries The great drilling activity during the year resulted in the discovery of three new fields in the San Joaquin Valley, as well as many extensions

Jan 1, 1938

By M. W. Ditto

THe conversion of the beehive coke plants, in this country, to byproduct plants has been slow, because the coal supplies were near the centers of the steel industry. With the growth of this industry, especially with its development around Chicago, it became necessary to transport large tonnages of coal from the eastern districts and then convert it into coke. The losses due to transportation costs were partly offset by the value of the byproducts recovered. To save the transportation costs, it was desirable that the coal deposits of Indiana and Illinois be utilized. This coal had always been classified as non-coking; it was also considered unsuitable for the metallurgical field because of the high ash and sulfur contents. The conditions, however, were promising enough to start experimental and development work, which crystallized in the design of the Roberts coke oven. The fundamental features of most coke ovens, with respect to the application of heating gas and the recovery of byproducts, are the same and, in the last few years, the tendency has been toward the better application of heating to the walls, higher thermal efficiency, and, by the control of heating conditions, the increase of byproduct yields. Structural features also have been improved and the use of high-grade refractory material has allowed the use of higher temperatures with the resulting higher rated capacity per oven per day. Great improvements have been made in both recuperators and regenerators, particularly with reference to the individualizing of each oven with respect to its adjacent oven, so that each can be operated as a unit if desired. The highest development of the flue type of oven has been applying individual regenerators for the recovery of waste heat. After some research work, it was found that the high-volatile Illinois coals could be utilized for coke by obtaining the better application and control of the heating conditions in the oven. Most of this high-volatile coal that had been used gave a good coke structure under certain conditions. The fact that coke was occasionally made from this coal, demonstrated the possibiity of making coke from it at all times pro-

Jan 1, 1923

By M. W. Ditto

THe conversion of the beehive coke plants, in this country, to byproduct plants has been slow, because the coal supplies were near the centers of the steel industry. With the growth of this industry, especially with its development around Chicago, it became necessary to transport large tonnages of coal from the eastern districts and then convert it into coke. The losses due to transportation costs were partly offset by the value of the byproducts recovered. To save the transportation costs, it was desirable that the coal deposits of Indiana and Illinois be utilized. This coal had always been classified as non-coking; it was also considered unsuitable for the metallurgical field because of the high ash and sulfur contents. The conditions, however, were promising enough to start experimental and development work, which crystallized in the design of the Roberts coke oven. The fundamental features of most coke ovens, with respect to the application of heating gas and the recovery of byproducts, are the same and, in the last few years, the tendency has been toward the better application of heating to the walls, higher thermal efficiency, and, by the control of heating conditions, the increase of byproduct yields. Structural features also have been improved and the use of high-grade refractory material has allowed the use of higher temperatures with the resulting higher rated capacity per oven per day. Great improvements have been made in both recuperators and regenerators, particularly with reference to the individualizing of each oven with respect to its adjacent oven, so that each can be operated as a unit if desired. The highest development of the flue type of oven has been applying individual regenerators for the recovery of waste heat. After some research work, it was found that the high-volatile Illinois coals could be utilized for coke by obtaining the better application and control of the heating conditions in the oven. Most of this high-volatile coal that had been used gave a good coke structure under certain conditions. The fact that coke was occasionally made from this coal, demonstrated the possibiity of making coke from it at all times pro-

Jan 1, 1923

By R. P. Marshall, L. P. Costas

The solid solubility of lithium in aluminum was determined by two independent techniques, electrical resistivity and microhardness, and the results are in close agreement. The solubility limits X-ray diffraction studies of the intermetallic compound LiAl indicate that its composition is nearly independent of temperature when in equilibrium with the terminal solid solution of aluminum. THE investigation of the aluminum-rich portion of the aluminum-lithium system at the Savannah River Laboratory was prompted by the observation that over-aged alloys consistently differed from the equilibrium states predicted by the latest published diagrams. Chemical analyses of these alloys showed their impurity contents to be quite low; therefore, the results obtained should have very nearly coincided with true equilibrium. A survey of the literature disclosed that previous studies had been made with metallographicig or electrical resistivity methods,4'5 but that agreement between results and technique was poor as evidenced in Fig. 1, which also includes the present results for comparison. The discrepancies have been attributed to impurities,3 and this is undoubtedly true in the early work.1'4'5 The latest Studies,''~ conducted with starting materials of higher purity, employed metallographic analysis, a technique that is quite sensitive to local homogeneity and depends strongly on subjective interpretation. In the present work the problem of defining solubility limits was approached in two ways. The first measured a physical property, electrical resistivity, at the equilibrium temperature. The second, a micro-hardness characterization of a diffusion zone, is a room temperature evaluation of a mechanical property under conditions removed from equilibrium. A close correlation between two such basically different approaches would strongly justify confidence in the results. I) MEASUREMENT OF SOLUBILITY OF LITHIUM IN ALUMINUM BY ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY Experimental Procedure. Alloys for electrical resistivity measurements were made by melting and

Jan 1, 1962

By Andrew Hyslop

IN our never ending search for new and better ways of underground mining, we find that transportation has had its share of new ideas in the past few years. The old and still effective method of track haulage has had some competition from rubber tired cars and belt conveyors, each of which has its own safety hazards which demand close scrutiny in any safety study. The use of shuttle cars, in particular, has introduced clearance hazards caused by the absence of the more or less positive guides formed by the rails of a track sys¬tem; likewise the requirement of greater clearance tends to increase roof hazards which we all know to be great enough with the best of methods. However, the subject of transportation hazards is too broad to be covered entirely in one paper, so I will confine myself to track methods which carry the preponderance of underground tonnage. I am quite sure that to this group it is an evident fact that haulage accidents are of major importance. However, to stress the point, it may be well to look at a few figures. Safety statistics can be quite boring and often are subject to question as to mathematical accuracy because of different

Jan 1, 1948

By H. H. Taft

IT has long been known that the volcanic area south of Belmont, Nye county, Nevada, had mining possibilities. Some of the old-time prospectors knew that gold existed there. Its remoteness from any source of supplies, its long distances from water, the absence of game, and more, perhaps, the lack of grass for animals to subsist upon, has made this an unattractive region in which to search for mines. The decline of the Comstock mines, the exhaustion of sun-dry large and rich ore-bodies, the high cost of mining, marketing, and particularly the ruinously high freight-charges upon refractory ore that had to be shipped to distant smelters, have kept investors out of Nevada for the last few years; and mining people have hardly yet awakened to the importance of Tonopah, Goldfield and perhaps the newer and less developed districts. The discovery of Tonopah by J. L. Butler, who located the Mizpah Claim in May, 1900, and the fortunes soon realized there, attracted many people. As the boom declined, many went away, some scattering out into the surrounding country, and the population is now about 7,000. In the fall of 1902 a discovery of gold was made 23 miles south, in what is now known as the Sandstorm group, 4 miles NW. of Goldfield. In the winter of 1903-4 the Combination, January and Florence mines were discovered, and shipments of high-grade ore soon followed. In January, 1905, there were 10,000 people in Goldfield. In June, 1904, rich gold-ore was found 85 miles SE., at the foot of the south end of the Kawich mountains, but this discovery was kept quiet until a re-location could be made. On August 10, 1904, the Bullfrog claims, and a month later the Ladd mountain and neighboring claims, were located. The Shoshone group was located September 24. This district is

Nov 1, 1905

By Sweetser, Ralph A

AT the fall meeting of the Iron and Steel Division, Oct. 4, 1934, in New York, a symposium was held on Slag Control in the Making of Iron and Steel. The chairman was J. H. Nead and the vice chairman, G. B. Waterhouse. The latter presided at both morning and afternoon sessions. The papers and discussions were presented in the order in which they appear on the following pages. To meet space requirements, much of this material has been considerably condensed. CONTENTS Slag Control and the Blast Furnace. By Ralph H. Sweetser. (With dis¬ cussion.) I Slag Control in Rimming Steel. By L. F. Reinartz 5 Slag Control Applied to Low-carbon Steel. By Frank G. Norris 9 Discussion on both papers 11 Slag Control for Basic Open-hearth High-carbon Steel. By W. J. Reagan. (With discussion.) 14 Slag Control for Recarburized Rail Steel. By A. P. Miller and T. S. Washburn. (With discussion.) 18 Slag Control for Alloy Forging Steel. By A. L. Feild. (With discussion.). . . 24 Slag Control for Alloy Forging Steel. By R. C. Good 27 Slag Control in Acid Open-hearth Steel. By Francis B. Foley. (With dis¬cussion.) 29 Slag Control for Basic Electric-furnace Steel. By H. F. Walther. (With discussion.) 31 Physical Testing of Slag. By A. B. Kinzel. . 40 General Discussion 41

Jan 1, 1935