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By Henry A. Gordon

Under the title " Hysteromorphous" it is proposed to include deposits which have been formed from original deposits by the influences of the surface-region. The term Hysteromorphous—later-formed—has been used by Prof. Posepny, of Vienna, to distinguish secondary from primary deposits and is more comprehensively applicable than the terms or designations hitherto used for the same thing.

Jan 1, 1896

By M. Katzer, R. Klimpel, J. Sewell

The effect of using selective dispersants as wet grinding aids for ores is demonstrated on laboratory scale batch and continuous grinding equipment. A complete characterization of behavior is performed on a given ore to demonstrate correlations involving torque, % solids, net production rate, and slurry weight and volume loading. The relationship between such laboratory data and industrial scale testing results is very consistent.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. H. Keeler

AN alloy of zirconium containing 18 atomic pct Cb was found to be body-centered-cubic and readily deformable at room temperature. The behavior of this alloy provided an opportunity to determine if

Jan 1, 1957

By J. A. Rajala, R. W. Smith

The effect of increasing ionic strength, via monovalent and divalent ions, on alkyl sulfate flotation of hematite and quartz war investigated. The effects of collector chain length and pretreatment on this flotation were also studied. Sodium hexadecyl sulfate was shown to be a superior flotation collector to sodium dodecyl sulfate for recovery of hematite when there was no salt addition. Similar observation were made when sodium sulfate or sodium chloride was used to control ionic strength. Sodium dodecyl sulfate floated hematite better than its longer chutited counterpart under conditions of low pretreatment temperature and increasing calcium chloride concentration. The flotation recovery for all salt containing pulps was almost always improved after preboiling. Most of the results obtained when the pretreatment temperature was raised were attributed to increased solubility of the collector.

Jan 1, 1984

By S. Y. Ezz

The quality and extent of fluidization of fine iron ore beds with gases were investigated. Factors affecting the rate of reduction with H, and the sintering of the partially reduced material were studied. Trials to retard sintering by covering the particles' surface with nonsintering materials were successful. THE gaseous reduction of iron ores is a gas-solid reaction. Hence the fluidization technique seems ideally suited to it. However, a serious drawback

Jan 1, 1961

By Thos Egleston

The sands of Snake River, Idaho, have long been known to contain gold. They were worked by some of the first prospectors who came to Idaho, and on the banks still stand the ruins of camps abandoned for years. There are almost always prospectors searching for gold during the season of low water, and it is not an infrequent thing to find a miner of the old type actually panning the sand, or the prospect-hole which he has just left. There is more or less mystery about these miners and their methods of finding the spots where they work. They are always subjects of much speculation to the ordinary traveller. The rich discoveries are, for the best of reasons, concealed until the claims can be taken up. It is difficult to find a place where there are no prospects, but the " colors " are so very fine that they do not offer much inducement to enterprise. The California miner usually values a color at from 5 to 10 cents, often the latter; while on Snake River it would take 100 colors, or even more, to make that amount.

Jan 1, 1890

I HAVE previously shown you in the Fifth Book the process of making guns and gun carriages, together with other preparations and methods of moving them. If I now failed to show you more about them, it would be as if I had pointed out only the useless shadow of a thing, for I did not show the kinds and arrangement of their supplies or how the effects for which they are made are achieved. For these reasons I now wish to tell you, in addition to what I have already said, how saltpeter is made and the methods of refining it well; what it is and how without it guns and many effects of violent and artificial fires would have been discovered in vain. After this, I also wish to tell you the methods of compounding the powders for large and small guns, and finally how these are loaded and discharged. I also wish to tell you how mines are made, and fire tubes, [149v] fire pots, squibs, fireballs, rockets, shells, grapeshot, and other similar devices for shooting fire in order to bum ships, supplies, bridges, and ramparts, or, in offense, for firing on batteries. I also wish to teach you to make certain bronze balls for shooting, which carry fire and break in many pieces when they hit. For surely, besides being terrifying to the sight, they would be harmful to armies lined up in battle when they are fighting. Likewise, I wish, to enlighten you as to how artificial fires are made that last long and are difficult to extinguish. Since these are fine and useful things in wars, every captain and soldier should give them consideration and know how to use them when necessary. You will be pleased to have this information if for no other reason than that you can teach it to those who take delight in celebrating holidays with festivities and with fires.

Jan 1, 1942

By James Douglas

American metallurgical inventions have not always been absolute metallurgical improvements, if accurate work be the standard of comparison; but when we review the new methods and machinery which have been generally accepted, we find that some have become essential to the metallurgist the world over, while all are so admirably adapted to the peculiar requirements of our local conditions that they have entirely supplanted foreign processes and appliances. The necessity of diminishing to the utmost the employment of labor (owing to its great cost), and the inexorable requirements of our modern joint-stock corporate system, which demands that large quantities be worked up in order to secure large returns, regardless betimes of waste, have been the impelling motives to invention, and indicate the special directions in which originality has been exercised. As might be anticipated, the West has been the most fertile field of inventions by miners and metallurgists, by reason of its great and varied mineral wealth, locked up in ores sometimes lean and often of intricate composition, which must be profitably handled, at a great distance from fuel and from building-materials, by workmen who are paid wages very much higher than those received by their fellow-workmen of like craft in Europe, and in some localities twice as high as those paid for like services even in the eastern States. Moreover, paradoxical as it may seem, the technical inexperience of many of those engaged in mining and metallurgy has helped rather than hindered the progress of invention; fop while there may have been ignorance, there has been radical freedom from

Jan 1, 1894

By H. R. Stahl

The ore of the Southeast Missouri lead district consists essentially of galena in dolomitic limestone. The galena usually is in a very finely disseminated condition. The experience of recent years in the concentrating plants of the St. Joseph Lead Co. has shown that dry crushing carried to a point where about 90 per cent of the ore passes a 14-mesh screen liberates the larger portion of the galena, and minimizes further necessary reduction in rod or ball mills. Concentration practice has attempted to carry size reduction to a point where economic unlocking of the galena is obtained, without causing undue sliming of the very friable galena. While 60 per cent of the tonnage of the district is treated by the flotation process, only 40 per cent of the total concentrates is produced by that means, as efforts have always been made to keep the grade and tonnage of flotation feed as low as possible. The milling practice of the district for some years has recognized the generally accepted idea of better selective grinding in rod mills as compared with ball mills, with the attendant decrease in production of fines. The function of rod and ball mills in the various concentrating plants is the grinding of table middlings and coarse tailings that carry lead values too high to be discarded. The simplified flowsheet in Fig. I illustrates the place of grinding mills in the circuit. The arrangement of classi- fiers, tables and mills constitutes a closed circuit within somewhat flexible limits. In 1937 experiments were conducted in replacing the ball charge in a 6 by 4-ft. ball mill with rods 2 in. in diameter and 51 in. long. This step was taken with some hesitancy, as it was easy to picture a mass of tangled and crossed rods. However, no difficulties developed, and after a short trial period, six more ball mills were converted to rod mills. These mills are of the spur gear and pinion, belt-driven type, using in most cases a 75-hp. motor and having a 9½-in. open trunnion discharge. As ball mills, they carried a charge of 16,000 to 20,000 lb. of balls, 2 in. in original size. The feed to the mills was dewatered by dewatering wheels and introduced at 70 to 75 per cent solids, with a single scoop feeder. One change in mill design was found advisable when rods were introduced. The existing end liners had an outward flare of 3½ in. in 12 in. These were replaced by linings having vertical interior faces, in order to prevent undue end travel of the rods. This change gave an effective working length of 52¾ in. inside the mill. No alterations were made in the shell liners, which are of the smooth type, made of manganese steel 2 in. in original thickness. The rods at present in use are 51 in. long and 1¾ in. in diameter. The composition has been varied at times; at present they contain 0.70 per cent carbon and 0.70 per cent manganese. Some breakage and etching occurs as the rods become small, but this is considered preferable to using softer rods, which may kink and cause tangling of the charge. The mill charges

Jan 1, 1947

By H. R. Stahl

The ore of the Southeast Missouri lead district consists essentially of galena in dolomitic limestone. The galena usually is in a very finely disseminated condition. The experience of recent years in the concentrating plants of the St. Joseph Lead Co. has shown that dry crushing carried to a point where about 90 per cent of the ore passes a 14-mesh screen liberates the larger portion of the galena, and minimizes further necessary reduction in rod or ball mills. Concentration practice has attempted to carry size reduction to a point where economic unlocking of the galena is obtained, without causing undue sliming of the very friable galena. While 60 per cent of the tonnage of the district is treated by the flotation process, only 40 per cent of the total concentrates is produced by that means, as efforts have always been made to keep the grade and tonnage of flotation feed as low as possible. The milling practice of the district for some years has recognized the generally accepted idea of better selective grinding in rod mills as compared with ball mills, with the attendant decrease in production of fines. The function of rod and ball mills in the various concentrating plants is the grinding of table middlings and coarse tailings that carry lead values too high to be discarded. The simplified flowsheet in Fig. I illustrates the place of grinding mills in the circuit. The arrangement of classi- fiers, tables and mills constitutes a closed circuit within somewhat flexible limits. In 1937 experiments were conducted in replacing the ball charge in a 6 by 4-ft. ball mill with rods 2 in. in diameter and 51 in. long. This step was taken with some hesitancy, as it was easy to picture a mass of tangled and crossed rods. However, no difficulties developed, and after a short trial period, six more ball mills were converted to rod mills. These mills are of the spur gear and pinion, belt-driven type, using in most cases a 75-hp. motor and having a 9½-in. open trunnion discharge. As ball mills, they carried a charge of 16,000 to 20,000 lb. of balls, 2 in. in original size. The feed to the mills was dewatered by dewatering wheels and introduced at 70 to 75 per cent solids, with a single scoop feeder. One change in mill design was found advisable when rods were introduced. The existing end liners had an outward flare of 3½ in. in 12 in. These were replaced by linings having vertical interior faces, in order to prevent undue end travel of the rods. This change gave an effective working length of 52¾ in. inside the mill. No alterations were made in the shell liners, which are of the smooth type, made of manganese steel 2 in. in original thickness. The rods at present in use are 51 in. long and 1¾ in. in diameter. The composition has been varied at times; at present they contain 0.70 per cent carbon and 0.70 per cent manganese. Some breakage and etching occurs as the rods become small, but this is considered preferable to using softer rods, which may kink and cause tangling of the charge. The mill charges

Jan 1, 1947

By Paul Weir

During the past decade, methods of producing bituminous coal in the state of Illinois, which ranks third in production among the states in which bituminous coal is mined, have undergone great changes. From less than one million tons in 1923, the strip-mine production has gradually increased to a high of 11,725,870 tons in 1937. From a negligible amount prior to 1927, the amount of coal mechanically loaded underground had increased to a high of 28,374,362 tons in 1937. The amount manually loaded in 1937 reached a low of 12,332,023 tons. In this same year, this state ranked first in strip-mine production, also in mechanically loaded production. For this reason a study of the influence of mechanization on location of production in Illinois may be helpful in anticipating what may happen in other producing states. The reason for the changes in methods lies in the differences in costs of production. The Bureau of Research and Statistics of the National Bituminous Coal Commission has made public the following costs of production by various methods in the state of Illinois (district 10) for the last nine months of 1937: all mines, $1.7602 per ton; strip mines, $1.4319; mechanical loading mines, $1.7457; hand loading mines, $2.1793; all underground mines, $1.8703. These are weighted averages for the entire district. Inasmuch as production in 1937 was reported from 58 counties scattered over two-thirds of the area of the state and from five different seams varying in thickness from less than 3 ft. to as much as 12 ft., it is apparent that the location of production must be influenced by the extent of mechanization possible in the various producing counties. SHIFT in Production The term "mechanization" is commonly used to designate the coal-loading operation. However, in a broader sense it embraces the use of any and all mechanical and electrical equipment on the surface and underground. Strip mining is an intensive form of mechanization. The mechanical cleaning of coal is a form of mechanization. Cutting machines and motor haulage likewise are forms of mechanization, hence

Jan 1, 1940

By Paul Weir

During the past decade, methods of producing bituminous coal in the state of Illinois, which ranks third in production among the states in which bituminous coal is mined, have undergone great changes. From less than one million tons in 1923, the strip-mine production has gradually increased to a high of 11,725,870 tons in 1937. From a negligible amount prior to 1927, the amount of coal mechanically loaded underground had increased to a high of 28,374,362 tons in 1937. The amount manually loaded in 1937 reached a low of 12,332,023 tons. In this same year, this state ranked first in strip-mine production, also in mechanically loaded production. For this reason a study of the influence of mechanization on location of production in Illinois may be helpful in anticipating what may happen in other producing states. The reason for the changes in methods lies in the differences in costs of production. The Bureau of Research and Statistics of the National Bituminous Coal Commission has made public the following costs of production by various methods in the state of Illinois (district 10) for the last nine months of 1937: all mines, $1.7602 per ton; strip mines, $1.4319; mechanical loading mines, $1.7457; hand loading mines, $2.1793; all underground mines, $1.8703. These are weighted averages for the entire district. Inasmuch as production in 1937 was reported from 58 counties scattered over two-thirds of the area of the state and from five different seams varying in thickness from less than 3 ft. to as much as 12 ft., it is apparent that the location of production must be influenced by the extent of mechanization possible in the various producing counties. SHIFT in Production The term "mechanization" is commonly used to designate the coal-loading operation. However, in a broader sense it embraces the use of any and all mechanical and electrical equipment on the surface and underground. Strip mining is an intensive form of mechanization. The mechanical cleaning of coal is a form of mechanization. Cutting machines and motor haulage likewise are forms of mechanization, hence

Jan 1, 1940

By Henry M. Howe

In my original paper, Piping and Segregation in Steel Ingots, I pointed out1 among other things that, in view of the slighter stretching (virtual expansion) of the crust, and greater opportunity for sagging, there should be less piping in broad than in narrow ingots, and less in slowly-cooled ingots, e.g., those cast in pre-heated sand molds, than in those which cool quickly, e.g., those cast in iron molds. A. A. Stevenson said that neither of these predictions agreed with his own experience. In particular, in a picture which he showed of a wide and of a narrow ingot cast from the same ladleful of steel: the wide ingot had certainly piped much more deeply than the narrow one. At the time I did not see the explanation of these discrepancies, but further reflection makes it evident. One of the most important elements in determining the depth of the pipe is the degree of " top-lag," that is, the degree to which the solidification of the top of the ingot lags behind that of the bottom. Through this lagging the steel of the upper part of the ingot is able to run down and fill the pipe below as fast as it forms. To the importance of this lagging I called attention in my original paper.' Sand us. Iron Molds.—If we compare two like ingots, one cast in an iron and the other in a sand mold, we see that the top-lag is much greater in the former than in the latter, because in the former the lower part of the ingot is cooling off fast while the metal is running into the upper part. It is perhaps easier to look at this as a case of the solidification of the hot-

Jan 1, 1910

By Frederick N. Rhines, Robert F. Mehl

Relatively few data have been collected on the rates of diffusion in ternary solid solution systems. In general it does not seem worth while to gather extensive data for such systems until the factors that determine the rates of diffusion in binary systems are better understood. But the rates of diffusion in a ternary system of limited solid solubility, in which the terminal solid solution is in equilibrium with an intermediate phase and may thus be represented as a quasibinary system, represents a case of special interest. In this case, where by reason of the association of the two solute metals in an intermediate phase a special attraction of the two solute atoms may be safely assumed, some interaction of these atoms during simultaneous diffusion in the solvent lattice might be expected. It has frequently been proposed that molecular solid solutions exist in quasibinary and in other ternary (and binary) solid solutions. There is no direct evidence for such solid solutions; arguments based upon the supposed anomaly in certain physical properties1 are hardly important; unexpected density relationships have proved deceptive;2 suggestions of molecular solid solutions have been made on the basis of solution laws in their application to certain systems, but without result;3 attempts to find lattice parameters in the solid solution Al-MgZnz, which cannot be calculated from the separate effects of magnesium and zinc and might therefore be taken as evidence for a molecular aggregation, have given negative results.* Fundamentally, methods for the determination of the state of molecular aggregation in solution depend upon the kinetic behavior of the particles constituting the system. If it could be shown that the two solutes in a quasibinary ternary system diffuse in molecular proportions, despite a radical difference in the separate rates of diffusion of each solute when diffusing alone in the solvent lattice, some basis for the concept of molecular solid solution would be afforded. Freche5 examined the rates of

Jan 1, 1940

By Frederick N. Rhines, Robert F. Mehl

Relatively few data have been collected on the rates of diffusion in ternary solid solution systems. In general it does not seem worth while to gather extensive data for such systems until the factors that determine the rates of diffusion in binary systems are better understood. But the rates of diffusion in a ternary system of limited solid solubility, in which the terminal solid solution is in equilibrium with an intermediate phase and may thus be represented as a quasibinary system, represents a case of special interest. In this case, where by reason of the association of the two solute metals in an intermediate phase a special attraction of the two solute atoms may be safely assumed, some interaction of these atoms during simultaneous diffusion in the solvent lattice might be expected. It has frequently been proposed that molecular solid solutions exist in quasibinary and in other ternary (and binary) solid solutions. There is no direct evidence for such solid solutions; arguments based upon the supposed anomaly in certain physical properties1 are hardly important; unexpected density relationships have proved deceptive;2 suggestions of molecular solid solutions have been made on the basis of solution laws in their application to certain systems, but without result;3 attempts to find lattice parameters in the solid solution Al-MgZnz, which cannot be calculated from the separate effects of magnesium and zinc and might therefore be taken as evidence for a molecular aggregation, have given negative results.* Fundamentally, methods for the determination of the state of molecular aggregation in solution depend upon the kinetic behavior of the particles constituting the system. If it could be shown that the two solutes in a quasibinary ternary system diffuse in molecular proportions, despite a radical difference in the separate rates of diffusion of each solute when diffusing alone in the solvent lattice, some basis for the concept of molecular solid solution would be afforded. Freche5 examined the rates of

Jan 1, 1940

By R. M. Hudson

A study has been made of the decarburization of low-carbon sheet steels at temperatures from 1100" to 1475°F in mixtures containing hydrogen, nitrogen, water vapor, and in some instances carbon monoxide. Decarburization occurs principally by the reaction C (in steel) + H20 = CO + H2 and follows a first-order rate law. The decarburization rate appreciably increases with an increase in temperature up to about 1325°F, but the increase in rate is small with fur- Use of a dry hydrogen atmosphere results in a relatively slow decarburization of steel and use of a wet hydrogen atmosphere results in relatively rapid decarburization. It is now generally recognized' that the reaction C (in steel) + H2O = H2 + CO [l] accounts for most of the decarburization that occurs in wet hydrogen-containing atmospheres. The present article is concerned with the decarburization of low-carbon sheet steel in H2-N2 atmospheres ther increase in temperature. The limiting rate of decarburization can be predicted from a knowledge of the solid solubility and diffusivity of carbon and this rate is approached as the water-vapor content of an atmosphere is increased. Hydrogen contents above about 8 pct are beneficial only in that they permit higher levels of water vapor to be used without oxidation of the steel. A buildup of CO in the atmosphere lowers the rate of decarburization. containing various amounts of water vapor and carbon monoxide. The effectiveness of these atmospheres and the influence of temperature on decarburization rate will be considered. EXPERIMENTAL WORK The chemical compositions of the three steels used in decarburization-rate studies are listed in Table I. Steel A was a commercially hot-rolled rimmed steel that was cold-reduced at the Laboratory to furnish specimens 0.025, 0.041, and 0.059 in. thick. Most of the experiments in which this steel was used were made on the 0.041-in.-thick material. Steel B and Steel C were cut from 0.010-in.-thick commercially cold-reduced coils that were

Jan 1, 1963

Dr. Oldshue has provided a useful summary of a voluminous subject and my task will be to select and direct attention to those areas of mixing theory and practice which are germane to mineral processing in general, and to fine particle treatment in particular. Pulp mixing in impeller actuated reactors occurs in mineral processing in several different applications: (1) emulsification of reagents; (2) mixing pulp with 'reagents as in conditioning for subsequent operations (such as flotation, flocculation or agglomeration) ; (3) high intensity agitation, as in (a) disintegrating and dispersing aggregates, and (b) aggregating particles as in shear flocculation or in selective agglomeration; (4) hydrometallurgy; (5) hydrometallurgy with gas phase (e.g., Arbiter process); . (6) flotation in sub-aeration machines. Attention is invited to 3 above in which two opposite effects can be induced by proper choice of chemical treatment and hydrodynamic conditions. Successful processes for treating mineral fines require excellent aggregate dispersion in order to fully accomplish the liberation stage. Some processes depend further upon selective aggregation following dispersion. The term “dispersion” is often used in different senses which for present purposes will be clarified at the bottom of the next page.

Jan 1, 1979

By M. J. Marcinkowski, K. S. Raghavan, A. S. Sastri

A detailed transmission electron microscopy investigation was carried out in connection with a manganese Hadfield Steel. At small plastic strains, numerous individual intrinsic stacking faults are observed. With increased plastic deformation, the stacking faults thicken into twin lamellae which in turn subdivide the original austenite matrix into smaller domains. The twin boundaries act as strong barriers to subsequent dislocation motion and is in a sense equivalent to grain refinement. It is this "grain refinement" which is believed to be the cause of the very high work hardening rates in the Hadfield Steels. In many cases, especially where an hcp phase is the stable one at low temperatures, the stacking fault energy in fcc metals and alloys decreases with decreasing temperature.' Since stacking faults of the intrinsic type are precursors of both twins as well as the hexagonal close packed structure, both of these entities should become more frequent as the temperature of a fcc crystal is lowered. In the case of the twin, there is no chemical driving force for its formation and it is generally necessary to provide the required driving force by an applied stress, i.e., strain energy. In the case of the hcp structure the transformation from the fcc modification can occur spontaneously (marten-sitically) since a decrease in chemical energy does in fact occur; however, an applied stress will provide an even greater driving force toward complete transformation. Since the transformation products mentioned above occur in an inhomogeneous manner throughout the crystal and since these can act as potential barriers to further plastic deformation2 marked strengthening effects can be anticipated. Also because metal and alloy strenghening is in general proportional to the shear modulus, these effects should be greatest in steels of the austenitic type (y), i.e., the fcc types. Perhaps the two most important steels in this category are the austenitic stainless steels and the Hadfield manganese steels. Both may be quenched from elevated temperatures so as to retain the austenitic states characteristic of those temperatures. The effect of subsequent deformation at lower tem- peratures has a profound effect on the stress-strain curves of these alloys. In particular Fig. 1 shows the compressive stress-strain curves obtained with an 18-8 stainless steel which was quenched from 1850°C after annealing for 1 hr so as to produce all y. As the temperature is lowered, the work hardening rate increases markedly. Although some hcp or c mar-tensite can be generated by plastic deformation as the temperature is lowered,~ it is believed to be a transition phase4 and most of the martensite produced is of the bcc or a variety.3 It is this stress induced martensite which gives rise to the very low initial work hardening at 77°K as can be seen in the stress-strain curve in Fig. 1. Similar low initial work hardening rates have been observed in the stress induced Ni-Ti martensites.5 Fig. 2 shows that an even more rapid rate of work hardening occurs in the Hadfield steels treated in the same way as that described for the 18-8 stainless steels a; the temperature is lowered. It is this ability to work harden to such high stress levels that makes the Hadfield steels particularly suitable for armor plate and heavy construction equipment. However, unlike the case of Fig. 1, no initial low rate of work hardening is observed in any of the curves in Fig. 2. Thus the stress induced formation of any low energy martensite phase in any significant quantity must be ruled out. This observation is in accord with the X-ray findings of Otte.~ On the other hand, small quantities of the E phase have been observed by other investigators using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) above Even more significant was the fact that large numbers of deformation twins were observed in the deformed Hadfield steels,678 which were postulated to be one of the reasons for the high work hardening ability of this class of steels.8 It is the purpose in what follows to discuss a series of experimental observations pertaining to the stress induced transformation in a Hadfield steel and to formulate a dislocation mechanism which adequately accounts for the observed results. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The stainless steel used to obtain the curves shown in Fig. 1 was of the AISI Type 303 containing approximately 18.0 pct Cr and 8 pct Ni. On the other hand, the Hadfield manganese steel used to obtain the curves shown in Fig. 2 contained between 1.00 to 1.25 pct and 11.5 to 13.5 pct Mn. In all cases the samples were in the form of compression cylinders 0.220 in. in diam and 0.370 in. long. Prior to testing the samples were annealed for a hr at 1050°C and rapidly quenched into a brine solution. This treatment was sufficient to preserve the y phase for subsequent testing at lower temperatures. All samples were compressed in an Instron testing machine using a cross head speed of 0.02 in.

Jan 1, 1970

By J. G. Benford, E. B. Stanley

THERE have been numerous papers in the literature1 on the subjects of secondary and tertiary recrystalli-zation in silicon steels. Secondary re crystallization is believed to occur in silicon steel by either a surface-energy phenomenon such as in the usual development of cube texture or by a second-phase phenomenon such as in the usual production of cube-on-edge texture, (110)[001]. Tertiary recrystallization in silicon steel is thought to be a surface-energy phenomenon in which, for example, grains having a (110) plane parallel to the sheet grow at the expense of other grains in the matrix including those having a (100) plane parallel to the plane of the sheet. In all these instances, the orientations involve either a preferred (100) or (110) plane in the plane of the sheet. Until very recently, there had been no experimental evidence reported of the occurrence of a texture by secondary or tertiary recrystallization that involves a (111) plane in the plane of the sheet, although Kohler reported that grains having the (111) plane parallel to the sheet surface can also grow by a surface energy mechanism. Stickels observed a secondary texture in iron described as "near {554}(225)" about 5 deg from {lll}(211).3 Mee reported that in a vacuum-remelted commercial 3 pct Si steel {lll}(hkl) secondary recrystallization took place in a high vacuum and in pure hydrogen.4 Recently in our Laboratory, large-grained structures such as shown in Fig. 1 having an orientation near (111)[211] or (111)[2ii] have been observed. The arrows point to areas of relatively small matrix grains of the kind that the much larger (111) grains consumed while growing. It is of interest that the matrix grains of samples annealed at 2000°F were essentially the same size as those in samples annealed at 2200°F, a matrix-grain-size stability that is characteristic of secondary recrystallization processes. A torque disc taken from Grain 4 of the sample shown in Fig. 1 revealed a very flat magnetic-torque curve, as expected, with a maximum torque of 7000 dyne-cm per cu cm compared to the typical 180,000 dyne-cm per cu cm observed for conventional (110)[001] textured material. A back-reflection Laue pattern for Grain 4 is shown in Fig. 2 and indicates a near-perfect (111)[211] orientation. The other six numbered grains in the sample of Fig. 1 had a similar orientation. The small circles next to each number were the target areas for the X-ray beam. The starting material was an 0.011-in.-thick oriented silicon steel, (110)[001] texture, containing 3 pct Si. It was lightly pickled, cold-rolled to 0.005 in., and annealed 4 hr at 2200°F within a nickel box (not gas-tight) inside a tube furnace through which dry hydrogen was flowing. The samples were heated to 1500°F in 1 hr and then at 60°F per hr to 2200°F. There were other

Jan 1, 1969

By H. F. Winham

The history, development, subsurface geology, production, economics and estimated reserves are discussed in this paper. The Magnolia structure is an anticline with a known maximum structural relief at 372 ft., and the areal extent of the producing acreage is 4494 acres. Production is obtained from the Smack-over oölitic lime and 116 successful wells have been drilled. The field, which was developed on 40-acre spacing, has been under strict control. It is believed to be producing with a strong water drive, To date it has produced more than eighteen million barrels and the estimate of ultimate recovery is 220 million barrels. Early History The Magnolia field is in colurnbia County, Arkansas, T. 17 s., R. 19 and 20 W. Various geologists had long been interested in this general area, and as early as 1921, John F. Magale was able to define a surface structure. The first wildcat, one of the first in Columbia County, was drilled in 1923 by Mid-States Oil Co., in sec. 10, T. 17 S., R. 20 W. This well was about 11/2 miles northwest of the Kerlyn oil Company's discovery well and was based on surface geological work done by Jewel and Dobie. Subsequently, several shallow wells that were not carried below the Upper Cretaceous beds were drilled in the immediate area of the discovery well, but none of them contained any commercial showings of oil Or gas. In the latter part of 1935, Elam and Magale (or Southwood) Garrett NO. I was located in sec. 13, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., 3/4 mile east of the discovery well. It was drilled to a total depth of 4018 ft. in the lowermost Glen Rose beds but failed to obtain any showings of oil or gas. Interest had been stimulated in this general area, however, by the discovery of several oil fields, mainly Glen Rose oil production in the Rodessa field in Louisiana in 1935, Smackover lime productioil in Snow Hill in May 1936, production from the Cotton Valley formation in Schuler in 1937, and Smackover lime production from the Buckner field in November 1937. With this background and subsequent seismic work, which was carried on partly because the old shallow wells drilled in the township had shown evidence of closure in the Upper Cretaceous beds, the discovery well, Kerlyn Oil Company's Barnett No. I, Sec. 14, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., was originally projected to a total depth of 6300 ft., to test the equivalents of the Morgan sands of the Cotton Valley series, then producing at Schuler. The well was carried to a depth of 6325 It. and tested the objective beds without finding commercial production. In the meantime, however, one well had found production in the Jones sand and another in the Smaclrover lime at Schuler. Kerlyn immediately made arrangements to deepen the Barnett well to the Smackover lime. The top of the Smackover lime was encountered at 7618 ft. and the well

Jan 1, 1943