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By A. Rahmati

Geological and geo-statistical modeling of the ore deposits play a prominent role in resource and reserve estimation for geo-statistical evaluations. Sheytoor iron deposit is located in the Bafq iron ore district (Central Iran) and in the south-east of the Esfordi 1:100000 sheet. According to the geological data, limestones and dolomitic limestones are situated in the north and central parts of the area, on the other hand, iron ore outcrops are observable in the center, south-west and south-east of the studied area. Meanwhile this ore deposit represents a sulfide one. Based on the boreholes data, geological and geostatistical models of the high and low grade iron mineralization zones were generated by Rockworks v.15 software. The IDW method was selected and employed for processing the collected data and a good adaptation between the results was revealed. The distribution model of Fe concentration displayed a relatively high grade Fe in the center, south and south-east parts of the area. Furthermore, this model illustrated a relatively high grade S and P in some parts of the center, north and south-east of the area. The Fe concentration, in the high grade mineralization zone, was between 45 and 61.5%. In addition, in the low grade mineralization zone, it was between 3.64 and 57.64%. Moreover, in the intrusive granites, the Fe concentration was between 30 and 48.73%. Due to the significant amount of the sulfur in the deposit model, most of Fe-bearing minerals are pyrite, so it is recommended an evaluation on Cu-bearing minerals and their related elements in the area to get done. Additionally, there are too much Fe values in granitic zones which could be caused by possible measurement errors and the geological classification of the area. Therefore, it should be done more carefully.

Aug 1, 2013

"THE OTTAWA BRANCH, CIM, each year holds a symposium on a subject of topical interest. The symposium this year was on Canada's Offshore Mineral Resources, at which papers were presented by: Dr. Donald G. Crosby, chief, Resource Administration Di-vision, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa; John A. Beesley, head, Legal Division, Department of External Affairs, Ottawa; and David W. Smith, man-ager, offshore exploration and production, Shell Canada Limited, Calgary. Because of the interest which this topic holds for our members, and because of the wealth and significance of information presented, the three papers -representing the first comprehensive review of our offshore resources -are reproduced herewith. The opening remarks of the Chairman, Dr. F. K. North, Professor of Geology, Carleton University, are also recorded, together with a few of the questions asked by the large attending audience. The symposium was held February 13th, and was organized by Dr. W. M. Tupper, chairman of the Branch Program Commit-tee. Differences in the extent of the continental shelf will be noted in the papers. These differences are related to slightly different definitions of the continental shelf by the authors."

Jan 1, 1969

By BRIAN HITCHON

Calcium, magnesium, bromide and iodide extraction from formation waters for use as industrial minerals has occurred in several countries, but not yet in Canada. Potential commercial brine fields exist in th e Upper Devonian Beaverhill Lake Formation of so uthern Alberta, and the Middle Devonian Elk Point Subgroup of north-central Alberta, f rom which calcium, magnesium and bromide are potential products. Iodide contents in fo rmation waters f rom the Upper Cretaceous Belly River Formation and the Lower Cretaceous Viking and Bow Island fo rmations in central and southern Alberta are at the lower range limit of commercial iodide-bearing formation waters elsewhere in the world. Available information is insufficient 10 outline potentially commercial areas in Alberta, but such info rmation can be most easily obtained f rom test borings for shallow natural gas. Lithium is not now produced commercially f rom formation waters but its content should be monitored in view of f uture increased demand for this metal.

Jan 1, 1984

By L. Janku, G. Hancox, M. Villenueve, C. Massey

Wellington lies in a seismically active area 150 km from a subduction zone and in the vicinity of several active faults, which poses a risk to its infrastructure and inhabitants. One of these major faults, the Wellington Fault, runs through the centre of the city and across several lifelines, including the natural gas pipeline and the freshwater pipeline. The first settlement in the area was severely damaged in 1848, soon after its establishment, by an earthquake of approximate magnitude Mw 7.4 - 7.5 (Grapes, Little, & Downes, 1998). In 1855, another earthquake of magnitude Mw 8.2 generated by a nearby fault uplifted the eastern part of the current Wellington area and caused several landslides in the surrounding hills (Grapes & Downes, 1997). The Central Business District lies in the area of a sedimentary basin and partly on reclaimed land. Many residential areas, as well as some vital infrastructure, however, lie on or along the slopes in the surrounding hills. The bedrock in the area comprises predominantly the Torlesse greywacke of Permian – Late Triassic age. The greywacke is tilted to a steep angle, intensively faulted and fractured (Cook, 2001). Even though several studies in the past assessed the seismic risk in the area (e.g. Brabhaharan, Hancox, Perrin, & Dellow, 1994), the studies either focussed solely on the area of the sedimentary basin or based their assessment of the hilly terrain purely on slope morphology (slope angle). Previous studies have shown that slope shape and contrasting materials in the slope can amplify earthquake ground motions, such factors are typically called site effects (e.g. Geli, Bard, & Jullien, 1988). Any attempt to systematically quantify the site effects and consequent seismic response of the slopes and use it to predict the consequences of the next large-magnitude earthquake, has not yet been carried out. In this extended abstract we outline the methodology of a PhD research project, focussed on investigating the site effects on the slopes around Wellington and on creating representative numerical models of ‘characteristic’ Wellington slopes and materials. This extended abstract presents the methodology adopted for the assessment using the Te Ahumairangi Hill site as an example.

Jan 1, 2015

By Laura Kelsey

Contaminant Robust In Situ Water Extractor CRIWE Nafion-based water clean-up Extract purified water from natural extraterrestrial sources In situ water processing for downstream electrolysis Chemically resistant to process contaminants such as acid

May 1, 2013

By Hans Lundberg

An electric survey from a 'plane flown over the ground is much faster and cheaper than an electric survey carried out on the ground. The results are obtained as continuous recordings that are resolvable into both a depth expression and a conductivity effect, so that the indications are easier to evaluate, as well as to correlate from one flown line to the other. The prospecting technique adopted in our electric airborne surveys may be brie fly described as follows: A loop of many turns of insulated copper cable is fastened around the fuselage of the 'plane and connected to a generator supplying a few ampere alternating current, usually of a frequency less than 1,000 cycles per second. Just as the current in the primary coil of a common transformer will induce current in the secondary coil when shorted, the alternating magnetic field from this primary current now induces alternating current in electric conductors that happen to be located in the vicinity of the path over which the 'plane is flown. This induced secondary current in each conductive section of the ground causes, in turn, an alternating magnetic field, secondary field, which disturbs or dampens the normal alternating magnetic field from the primary loop flown by the 'plane. These secondary fields are then picked up and recorded by the help of detecting solenoids, amplifiers, and recorders carried in the 'plane. By closer study of such a secondary field it is possible to localize the secondary current causing it and, thereby, the conducting body that contains the secondary current. In the 'plane are continuously recorded, besides the amplitude or intensity of the field, also the phase, which is a measure of how much the recorded secondary field is out of step with the primary field.

Jan 1, 1950

By S. Srinivasan, R. Coté

"India is undergoing a massive electrification program using local coal to provide fuel for thermal generating plants. The Rajmahal mine in northern Bihar is scheduled to produce coal at the rate of 10 million tonnes per year by the end ofa sixty six month contract with MET-CHEM Canada Inc. for mine development. In order to control maintenance performance and warehouse inventory MET-CHEM is installing some proven computer-controlled programs and will provide extensive training to ensure that the systems are properly used. The programs are Maintenance Planning and Control System (MPCS) and Materials Management System (MMS), both of which were developed and used by Quebec Cartier Mining Company at its iron ore mine in northern Quebec. In addition, a Predictive Maintenance Program (PMP) using vibration analysis will be introduced . This paper discusses the three systems.IntroductionIndia is currently undergoing a massive countrywide industrialization and electrification program. Most of the power will be supplied by coal-fired thermal electric plants.One of the mines being developed as part of the over-all program is the Rajmahal Open Cast Coal project in the Godda District of Bihar, approximately 270 km north , and slightly west of Calcutta.The project is based on an agreement signed in January, 1989 between two government organizations - Canadian Commercial Corporation (Ccq and Coal India Limited (CIL). MET-CHEM Canada Inc. (MET-CHEM), an international consulting engineering organization which has worked in India since 1976, is CCCs Canadian executing agency for the project. METCHEM was the engineer-constructor and mining associate for the development of the 7.5 mtpy Kudremukh Iron Ore Project. This US$430 million project was completed on schedule and under the original budget estimate. The Rajmahal deposit is the responsibility of Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), a subsidiary of CIL. The project is to produce coal at the rate of 10.5 million tonnes per year in 1994."

Jan 1, 1991

By John E. Udd, Peter Leinberger, Roman Kozarycz

"This paper is based on work done by the authors in a study of the structural features at a quarry excavated in Chazy limestone on the Island of Montreal. Observations on failures on the quarry walls and benches were recorded, and back analyses of small-scale failures were carried out, thus enabling an assessment to be made of the in-situ strength properties of the rock. Using this information, and data from shear tests in the laboratory, the authors made an analysis of the stability of the south wall of the quarry.IntroductionQuarrying, and excavating for foundations, in the Montreal area involves the removal of million s of tonnes of rock on an annual basis. Even when compared with the quantities mined at major open-pit mining operations, the production figures are impressive. At present, for example, crushed stone is produced at almost 20 quarrying operations either on, or near, the Island of Montreal. The annual capacities of the larger quarries are in excess of one million tonnes each. Lesser, but still substantial, production is achieved at the smaller quarries.Excavations, for foundations , especially during periods of peak construction activity, must also involve large quantities of rock . The writers, however , are not able to produce an estimate of the actual annual tonnages originating from excavations."

Jan 1, 1981

By Abhilash

Uranium is conventionally extracted using a process that employs strong acid (H2SO4) and an oxidant (MnO2) as leaching agents. This method often creates environmental problems, requires large amounts of energy, and involves a complex operational plant. It is not, however, economically attractive to extract uranium from low-grade ores by chemical leaching. Because the content of U3O8 in the Indian ore is usually below 0.1% by weight, it is necessary to develop an alternative process to enable the efficient and economic recovery of uranium. Uranium ore from the Narwapahar mines, UCIL is a type of vein deposit found in India, which accounts for ~54% in India. The ore (0.047% U3O8), though of Singhbhum area, possess exceptionally different mineralogy due to presence of some refractory minerals and richness of apatite (5%) resulting in a maximum 78% recovery through conventional processing at UCIL, with a very high consumption of sulfuric acid and pyrolusite, besides possible loss of uranium as uranium phosphate. To avoid usage of environmentally non-benign oxidants, remediation of influence of phosphates, and improve the overall process output of uranium; an alternate extraction technology using microbial isolate(s) is worthwhile exploring and the same is presented in the paper. The microbial isolate enriched with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans grown from source mine water was employed for bio-leaching of uranium while varying pH, pulp density (PD), particle size, etc. On varying pH at 35oC using 20%(w/v) PD and <75µm particle size, 83.5% and 78% uranium bio-recovery were observed at 1.7 and 2.0 pH in 40 days against maximum recovery of 46% and 41% metal in control experiments respectively. Whereas, it was observed that grinding of ore to finer size actually helped dissolution of uranium. Finer size particles (<45µm) gave a maximum biorecovery of 93% in 40days at 10%(w/v) PD, 1.7 pH and 35oC. The bio-recovery of uranium fell down from 93% to 82.73% and 60% on increasing the pulp density from 10% to 20% and 30% respectively for particles of <45µm size. The higher uranium dissolution during bioleaching at 1.7pH can be correlated with increase in redox potential from 433 mV to 664mV in 40 days.

Aug 1, 2010

By Larry B. Smith

"Feasibility studies are the means by which mineral reserves are established prior to financing a project. However, guidelines are generally lacking for the content, data quality and accuracy of these studies. Regulators take a principle-based rather than prescriptive approach to the content of studies and look to the industry to define study content. Professional organizations, engineering firms and mining companies must eventually establish guidelines and best practices for this work. Most likely these will draw on standards or “stage gates” that have been developed by major mining houses and engineering firms. Engineering studies must: 1.,Define optimal mining and processing methods, production rates, infrastructure, product sales, environmental management and risk mitigation. 2.,Increase confidence in resources, reserves, production plans, processing performance, infrastructure design, environmental management, permitting, capital and operating costs, and financial performance to support financing. 3.,Provide engineering designs suitable for accurate cost estimates. 4.,Develop project execution plans with sufficient confidence that project delays and cost overruns will not occur. Conceptual (scoping, preliminary assessment) Establish the principal characteristics of the project from the geology, resources, metallurgy and development constraints. Assess different approaches to mining and processing. Identify project execution requirements. Test project viability with economic analyses. Recommend additional work to increase the confidence in geology, resources, metallurgical performance, infrastructure, operating and capital costs, environmental conditions and permitting to allow selection of the best development options."

Jan 1, 2003

By M MacMillan

THE following is a brief description of the method of hoisting ore automatically at the No. 14 shaft of Mcintyre Porcupine Mines, Limited, Schumacher, Ontario. All ore and waste below the 3875-ft. level is hoisted up No. 14 shaft from the 7000-ft. level to the 3000-ft. level. Seventy to seventy-five per cent of the mining is done in this area. The shaft consists of four compartments: a man way, a ventilation compartment and two skip compartments. The hoist, located on the 3500-ft. level (see Figure l), is an 80-in.-diameter, 4-rope friction winder, utilizing two 6-ton front-dump skips in balance. The hoist is powered by a 1,100-h.p. A.C. motor, the maxi-mum speed being 2,400 ft. per minute. The operation can be either manual, push-button automatic from the pocket, or fully automatic. Men can be raised or lowered in the skips, using a collapsible aluminum platform placed inside the skip box.

Jan 1, 1963

By Pieter van Nierop

Outline ? What is gasification? ? Gasification Technologies ? Gasification ?The early years ? Gasification ? The last decade ? The Alberta Situation ? The Importance of Gasification in Alberta ? Polygeneration ? Development ? Conclusion

May 1, 2004

By K. Nagy

To support the implementation of its integrated SHEQ Policy, Cameco has undertaken an environmental leadership initiative with the goal of moving beyond regulatory compliance and significantly reducing environmental impacts in five key areas: air emissions, treated water quality and quantity, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, and waste generation. To ensure environmental leadership becomes routine business practice, it was necessary to integrate the initiative into Cameco?s programs and management systems at the corporate and operational levels. Operations based environmental leadership strategies and action plans have since been developed, as well as a corporate reporting system to monitor Cameco?s environmental performance.

Aug 1, 2010

By E. H. Rose

THE most useful guide to the role of lime in flotation is the view that the chemistry of any flotation operation is primarily a pattern in relative solubilities. We have the coming together of a number of minerals, reagents, fortuitous salts, water, and oxygen, many of which have not been previously in contact with each other, and every one of which is free, at least to some extent, to abandon old alliances and to form new ones. Of one thing the operator may be sure, and that is that, when equilibrium has been reached, those new chemical combinations will have formed which are the least soluble combinations possible to the environment. The laws of solution govern the operation, which means that relative concentrations are always a factor, and temperature frequently is. What the operator is really doing when he chooses his reagents .in the first place (empirically or otherwise) and works out their? optimum amounts, is to provide an environment in which (1) the least soluble possible compound of the mineral he desires to float is one which is also non-wettable, while at the same time (2) the least soluble compounds possible to the minerals he desires to depress are wettable. Since all metathesis is reversible, perfection is impossible to achieve, and the operator is constantly striving to establish that combination of concentrations which will drive each and every particular reaction as far as possible in the direction he desires it to go, in accordance with the law of molar concentration.

Jan 1, 1939

By M. E. Moraes Castanho de Almeida, A. Ribeiro Cotri

Recovery of cobalt to produce high grade cobalt sulfate from cobalt concentrate by leaching and solvent extraction was investigated. The PLS typically contains Co 10g/l, Mg 2g/l, Fe < 10ppm, Mn < 200ppm, insolubles <100ppm and is extracted with 20wt% Cyanex??272. The typical strip solution contains Co 60g/l, Mg 0.03g/l, and was sent to the current process for the production of cobalt sulfate heptahydrate. The cobalt yield of the plant with two extraction steps was 92%, with three steps was 97% and with four steps 99%. The extraction stage used the concept of "scrubbing" in a countercurrent system. In the first stage of extraction pH was 4.8, and in the last stage of extraction pH 5.5 to promote the exchange of magnesium in the organic with cobalt contained in the PLS. Following the extraction, when using two scrubbing stages, Co/Mg selectivity between of 2,000-3,000 was obtained, and with three scrubbing stages, selectivity was greater than 6,000. The desired selectivity was reached when using a scrubbing configuration with O/A ratio of 10:1. The typical cobalt sulfate heptahydrate had the following composition: Co 20wt%, Mg < 0.01wt%, Fe < 5ppm, Mn < 0.01wt%, Cu < 0.01wt%, Zn < 0.01wt%.

Jan 1, 2014

By R. R. Irrinki

Abstract -The Key Anacon deposit consists of four sulfide zones called, from south to north : Key Anacon No. 1, Key Anacon No. 2, Key Anacon No. 3, and Key Anacon Copper Zone. Massive sulfides of zones 1, 2, and 3 are underlain by rocks correlated with the Nepisiguit Falls Formation and are overlain by matie volcanic rocks correlative with the Boucher Brook Formation. In contrast to zones 1, 2, and 3, narrow northwesterly-trend.ing, copper-rich fracture zones occur within the Patrick Brook Formation. Sulfides in zone 2 occur as three mineralogical associations, namely: pyrite-chalcopyrite, pyrite-sphalerite-galerta, and pyrrhotite-sphalerite-galerta. The distribution of lithologies and en-echelon patterns of the three sulfide lenses of Key Anacon No. 2 zone are the result of F1 and F2 folding. Zone 2 is the most promising economically, with proven reserves of 1.11 million tonnes grading 0.2207o Cu, 3.47% Pb, 8.41% Zn, and 96 g/t Ag; the zone is open below a depth of 427 m.

Jan 1, 1992

By M. Oliazadeh

The bioleaching of fine low grade copper sulfide ore is described. A sample of ground (> 1 mm) copper ore from Sarcheshmeh, Iran, was subjected to a series of agglomeration procedures and subsequently leached. The best agglomerate was obtained by using lime and sulfuric acid as binders. A column bioleaching test of agglomerated ore was then run for 105 days along with a non-inoculated control column having thymol as bactericide. The results show that about 77.5% of copper was extracted in the bioleaching, whereas the control column achieved only 57% copper leaching.

Jan 1, 2007

By Bradley Stoughton

The magnetic oxide of iron, F eO4 , contains a theoretically larger amount of iron ( 72.4 per cent.) than any other commercial ore. It is probable that it has originated in many cases by the prolonged exposure of the hydrated oxide, ZF e20 a + 3H20 to heat and pressure which converts it first into hematite, F e20 3, and then into magnetite. It would thus appear as if nature had already done part of the work of removing all the oxygen and that magnetite should be relatively easy to reduce. That it is, in fact, less reducible than either limonite or hematite, is due chiefly to its dense and compact physical structure, which makes it less pervious to the furnace gases, and also to its characteristic action in resisting crushing to a uniform size, with consequent irregularity in reducing conditions within the furnace. The net result is that the magnetic oxide requires more fuel and more time for its reduction in the blast-furnace than any other iron ore of similar iron content and physical condition. There is another very important reason why the smelting of magnetite is more costly than that of hematite, and its treatment viewed with a great deal of adverse prejudice by blast furnace operators, namely, that magnetite decreases the proportion of heat developed by the fuel in the stack of the furnace, and increases the already excessive heat requirements of the heart.

Jan 1, 1924

By J. Keith Haddock

"Introduction The Boundary Dam Mine is located 5 km south of the City of Estevan, Saskatchewan and is operated by Manitoba and Saskatchewan Coal Company Ltd., one of the Luscar companies. The entire production of 1.7 million tonnes per year is delivered to the Boundary Dam Generating Station of Saskatchewan Power Corporation. Geology There are basically two seams mined on the property, the main Estevan seam ranging in thickness from 3.0 m to 4.5 m with partings and the upper Roche Percee seam (roughly 15 m to 23 m above the Estevan) which ranges from 0.6 m to 2.0 m in thickness. Most of the reserves are concentrated in the Estevan seam, the Roche Percee only being mined whenever its thickness makes it economic to recover. The coal measures belong to the Ravenscrag Formation of Tertiary (Paleocene) Age. This formation is widespread in North Dakota and Montana and contains the lignite fields of North Dakota and subbituminous coals of Montana. The formation is gently tilted to the southeast at Boundary (0.5 degrees) and consists of weak sandstones, siltstones and silty mudstones. Reserves and Coal Quality The present minesite encompasses a coal reserve of approximately 50 million tonnes calculated to a maximum stripping depth of 37 metres or 20:1 mining ratio. The reserves form only a part of the total reserves in the Estevan area which are owned by the Saskatchewan Power Corporation. The coal being mined is classed as Lignite ""A"" and has the following specifications:"

Jan 1, 1985

By Ed Labelle, Terry Overton, Gary Bell

"LocationThe Miller Minerals lime and limestone production facility is located in the Temiskaming district of Ontario at Hailey bury on the west shore of Lake Temiskaming. Located less than 300 km from Sudbury, Timmins, Rouyn-Noranda and Val d'Or, the plant is very well situated to market products to the mining, pulp and paper, and environmental industries. Being located a few kilometres from the Trans-Canada Highway and the Ontario Northland Railway adds to transportation efficiencies.ProductsAt Miller Minerals, two principal products in various sizes are produced, which are limestone (CaC03) and quicklime (CaO).HistoryProduction of limestone products began in 1979 at this quarry site. During the 1980s, limestone products were marketed to a variety of applications for mining, forestry, environmental and agriculture applications. In 1990, the production of quicklime products began, following the commissioning of an Italian-designed vertical shaft calcining plant. During the 1990s, both quicklime and limestone products were produced to meet the customers' demands.From the quarry's conception until 1992, the operation was owned and operated by Dymond Clay Products. In 1992, it was purchased by Miller Paving Ltd. of Markham, Ontario, and became a key part of the company's industrial minerals sector of business. Other Miller interests include dolomite, cement, paving materials and waste management."

Jan 1, 2000