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ANDERSON, ALEXANDER, Captain, Royal Garrison Artillery. ANDERSON, GEORGE K., JR., Lieutenant, 30th Co., 3d Replacement Regiment. ARMSTEAD, H. H., Captain, Quartermaster Corps, U. S. N. A. ARMSTRONG, HAROLD KERR, Student Flight Officer, U. S. Naval Reserve Flying Corps, Dunwoody Naval Training Station, Minneapolis, Minn. BAKER, HARRY A., Captain, Co. M, 53d Pioneer Infantry. BASSETT, THOMAS E., Corporal, 340th. Field Artillery, Battery A, 89th Division, A. E. F. BATES, Wm.. T., 3d Reserve Officers' Training Camp. BAUMMGARTEN, K., 1st Lieutenant, 1st Corps School A. P. 0. 703. BAYLESS, G. E. S., Supply Dept., U. S. Submarine Base, New London, Conn. BENSEL, J. A., Major, U. S. R., Board of Control, War. Construction Activities, Norfolk, Va. BILLICK, DON C., Co. C, Ordnance. Supply School. BILLINGSLEY, PAUL, 1st Lieutenant, National Army, Statistics Branch,. General Staff. BLANDY, S. H. B., B. E. F.

Jan 8, 1918

By T. A. Read, H. M. Otte

THEORETICAL analysis by Wechsler, Lieberman and Read of the crystallography of martensite formation has shown that the requirement for the existence of a macroscopically undistorted plane between austenite and martensite permits a calculation of the indices of the habit plane of the marten-

Jan 1, 1958

By H. C. Lukens, E. V. Potter

The volume of hydrogen released from electrolytic manganese at various temperatures and pressures was determined in a previous investigation1 as part of a study to determine the most practical procedure for removing the hydrogen from electrolytic manganese metal. No attempt was made to determine the absolute volume of gas in the metal at any temperature and pressure; the volume of gas released showed only the variation in solubility with temperature and pressure. The results were very similar to those obtained by Sieverts and Moritz.² Both sets of data show a minimum solubility between 500' and 700°C., but they differ in certain respects; on cooling from 500°C., our results showed an increase in solubility of about 7 C.C. as compared with an increase of 34 C.C. per 100 grams shown by Sieverts. Furthermore, the transition temperatures, as indicated by sharp breaks in the solubility curves, did not agree well with Sieverts' data. This information was of secondary importance in the earlier investigations, and the solubility at low temperatures and the transition temperatures were subject to considerable error. Therefore, a subsequent investigation, reported in this paper, was made to measure the absolute solubility at temperatures from room temperature through the melting point and make more accurate observations of the transition temperatures. Apparatus and Method The apparatus and method were essentially the same as those described in the previous work,' as shown in Fig. I. At high temperatures, the small tube containing the thermocouple in the sample container A frequently broke off, so for some of this work the thermocouple was placed outside the sample container and protected by a quartz tube of about the same wall thickness as the sample container. No significant difference was found in the transition temperatures obtained in the two ways. The automatic temperature controller was used in these tests in the regions where there was little change in solubility with temperature. In the neighborhood of the transition points a continuously variable autotransformer was used instead of the automatic controller, and the power input to the furnace was adjusted so that the temperature increased or decreased at a very slow, uniform rate through the transition range. This procedure was followed because the temperature oscillations produced by the controller were too great compared with the transition range, and the transi- . tion points determined under such conditions were less accurate. Absolute Solubility Procedure ad Results The absolute solubility of hydrogen in manganese could be determined most

Jan 1, 1947

By E. V. Potter, H. C. Lukens

The volume of hydrogen released from electrolytic manganese at various temperatures and pressures was determined in a previous investigation1 as part of a study to determine the most practical procedure for removing the hydrogen from electrolytic manganese metal. No attempt was made to determine the absolute volume of gas in the metal at any temperature and pressure; the volume of gas released showed only the variation in solubility with temperature and pressure. The results were very similar to those obtained by Sieverts and Moritz.² Both sets of data show a minimum solubility between 500' and 700°C., but they differ in certain respects; on cooling from 500°C., our results showed an increase in solubility of about 7 C.C. as compared with an increase of 34 C.C. per 100 grams shown by Sieverts. Furthermore, the transition temperatures, as indicated by sharp breaks in the solubility curves, did not agree well with Sieverts' data. This information was of secondary importance in the earlier investigations, and the solubility at low temperatures and the transition temperatures were subject to considerable error. Therefore, a subsequent investigation, reported in this paper, was made to measure the absolute solubility at temperatures from room temperature through the melting point and make more accurate observations of the transition temperatures. Apparatus and Method The apparatus and method were essentially the same as those described in the previous work,' as shown in Fig. I. At high temperatures, the small tube containing the thermocouple in the sample container A frequently broke off, so for some of this work the thermocouple was placed outside the sample container and protected by a quartz tube of about the same wall thickness as the sample container. No significant difference was found in the transition temperatures obtained in the two ways. The automatic temperature controller was used in these tests in the regions where there was little change in solubility with temperature. In the neighborhood of the transition points a continuously variable autotransformer was used instead of the automatic controller, and the power input to the furnace was adjusted so that the temperature increased or decreased at a very slow, uniform rate through the transition range. This procedure was followed because the temperature oscillations produced by the controller were too great compared with the transition range, and the transi- . tion points determined under such conditions were less accurate. Absolute Solubility Procedure ad Results The absolute solubility of hydrogen in manganese could be determined most

Jan 1, 1947

By John H. Melvin

The Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, has been doing subsurface exploration work for a number of years, both by contract and with its own forces. Certain practices and procedures concerning the recovery of large diameter cores have been developed which will be described in this paper. Geology Most of the drilling to date has been in connection with structures on the main stem of the Missouri River above Sioux City, Iowa. A wide variety of subsurface conditions has been encountered. The bedrock formations appear in regular order from the oldest to the youngest, traveling upstream; or in other words, the general regional dip is to the northwest. The oldest formation is the Carlile shale, a compaction or noncemented waxy shale of Cretaceous age. Because of its unce-mented, soft nature this shale has a tendency to grind or wash away when drilled. It also has a tendency to rebound or expand when the overlying pressures are removed. A 25-ft bed of sharp, friable sandstone called the Codell member is present near the top of the Carlile shale. This member is a cemented sediment, but in drilling, many of the sand grains are broken loose and exert extensive abrasive action on the core barrel and bit. Above the Carlile shale is the Niobrara chalk, a soft calcareous deposit with shaly horizons and some thin beds of bentonitic clay. The average thickness of this deposit is about 145 ft. It is soft enough to be sawed or bored with ordinary woodworking tools, yet is compact enough to be used as building block. The Pierre shale, the formation above the Niobrara chalk, is over 800 ft in thickness and is the most widespread material in the area. It is a dark colored, compaction shale containing numerous thin bentonitic clay seams and at certain horizons, hard manganese concretions. The shale has numerous faults and in addition, along the valley walls, has undergone considerable slumping. Joints, fault planes and slickensided surfaces are common features encountered in drilling and add to the difficulties of high core recovery. East of the Missouri River the bedrock is generally covered with from 100 to 200 ft of glacial till, composed of clays, silts, sands, gravels and boulders. The valley itself is filled with alluvial deposits, mostly of the sand and gravel sizes, and contains a buried preglacial or interglacial channel over 100 ft in depth. The overburden deposits require sampling in connection with engineering studies and must also be cased before the underlying bedrock can be cored. The diameter of the required overburden samples can thus have an indirect effect on the size of core recovered from the bedrock. West of the river, which in most cases is the western boundary of glaciation,

Jan 1, 1949

By K. P. Mukherjee, K. P. Gupta, J. Bandyopadhyaya

Even though a lot of work has been done in the past to establish phase equilibrium in the Cu-Si system a re cent investigation casts some doubt about the existence and crystal structure of some of the phases that form in the composition range of 15 to 25 at. pct Si in Cu. The present investigation was carried out using high temperature X-ray diffraction technique along with other standard techniques to study the phases in this composition range. The high temperature 6 phase appears to be tetragonal with parameters a,, = 8.815A, c, = 7.903A, and co/ao = 0.896. The reported bcc E phase exists at room temperature and at least up to 780°C and appears to undergo a transformation near 600°C. The phase appears to be cubic but not of the bcc type. The ? phase appears to undergo a transformation, as has been indicated by earlier investigators, and the low temperature form of .? phase is tetragonal with parameters a, = 7.267A, co = 7.8924, and co/ao = 1.086. THE Cu-Si binary system has been investigated by several investigators1" and several intermediate phases,?,e,?' at lower temperatures and ?,ß,0,e, and ? at higher temperatures, were observed between terminal solid solutions of copper and silicon. Even though the existence of the e phase and the transformation in the ? phase were reported in many early works, in a recent study of this system Nowotny and Bittner6 doubted the existence of the e phase and phase at 550°C. Among the high temperature phases, the 6 phase was reported to have a complex cubic structure with parameter a, = 8.805A.7 Nowotny and Bittner, however, suggested that the structure of the 6 phase might be of CsCl type. In order to check these contradictory reports the present study was taken up to investigate the Cu-Si binary system in the composition range of 17 to 25 at. pct Si. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Weighed amounts of copper (99.99 pct) and silicon (99.9 pct) were induction melted in recrystallized alumina crucibles under argon gas atmosphere. The alloys containing 17, 18, 20, 21, 21.2, 22, and 24 at. pct Si were annealed in evacuated and sealed quartz capsules at 700°C for 3 days and subsequently water quenched. Other than this annealing, the 21.2 at. pct Si and 24 at. pct Si alloys were annealed at 550°C for 10 days, the 17 at. pct Si alloy was annealed at 750°C for 3 days, and the 22 and 24 at. pct Si alloys were annealed at 780°C for 2 days. All annealing temperatures were controlled to within *l°C. Alloys after quenching were subjected to metallographic and X-ray diffraction investigation. A solution containing 5 g FeC13 + 10 cc HCl + 120 cc H2O diluted with six times its volume with water was used as etching reagent. A 114.6 mm diam Debye Scherrer camera was used for obtaining diffraction patterns. The 17, 21.2, and 24 at. pct Si alloys were subjected to high temperature diffractometry using a Tempress Research High temperature attachment and a GEXRD VI diffractometer. For the 6 phase (17 at. pct Si alloy) powder specimen from a 750°C annealed alloy was reheated to 750°C in the high temperature attachment for 1½ hr before taking a diffraction trace. A 550°C annealed and slowly cooled phase (24 at. pct Si) alloy was first reheated to 550°C. a diffraction trace was made after annealing it for 2 hr, and subsequently it was heated to 716OC and kept at this temperature for 2 hr before taking a diffraction trace. For the e phase (21.2 at. pct Si alloy) a 550°C annealed and slowly cooled specimen was heated first to 425°C and annealed at this temperature for 2 hr before taking a diffraction trace. Subsequently, the specimen temperature was raised to 495", 540°, 603", 635", 682", 720°, and 748°C and homogenized at each temperature for 1 hr before taking diffraction traces. The powder specimen temperature was controlled to within +2oC at each temperature and argon gas, purified by passing it at slow rate through a fused CaC12 column, hot (800°C) copper and titanium chips and finally through a P2O5 column, was used to prevent oxidation of the powder. For all X-ray work copper-radiations at 25 kv, 15 ma (for Debye Scherrer technique), and 40 kv, 20 ma (for diffractometer tech-nique) were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At 700°C the alloys containing 17 to 21 at. pct Si showed two phases while the 21.2 at. pct Si alloy was found to be single phase. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the two-phase alloys were consistent with the phase (ßP-Mn type structure) and the phase (21.2 at. pct Si) patterns. The diffraction patterns of the 17 at. pct Si alloy quenched from 750" and 700°C were identical. According to the accepted Cu-Si phase dia-gram4,5,10 the 17 at. pct Si alloy at 750°C should be in the (k + 6) two-phase region and very close to the -phase boundary. The identical patterns possibly resulted from the decomposition of the 6 phase on

Jan 1, 1970

By Charles R. Fettke

The Bradford and Richburg oil fields are the only pools where artificially conducted water drives on an extensive scale have been economically successful. Field practice has progressed from the original accidental or intentional circle flood, through the line flood development plan, to the intensive complete development plan, which is the most-recent and generally considered to be the most successful. Of the intensive development plan the five-spot arrangement of wells is the one that has been used most extensively. A further development associated with the latter method is the application of additional hydraulic pressure to that of the hydrostatic head of the column of water in the intake well. In conjunction with this method is the practice of delayed drilling of the oil wells until the water from the intake wells has entered even the less permeable portions of the sand and developed a "bank" of oil at which time all oil wells are drilled as nearly simultaneously as possible. The five-spot pressurc flood with delayed drilling gives more rapid return on investment than any other method. The seven-spot and nine-spot patterns are rarely used. No chemicals, such as sodium carbonate and other so-called flooding agents, are being added to the water at present since the field tests carried on in 1926 gave no positive results. All air and gas drives have been discontinued.

Jan 1, 1930

By R. Clare Coffin

The production of petroleum in the Rocky Mountain district increased from 27,104,436 bbl. in 1929 to 33,048,630 bbl. in 1930. This increase was due to the development in southeastern New Mexico; which is in reality a portion .of the West Texas province. Disregarding production in southeastern New Mexico, the Rocky Mountain district produced 25,799,027 bbl. in 1929 and 23,164,988 bbl. in 1930, a decrease of 2,634,039 bbl. for the period. The daily production in January, 1930, averaged 70,839 bbl. for the entire district and in December, 1930, the daily production was 98,995 bbl. Total production by states is given in Table 1. Three important discoveries of oil and one of gas occurred in the district during 1930 in structures not, previously known to contain oil or gas. Oil was discovered in Dry Creek structure, Carbon County, Mont.; in the Midway structure, Natrona County, near Casper, Wyo.; and in the Greasewood structure, Weld County, Colo., northwest of Fort Morgan. Gas was discovered in the Bell Rock structure in Moffat County, western Colorado. Seven deep tests in as many different fields encountered oil in lower horizons than those already exploited. All of these discoveries were in the state of Wyoming. They occurred in the Salt Creek field, Natrona

Jan 1, 1931

By R. Clare Coffin

The production of oil in the Rocky Mountain district, including southeastern New Mexico, increased from 33,048,630 bbl. in 1930 to 34,325,163 bbl. in 1931. This increase was due to production in New Mexico, which exceeded the 1930 figure by approximately 5,000,000 barrels. Total production by fields is given in Table 1. Exploration during 1931 resulted in the discovery of a new oil-producing horizon in the Big Muddy field in Natrona County, Wyoming, and ' the discovery of a new gas pool in the Powder Wash structure, Moffat County, northwestern Colorado. Gas was discovered also in the Frontier sands of the Bunker Hill dome, Carbon County, Wyoming, but no test has yet been made by which to determine the significance of this discovery. All other exploration which resulted in increasing the known reserves of oil and gas in the district was confined to drilling in partly outlined fields where known limits of production were extended. During the year two major gas pipe lines were completed in western Montana, and one in southwestern New Mexico was extended into Arizona. One new project involving the marketing of natural gas from Wyoming fields included the conversion of an existing oil line to a gas line to serve towns in southeastern Wyoming and western Nebraska. Colorado The decline of 132,501 bbl. in the production of oil in the Colorado fields during 1931 from the figure of 1930 is due to the natural decline of existing wells, partly offset by the increased production in the Greasewood area. New exploration was limited largely to northeastern Colorado, where attempts were made to find oil in areas adjacent to the Grease-wood field. Powder Wash, Moffat County.—The Ohio Oil Co. is to be credited with the discovery of a gas field in the Power Wash structure in Moffat County, Colorado. The initial well drilled in sec. 5-11-97 encountered a sand at a depth of 2152 ft. which produced 34,188,000 cu. ft. of gas on an open-flow test. The rock pressure was reported as 630 Ib.

Jan 1, 1932

By L. G. Huntley

Introduction IN View of the recent advance made in the knowledge of the nature and conditions accompanying the occurrence of oil and gas, and of the recent activity in drilling in Wyoming, Montana, and western Canada, a discussion of the probabilities of obtaining production in such a reservoir as the Dakota sand in general, and in particular districts, is thought by the author to be timely and likely to result in more intelligent operating in certain parts of the territory underlain by this sand. In Canada particularly it is thought that these general considerations have equal if not more significance in a consideration of the oil and gas possibilities of the formations than have the various local conditions.

Jan 6, 1915

By HENRT M. HOWE

IN my original paper, Piping and Segregation in Steel Ingots, I pointed out1 among other things that, in view of the slighter stretching (virtual expansion) of the crust, and greater opportunity for sagging, there should be less piping in broad than in narrow ingots, and less in slowly-cooled ingots, e.g., those cast in pre-heated sand molds, than in those which cool quickly, e.g., those cast in iron molds. A. A. Stevenson2 said that neither of these predictions agreed with his own experience. In particular, in a picture which he showed of a wide and of a narrow ingot cast from the same ladleful of steel,, the wide ingot had certainly piped much more deeply than the narrow one. At the time I did not see the explanation of these discrepancies, but further reflection makes it evident. One of the most important elements in determining the depth of the pipe is the degree of " top-lag," that is, the degree to which the solidification of the top of the ingot lags behind that of the bottom. 'Through this lagging the steel of the upper part of the ingot is able to run down and fill the pipe below as fast as it forms. To the importance of this lagging I called attention in my original paper.' Sand vs. Iron Molds.-If we compare two like ingots, one cast in an iron and the other in a sand mold, we see that the top-lag' is much greater in the former than in the latter, be¬cause in the former the lower part of the ingot is cooling off fast while the metal is running into the upper part. It is perhaps easier to look at this as a case of the solidification of the hot-

Dec 1, 1909

By W. H. Herrnstein, F. H. Beck, M. G. Fontana

Sulfur solubility in a iron was measured in the 750 to 890°C temperature range and was found to be insensitive to ferrite purity within a limited composition range. The permeability of sulfur in ferrite was determined from the internal sulfidation of Fe-Mn alloys. From the solubility and permeability results, the diffusivity of sulfur in ferrite could be calculated. These results are summarized as follows: Dissolved sulfur decreased the lattice parameter of ferrite. The effect of dissolved sulfur on the tensile properties of ferrite at low temperatures was also determined. SINCE sulfur is an important residual impurity in commercial irons and steels, effects associated with the presence of sulfur as a solute in iron are of considerable practical interest. Unfortunately, certain basic information relative to the Fe-S system appears to be lacking in the literature, e.g., the effect of dissolved sulfur on the lattice parameter and mechanical properties of ferrite. In addition, discrepancies exist in previously reported results for the solubility of sulfur in ferrite. These discrepancies raise questions regarding the sensitivity of sulfur solubility to the purity and microstructure of iron. This study was undertaken primarily in an effort to obtain reliable data on the solubility of sulfur in ferrite. Additional objectives included determination of the permeability and diffusivity of sulfur in ferrite by the internal sulfidation method and determination of the effect of dissolved sulfur on the lattice parameter and tensile properties of ferrite. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Three grades of iron, encompassing a range of impurity levels, were employed in the study. The grades were designated VME (vacuum-melted electrolytic), SPZR (single-pass zone-refined), and MPZR (multipass zone-refined). The composition of each grade is given in Table I. Poly crystalline and single-crystal strip specimens were employed in the solubility experiments. Uniform grain size strip (ASTM 3 to 5) of 0.005 to 0.020 in. thickness was obtained by alternate cold reductions of 60 thickness 60 to 80 pct and recrystallization at 650°C for i hr in pure, dry argon. Single-crystal specimens were produced in 0.010-in.-thick SPZR iron strip by the strain-gradient anneal technique. Recrystallized strip 0.25 in. wide was strained until a Luders band or bands had propagated over the length of the strip; the strip was then annealed by drawing it through a 150°C per in. gradient (890°C peak temperature) at 1 in. per hr in an atmosphere of pure, dry argon. Laue photographs of the crystals produced exhibited no discernible asterism. Specimens were equilibrated with H-H, atmospheres at temperatures between 750" and 890" by one of two methods, each of which makes use of the reaction: The encapsulation sulfurization method was employed in the majority of the solubility experiments. A strip

Jan 1, 1969

By L. G. Truby

This paper presents the results obtained after calculating matches of the observed pressure performance of five fields completed in a common aquifer. A general dejcription of the Central Basin Platform area in West Texas in which the five fields, Andector, Embear, Martin, TXL, and wheeler, are lo. cated is contained in the paper. The method of utilizing the electric analyzer to calculate simultaneously matches of the observed pressure performance of the five fields is outlined. The determination of boundaries of pressure communication is discussed and the extent of pressure interference between fields consistent with the configuration of the area aquifer is shown graphically. INTRODUCTION Anomalies in the pressure performance of the Andeector Ellenhurger Field resulted in an investigation of pressure interference between several Ellenburger fields located on the Central Basin Platform in West Texas. Four fields, Embar, Martin, TXL, and Wheeler, were found to contribute significantly to the pressure drawdown at Andector. An initial investigation of the pressure performance of the Andector Ellenburger Field revealed that the reservoir pressure could not be matched by the calculation technique usually applied to water drive reservoirs. In the past, many have advanced the opinion that fracturing in the Ellenburger was a local condition restricted to the immediate uplifted area around the field, in which case each field would in all probability be surrounded by its own relatively small aquifer. Following several unsuccessful attempts to account for the pressure performance at Andector, a system assuming a common aquifer involving several fields in the immediate vicinity of Andector was placed on the electric analyzer and the effect of lo. interference was noted. A refinement of the initial analyzer calculations involved the determination of the approximate boundaries of the aquifer, the calculation of detailed matches of the pressure performance of the interfering fields, and an evaluation of the degree of communication between fields. DISCUSSION Geology and Development The fields considered in this work are located in the Central Basin Platform, a north-south trending structural feature in West Texas lying between the Delaware Basin to the west and the Midland Basin to the east. The locations of various individual Ellenburger fields in this general are shown in Fig. 1 with the five major fields which appear to be definitely intercommunicating colored in black and located in the circled portion of the figure. Production from the five fields was first obtained from the Embar Field discovered in July 1942, followed by the Wheeler Field in 1943, the TXL Field in 1945, and the Martin and Andector Fields in 1946. The total reservoir fluid production from these fields is indicated in Fig. 2. As illllstrated in this figure, very little production was taken from these fields prior

Jan 1, 1952

By B. M. Larsen

AN increasing amount of attention is being paid to the possible influence of oxygen, in its several modes of occurrence in steel, upon some of the properties of the metal; but clearly investigations along this line are unlikely to yield significant results until reliable analytical methods for the determination of oxygen have been established. This paper presents some results of a study of an improved Ledebur method which aims to determine a definite portion of the oxygen; namely; that which presumably is present in diffusible form in the. solid steel. These more or less preliminary results lead us to believe that the oxygen so determined has some significance; their presentation at this time will, we hope, stimulate discussion of, and focus attention upon, certain rather neglected aspects of the problem. Considerable work has been done recently on methods of estimating inclusions and on the vacuum-fusion method for oxygen; with results which, however, are of somewhat questionable significance. It is commonly presumed that the oxygen in a bath of molten steel in a furnace is present partly as a separate phase consisting of suspended particles of oxides or silicates, partly in solution, the latter being probably the more important. Upon addition of a deoxidizer, it reacts with some portion of the dissolved oxygen and precipitates it as additional suspended particles; the oxygen not eliminated in this way, which remains in solution in the liquid steel, may be regarded indifferently either as dissolved oxygen or as dissolved FeO. When the steel is poured, some of the suspended particles rise towards the surface, others remain trapped in the finished steel, appearing as nonmetallic inclusions in amounts corresponding usually to about 0.01 to 0.03 per cent 02 in the steel. The dissolved oxygen may be partly eliminated as CO during freezing of the ingot, but some remains either in solution or in part precipitated as FeO. Finished steels may thus contain oxygen in several forms: (1) In non-metallic inclusions which are probably quite insoluble in the solid metal at all temperatures; (2) in solid solution which at lower temperatures may be supersaturated; (3) in FeO particles produced by relief of this

Jan 1, 1932

By Mark J. Klein

The precipitation of nitrogen in quenched and aged CY-35 at. pct Re was followed by internal-friction and electrical-resistivity measurements. It is shown that the precipitation kinetics of nitrogen from solution are many orders of magnitude lower in this alloy than in chromium. The reluctance of nitrogen to precipitate from sol~ction can be attributed to the composilional r-eadjustnzents required in the z.icinity of a chromium nitrade particle for gowth to occur. AS part of an investigation of the mechanism by which rhenium increases the low-temperature ductility of chromium and other Group VI-A metals, it was of interest to compare the concentration of interstitial elements retained in solution in chromium with that of a ductile Cr-Re alloy. The presence of certain interstitial elements in chromium has been shown to decrease its ductility1-5 and, of these interstitials, nitrogen is believed to have the most detrimental effect on mechanical properties. Thus, a comparison of the disposition of nitrogen in chromium with that in a ductile Cr-Re alloy might provide information about the mechanism whereby rhenium enhances the ductility of chromium. In previous internal-friction studies it was shown that the equilibrium solubilities of nitrogen in chromium and Cr-35 at. pct Re did not differ greatly.= However, results indicated that the actual concentration of nitrogen retained in solution at ambient temperatures is likely to be considerably greater in the alloy than in chromium because the precipitation kinetics of nitrogen are greatly retarded by the addition of rhenium. The objective of this investigation was to study the kinetics of nitrogen precipitation in Cr-35 at. pct Re in greater detail and to obtain information concerning the mechanism of nitrogen precipitation in this alloy. The properties studied were internal friction and

Jan 1, 1967

By C. O. Bundranl, Peter Dehlinger, W. H. Browne

Brief laboratory investigations are described which attempt to determine optimum .sand concentrations in gel-sand and oil-sand1 well-treatments. The investigations apply to the case where sand acts as a propping agent in formation fractures. Both analytically and experimentally it is demonstrated that optimum sand concentrations can be defined. It is difficult to translate laboratory results to field treatments, however, since the relative distribution of sand and fluid in fractures may not be the same as injected. This is because fluid may penetrate the furtherest narrow portions of fractures, which would not pass sand. Optimum concentration of a monolayer of Ottawa sand in fractures of 0.025-in. width at the usual range of pressures encountered in treatments appears to be about 95 to 2 lb/gal. of gel. An investigation of abrasion of rock-walls by sand in treatments, described in the Appendix, shows that such abrasion is not probable in significant amounts. INTRODUCTION Experience in the Spraberry formation of West Texas, as well as in other formations, has shown that. sand is a necessary and vital part of gel-sand and oil-sand treatments. Many observers of treatments have also concluded that there seems to be an optimum range of sand concentration for these injections. Brief laboratory investigations were made at Battelle Memorial Institute to study flow in fractures with different sand concen- trations. To investigate the existence and range of optimum concentrations in the laboratory, however, necessitates knowledge of the mechanism by which the sand aids in increasing subsequent production. The action of sand in fractures is usually thought to be either that of a propping agent, thus providing a greater effective formation permeability; that of an abrasive in eroding fill material in fractures; or that of an abrasive eroding rock-wall irregularities along fracture surfaces. Investigations described in the Appendix show that sand does not appear to erode rock-wall materials appreciably. In a subsequent paper it is reasoned, at least for the Spraberry formation of West Texas, that the primary action of sand is not in removing fill materials in fractures. In this formation, and probably others, too, the main effect of sand appears to be that of a propping agent. Both analytical and experimental investigations were made for the case of a monolayer of sand acting as a propper, in which sand concentrations were determined that would, after treatment, permit flow of the maximum quantities of oil from the formation into a well. If too few sand grains are injected into fractures in which the bottom hole pressure has decreased appreciably below the original formation pressure, the confining pressure in the formation may become relatively large, thus compress the rock-walls around the sand grains, essentially close fractures, and so decrease the subsequent flow of oil. Similarly, if too much sand is used, the flow of oil will he impeded by the volume of sand present. THEORY Although an analytical approach to determining optimum sand concentrations involves gross assumptions.

Jan 1, 1955

By S. A. Ford

A SHORT and accurate method for the estimation of manganese in iron and steel is of great advantage to Bessemer works, and I think it may be of interest to some of the members of the Institute to give in detail the process in use in the laboratory of the Edgar Thomson steel works. The process is based on the reaction first described by Beilstein and Jawein.* The steel, spiegel, or iron is dissolved in strong nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.½. Evaporation to dryness is not necessary, unless the amount of silicon is large, as in the case of certain pig irons. Then, as a clogging of the filter in the subsequent filtration is apt to follow, dissolve first in a dish in hydochloric acid, quickly evaporate to dryness, redissolve in the strong nitric acid, boil, and while boiling throw in crystals of chlorate of potash from time to time. Violent action ensues, yellow fumes are given off, and binoxide of manganese is precipitated, since it is insoluble in strong

Jan 1, 1881

By J. S. Osoba, J. G. Richardson, F. M. Perkins

Laboratory experiments have shown profound diffcrences in the behavior of so-called "fresh cores" from the East Texes field and of the same cores after ex~ractio~l with organic solvents. The residual oil satura/ion remaining after waterflooding fresh cores was appreciably lower than the corresponding saturations after flooding extracted cores. This behavior was also reflected in the water-oil relative permeability-saturatiorl relations, which were more favorable for high oil recovery from the fresh cores. These differences were evident not only in the amount of residual oil left after wafer flooding, but also in the saturation water remaining in the core after displacernent by oil. Residual water saturation after displacernetzt of water by oil was higher in the fresh cores than in the extracved core,. Capillary pressure-saturation relations were also different for the fresh crnd extracted cores. Imbibition experiments indicated that both fresh and extracted Bast Texas cores imbibed water spontarteOLISIY, but- the rate of imbibition of water was higher for samp1es after. extraction than it was for fresh core. material. INTRODUCTION Several years ago a series of waterflooding tests was made in the laboratory on a number of Woodbine core samples from the East Texas field. These samples had been stored in containers open to the air and were extracted with organic solvents before they were subjected to the laboratory tests. After water flooding, the residual saturation of kerosene, which was the oil used in the tests, was found to average about 30 per cent. This saturation was higher than expected. In investigating the circumstances which might have been responsible for such a high residual oil saturation, attention was given to possible changes in wetting properties of the rock brought about by the procedure employed in extracting the cores. Preliminary results indicated that the explanation for the high residual oil saturation lay in the wetting behavior of the cores, though what effect extraction had on this behavior was not clear. In consequence, the work described in this report was undertaken in an attempt to investigate the mechanism responsible, and to ascertain the actual residual oil saturation to be expected in the reservoir after water flooding. It was soon found that there were profound differcnces in the behavior of so-called "fresh cores" from the East Texas field and of the same cores after extraction with organic solvents. These differences were evident not only in the amount of residual oil left after water flooding, but also in the saturation of watet remaining in the core after displacement by oil. The complete explanation of this behavior is not yet apparent. The description of work and results described in following sections, therefore, must be considered as an interim report presenting facts which must await additional information before they can be fully interpreted.

Jan 1, 1956

By Parke A. Dickey

Potential differences between strata of shale and sandstone have been recognized for about 15 years, and they form the basis of the electrical logging of oil wells. Hitherto these potentials have been ascribed solely to electro-¦ chemical reactions caused by the disturbing effects of the water in the drill hole through which they are generally measured. Observations by the author in wells empty of water and in a mine shaft suggest that potential differences between sandstones and shales are natural and specific properties of the rocks, although they are moditied in measurement by the disturbing effects of the water in the drill hole. The cause of these potentials probably is to be sought in the relative polar adsorptive capacities of quartz and clay particles. Introduction The existence of potential differences in the surface of the earth has been known for some time, and their measurement has facilitated the discovery of geological discontinuities such as ore bodies. The technique of measurement has been well established.1-3 In measurements in oil wells, it has been found that the potential of shales with respect to some arbitrary reference is very nearly constant in any one well, at least below the zone to which meteoric water has gained access. Sandstones and some other types of sedimentary rocks have a difference of potential with respect to shale that is negative arid may attain a value of 200 millivolts or more. The difference of potential, as usually measured commercially with water in the hole, is distributed over about one foot vertically at the top and bottom contacts of the sandstones. The sharpness of the curve at the formation contacts can be improved by using a short electrode that is close to the wall of the hole' These potentials generally have been ascribed to the disturbing effects of the water in the drill hole. Potentials have been found, however, in wells in which no water was present. In the course of experiments in electrical logging in pennsylvania, carried out by the pennsylvania Geological Survey, observations were made of several phenomena that hitherto have not been described, to the author's knowledge, ill the published literature. The potential differences across the contacts of sandstone and shale are called ill this paper "natural potentials," as distinguished from the potentials caused by electroendosmosis (electrofiltration) and concentration differences, which will be discussed subsequently. Potentials in Cored WeLl In the spring of 1942, the author measured the potentials in an exploratory well (Day 13, near Grand Valley, Pa.) which had been cored With diamond tools. The potentials were first measured with fresh water in the hole. * null balance potentiometer was used in this and all the other measurements described in this paper. One nonpolarizing porous pot electrode, containing copper sulphate solution and

Jan 1, 1946

By Parke A. Dickey

Potential differences between strata of shale and sandstone have been recognized for about 15 years, and they form the basis of the electrical logging of oil wells. Hitherto these potentials have been ascribed solely to electro-¦ chemical reactions caused by the disturbing effects of the water in the drill hole through which they are generally measured. Observations by the author in wells empty of water and in a mine shaft suggest that potential differences between sandstones and shales are natural and specific properties of the rocks, although they are moditied in measurement by the disturbing effects of the water in the drill hole. The cause of these potentials probably is to be sought in the relative polar adsorptive capacities of quartz and clay particles. Introduction The existence of potential differences in the surface of the earth has been known for some time, and their measurement has facilitated the discovery of geological discontinuities such as ore bodies. The technique of measurement has been well established.1-3 In measurements in oil wells, it has been found that the potential of shales with respect to some arbitrary reference is very nearly constant in any one well, at least below the zone to which meteoric water has gained access. Sandstones and some other types of sedimentary rocks have a difference of potential with respect to shale that is negative arid may attain a value of 200 millivolts or more. The difference of potential, as usually measured commercially with water in the hole, is distributed over about one foot vertically at the top and bottom contacts of the sandstones. The sharpness of the curve at the formation contacts can be improved by using a short electrode that is close to the wall of the hole' These potentials generally have been ascribed to the disturbing effects of the water in the drill hole. Potentials have been found, however, in wells in which no water was present. In the course of experiments in electrical logging in pennsylvania, carried out by the pennsylvania Geological Survey, observations were made of several phenomena that hitherto have not been described, to the author's knowledge, ill the published literature. The potential differences across the contacts of sandstone and shale are called ill this paper "natural potentials," as distinguished from the potentials caused by electroendosmosis (electrofiltration) and concentration differences, which will be discussed subsequently. Potentials in Cored WeLl In the spring of 1942, the author measured the potentials in an exploratory well (Day 13, near Grand Valley, Pa.) which had been cored With diamond tools. The potentials were first measured with fresh water in the hole. * null balance potentiometer was used in this and all the other measurements described in this paper. One nonpolarizing porous pot electrode, containing copper sulphate solution and

Jan 1, 1946