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Asian countries are now facing very crucial aspects of urban living under the recession of the economy. The current situation is such that those hard aspects may make the living standards worse and worse in the next century, unless proper measures are taken on the infrastructure for urban lives. More than half of the population in Asian countries are now living in cities. Nowadays, the socio-economic development of the Asian countries has been closely linked to the development of world economy because of the border-less economy system. The population inflow to big cities is inevitable as the Asian countries step into an industrialised economy. Such a tendency will be further accelerated when Asia becomes a centre of financial business in the 21st century. The government of any country has realised the situation very well. The United Nations has established a specific agency to solve the problems caused by the rapid urbanisation. This global agency for urbanisation is named United Nations Center for Human Settlement and it is so called Habitat. There are three Habitat offices in the world, Nairobi in Kenya, Santiago in Chile and Fukuoka in Japan. The activities of Habitat offices cover a wide field of issues such as housing, urban development, infrastructure and environment, etc. Habitat Fukuoka Office is serving Asia and Pacific in co-operation with the government offices concerned.

Jan 1, 1999

The subject of government involvement in industry is, to say the least, a touchy one. For many it conjures up thoughts of socialisation or nationalisation. For others it is a desirable objective and is seen as a means of social reform by giving government a greater say in the control and distribution of human, financial and natural resources for the betterment of the community. Whatever your point of view, it is difficult to deny that government involvement exists to lesser or greater degrees in all industries. The mining industry is no exception and the degree of government involvement is probably greater than it is in other industries. I think it is important to remember when talking about government involvement in industry to recognise that there are different types of involvement and that all governments have a right, if they so desire, to become involved in whatever way they choose. The decision of a government to increase its direct or indirect involvement must, of course, be taken in the national interest. Governments, if we are still old fashioned enough to believe in ministerial and electoral responsibility, must make up their own minds about whether their actions are in the national interest and they must be prepared to accept the consequences of that action, good or bad. For instance, they must decide

Jan 1, 1975

By Gillies A. D S

Replies to a comprehensive questionnaire on mine water resource management systems (WRMS), which were distributed to a selection of Australian mining operations in 1991, are analysed. Although the replies cannot be considered fully representative of the industry, they do provide a good qualitative indication of water resource management in the industry at that time.Within Australia's largely arid land mass, a majority of mines nonnally need to conserve water, a few need to dispose of water and a number face a seasonally varying position. An assessment of the importance of WRMS compared with management of ore extraction and processing is given. A risk assessment of failure is given; there is more acceptance of WRMS failure in the mine compared with the mill. An assessment is made of considerations in WRMS design. Managements are generally pro-active in the design of WRMS and in the setting of perfonnance standards. The operational characteristics of mine systems are examined in detail.Companies generally do not appear to allocate sufficient resources for the collection of basic WRMS monitoring data and knowledge of the water budget to efficiently manage the system. This indicates scope for considerable cost savings in most mines.

Jan 1, 1995

The patterns of occupational health pro- grammes in mining and metallurgy are discussed in relation to the impact of chemical and phy- sical hazards on the health of workers in these fields. Mining and metallurgy are quite unique in that their history and practice embrace virtually the total spectrum of occupational health problems and hazards as understood today. A panoramic concept of the possibilities would comprise the following fields: 1. The Pneumoconioses or Dust Diseases. 2. Physical stress due to exertion, and exposure to heat and humidity in deep mines. 3. The toxic effects of various metals in the mining of ore. The most obvious are lead, mercury, arsenic and manganese. 4. Diseases associated with mining. These include leptospirosis, ankylostomiasis and mycotic infections of the skin. 5. The Beat Diseases of coal miners working in narrow seams. 6. Illumination problems and miners nystagmus. 7. Geographical and climatic problems

Jan 1, 1975

When a major mineral find has been announced the general perception is that a battle between Aborigines and the mining company involved will inevitably occur.It is a fact that many miners in the past have not had a good relationship with Aborigines because of their indifferent attitudes towards them. They saw no common future and went their particular way. However, attitudes have changed significantly since Noonkanbah and both miners and Aborigines are seeking common ground in order to achieve mutual benefits from the establishment of a mine on or near Aboriginal land. There are many obstacles that both miners and Aborigines need to overcome inordertofindthiscommongroundtoachieveawin/win situation. The obstacles can be found in entrenched ideas and practices which need overhauling, not the least of which emanate from government policy and requirements.Without going into specifics, the Noonkanbah incident during the 1970's where Aborigines and their supporters confronted miners who were ordered by the Western Australian governmentto drill on Aboriginal land, polarized Aborigines and miners. Since this incident, many Aborigines, particularly those in the cities, have had the attitude that mining and Aboriginal culture are in direct conflict. Aboriginal opinion is generally shaped in the larger cities through mass media coverage of the opinions of urban Aborigines and their supporters. Through no fault of their own, these Aborigines were removedfromthe land of their ancestors and have notlived atraditional Aboriginal life-style for a number of generations and most have little knowledge of, nor have had involvement in, traditional Aboriginal lore and culture. For the most part these people live in awestern life-style and few still know their language. They generally have high profiles, often giving viewpoints that are wrongly considered "Aboriginal" and supposedly representing all Aborigines. This group is very different with their thought processes and values from those Aborigines who live on their own traditional lands with a traditional life-style, and practise their age old ceremonies. Their tribal values are based in their relationship with the land, expressed through complex religious ceremonial rites of song, dance and legend. Today this group is very much diminished in numbers but nevertheless in the region of the Gulf of Carpentaria there is a high proportion ofpeople who practise their lore, speak their own languages and pass on traditions to their children. It is well documented in the history of Australia that Aborigines have been decimated in numbers and whole tribes have been wiped out. Certainly in this region the experience has been no different.

Jan 1, 1993

By Skinner A. J, Thoman B. C

The general structure of microprocessors and their method of use is described, and de- tails given of their application in two parti- cular examples of instrumentation for mineral concentrators. One is in a pulp density gauge, and using this example, the way in which a microprocessor-based unit can be made to be self-calibrating is described. The other is in an on-stream analysis detector for uranium in solvent, where a microprocessor is used to re- place a mini-computer.

Jan 1, 1977

Most of the gold reef mined today in South Africa is approximately 1 m in width with slopes about 30 m long. To prevent production interruptions it is essential that the stopes should not be blasted in sections. The shortage of experienced labour and arduous working conditions at the face dictate the need for simple blasting techniques.Hence, a pyrotechnic blasting system of sequential firing is in use at present, although research work to improve this technique is in progress.

Jan 1, 1985

This paper records the observations of faulting in the Black Star mine workings. By classifying the faults into two groups, i.e., strike faults and transverse faults, and by pointing out the differences between the groups and their effects on the silver-lead-zinc orebodies, a time relationship between the two groups of faults and the sulphide mineralisation is suggested.GENERAL GEOLOGY AND MINERALISATIONFolding and faulting are closely related to the mineralisation in the shales by silver-lead-zinc and iron sulphides.Commonly the various sulphides are fine-grained and closely associated with one another. However, exceptions do occur locally, where massive coarse galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and to a lesser extent chalcopyrite, have been observed singly or closely associated one with the other.In the main, the sulphide mineralisation forming the orebodies occurs as replacement of, and infilling along, the sheared bedding planes of the finely bedded shale host rock.The shales in general strike north-south with an average dip to 60° to the west; strong shearing along the bedding planes is evidenced by much slickensiding and slaty cleavage.Sequences of finely bedded shales of varying stratigraphic thicknesses alternate with very. massive beds, and it is in the more highly sheared thinner beds that the greatest concentration of sulphides occurs. The unmineraIised massive beds of shale, 11 in. up to 12 in. in thickness, occur singly or in groups between, and to a lesser extent. within, the orebodies. The massive beds resisted sulphide replacement and impart to the orebodies a most prominent banded structure.

Jan 1, 1953

By D Chalmers

"There is a tendency to treat mine roadways with fan installations as leak proof systems. Morecomplex ventilation arrangements are being installed in coal mines out of necessity or designand these can introduce additional hazards. This paper explores the leakage paths that can existaround fans and in particular the hazards these leakage paths may generate around undergroundfan installations. The behaviour or these leakage paths in the event of a fan failure has also beenexplored. Early detection of spontaneous combustion is essential, so understanding the leakage behaviour around fans especially boosters or main fans installed underground will assist in sett ing up monitoring locations in the correct places. If this behaviour is not fully understood then monitoring may be placed incorrectly, or trends may not be picked up until it is too late."

Jun 1, 2012

During the past three years there have been several parties prospecting for oil in the Stat6 of Queensland, and It was: gratifying to read the newspaper headlines last Christmasabout the discovery of oil in the Moohie Nol Well. This discovery was not only a welcome Christmas present for Australia but marked up another success for the seismicmethod in exploration for oil.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the operationaI aspects of seismic work in Queensland with-emphasis on shot-haledrilling. The paper is based upon the experience of one particular seismic survey which began in December of - 1959 and is still inoperation. This survey is being conducted by the Petty Geophysical Engineering - Company of San Antonios, Texas, and the Queensland area involved is in the general vicinity of Quilpie, Dlackall and Charleville.

Jan 1, 1962

By A E. A Northcote

The drive to maximise performance, reduce maintenance times, improve safety of operation and maintenance on mining equipment while keeping both operational and capital costs down has provided good nourishment to the creative thinking of designers of skip loading facilities for hoisting systems. Early systems were as simple as manual loading which evolved into a surge bin feeding a skip through a chute finally maturing into a measuring flask discharging into a chute to feed the skip and more recently high capacity skip feed conveyors. This paper will compare the concepts of the skip loading flask and the skip loading conveyor systems over a range of winding distances and hoisted tonnages. The comparison will draw on actual installations and review operational, maintenance and safety. An order of magnitude capital cost estimate will be used to complete the financial comparison. This will enable the reader to understand the concepts and costs and assist in selecting the appropriate skip loading system.

Mar 21, 2011

By Tarrant GC

Cement and resin encapsulated tendons are widely used in the stabilisation of mine roadways. One of the main factors in controlling the efficiency of the reinforcement is the ability of the tendon to generate load in response to rock deformation. The analysis of field data from instrumented reinforcing tendons complimented with extensive laboratory investigations have more accurately defined the mechanisms by which load generation occurs. The role of reinforcing tendon profiles, hole geometry and encapsulation medium properties in controlling the reinforcement stiffness and capacity are discussed. The results of the investigation have implications in both the design of rock reinforcing systems and the optimisation of encapsulation mediums and tendons.

Jan 1, 1992

Geomorphology is one of the most basic elements in geographic enviroments. Geomorphological mapping is significant in the spatial distribution of representing land form and understanding various features of geomorphology. Geomorphological mapping began very early in China, as the map, showing conekarst(karst pinnacles) of Juiyishan, Hunan province, it was drawn in 168B.C., which was excavated from Han tomb. Mawangdui, Changsha. Its original idea of map-making is rather similar to that of modern map and could undoutedly be the oldest map of tropical karst discovered in the world.Before liberation, landform mapping was done piecemeally and only a small number of maps were prepared by a few editor as insets.

Jan 1, 1990

University education in Australia is changing, driven by greater market orientation, reduced funding available per student, especially in the higher-cost minerals industry disciplines, and the call for more flexible delivery of subjects and courses to meet changing lifestyles and expectations. The opportunity exists for a true partnership to develop between industry, government and academia that will reshape minerals education in Australia and secure the future supply of the specialists industry needs to maintain international competitiveness. If this partnership does not emerge, it is anticipated that AustraliaÆs somewhat fragmented and unstable higher education system, especially in the disciplines of particular relevance to the minerals industry, will be put under further pressure so decreasing its effectiveness to produce quality graduates. The Minerals Council of Australia in 1998 published æBack from the BrinkÆ, a discussion paper which proposed strategies to build a world class minerals tertiary education system in Australia. Those strategies are now being implemented collaboratively with principal emphasis on the disciplines of mining engineering, metallurgy and earth science and as far as process is concerned, on the necessity to æcooperate to competeÆ. For metallurgy, the challenge is to integrate more closely undergraduate teaching with the existing world-class research centres and to link the tertiary institutions in such a manner that the strengths of all components are harnessed and then made available nationally in major population centres and at remote sites where appropriate. For industry the challenge is to build effective partnerships with the academic community that will enable and assist the agreed course of action to take place.

Jan 1, 2000

Metal grades and contents of ore deposits should be measured in an unbiased manner, and with a degree of precision that reduces to an acceptable level the risk to put into production inviable prospects. The additive property of variances for metal grades and contents is used to assess the accuracy and precision characteristics of this measurement process. Each stage in the process of extracting different types of samples from ore deposits, preparing test samples from drill core sections, drill chips or crushed ore, and collecting and assaying test portions, contributes a variance component to the intrinsic variability of a metal's distribution in its matrix. Deducting such extrinsic variances results in more precise estimates for metal grades and contents of elementary units. The cumulative metal content for a set of elementary units of in-situ ore, and the sum of the variances for metal contents of all units in the set, can be used to calculate confidence intervals and confidence ranges at different probability levels as measures for risk.

Jan 1, 1976

By E G. Thomas

"This paper details the many improvements possible in narrow vein mining from the use of treated mining/milling waste as mine fill. Such fill can be: treated mill tailing, cemented or uncemented; development muck, treated or untreated, cemented or uncemented; andsome combination of these materials, or surface sands/gravels. Treatments involved may be both physical (optimisation of particle size gradings) and chemical (neutralision of potentially harmful milling chemicals).Potential benefits include a reduction in: back stress; vein closure; alternate ground support requirements; mining dilution; potential for surface subsidence; and extent of surface disposal of mining/milling waste, resulting in reduced environmental impact. Considering the usually small production tonnages involved, preparation and placement of a highly applicable fill material can be economically accommodated.Emphasis is placed on steeply dipping orebodies being mined overhand, although practice in the much less steeply dipping RSA gold/platinum-type orebody is also considered.CITATION:Thomas, E G, 2012. Mine fill in thin vein mining, in Proceedings Narrow Vein Mining 2012 , pp 215-218 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 26, 2012

The paper contains the publication of timber shapes recovered from the Burra Mines during open cut operations in the 1970s. The timber was in the process of being disposed of for fire wood. All timber shapes still in existence in September 1990 were drawn.The collection revealed a number of different types of caps and legs. There were also end plates and wall plates from what appeared to be a hanging sets of shaft timber.

Jan 1, 1993

In epithennal deposits changes in the character of mineralization in depth and time are conspicuous and abrupt at the interface between supergene and hypogene zones. As the reaction zone migrates downward as a consequence of surface erosion, previously deposited minerals are placed in unstable chemical enviromments and dissolved. This reaction takes place at the base of the epithermal precious metal zone. Examples at Cerro de Pasco, and Casapalca, Peru; Carlin, Nevada; and porphyry copper-gold deposits are cited.

Jan 1, 1991

By A R. Firth

The induration furnace for iron ore pellets was originally designed to process concentrates with high contents of magnetite. To support the use of haematite concentrates, internal fuel was added to the pellets in the form of ground coke breeze or anthracite. To ensure that the addition of coke breeze was not excessive, the ‘heat of magnetite equivalent’ or heat of magnetite equivalent (HME) relationship was developed, guaranteeing that the fi ring temperature requirements remained the same. However, this oversimplifi es the different reaction paths of magnetite and carbon in iron ore pellets. At fi ring temperatures, gas diffusion controlled reactions such as the combustion of coke, the calcination of carbonates and the reduction and oxidation of iron oxides can all occur in different parts of the pellet simultaneously. The interaction of these reactions produces a range of atmospheres across the diameter of the pellet that vary from oxidising at the pellet shell to reducing at the pellet core. Mathematical modelling and pellet fi ring experiments to preheat temperatures before quenching have shown that a higher proportion of coke relative to magnetite slows down the oxidation process, irrespective of temperature. A higher temperature, however, results in an increase in the rate of haematite reduction in the pellet core and a more reducing atmosphere, which could lead to different sintering rates in different parts of the pellet and shrinkage cracks forming. To observe these gas-solid reaction rates at a larger scale, the COREM pot grate has been updated with an additional oxygen analyser. This, along with other improvements, will allow better optimisation of straight-grate firing cycles for different pellet compositions.

Jul 11, 2011

The author describes 1. The classification and characteristics of various thick seam mining techniques in various Japanese coal mines. 2. Practices of thick seam mining methods experienced in Taiheiyo Coal Mine. Currently, thick single lift, simultaneous multi lift and non simul- taneous multi lift mining methods are adopted as underground flat thick seam excavations in Japan. These are now reliable and effective in increasing the extraction ratio. At Kushiro Colliery of Taiheiyo Coal Mining Co., these three thick seam mining methods have been used. According to the results, if solidification of the top lift goaf is essential, the non simul- taneous multi lift mining method is the most effective in increasing the extraction ratio without minimising productivity of each lift and it points out that further development of this method is necessary.

Jan 1, 1976