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By Edson José Costa Santos

Uma fonte promissora de pós-descarga é a obtida por cátodo oco, isso devido a sua operação, baixo custo, elevada densidade de espécies ativas e design. Neste trabalho empregou-se a espectroscopia de emissão para diagnosticar as espécies ativas produzidas descarga em catodo oco. Variou-se a corrente elétrica na descarga de Ar entre 150 e 600 mA para verificar a influência da corrente na descarga. Posteriormente, fixou-se a corrente elétrica e variou-se o fluxo de N2 na pós-descarga de 1 a 6 cm3/min. Observou-se que a corrente elétrica influenciou na intensidade de emissão das espécies produzidas pelo sistema de descarga cátodo oco. Além disso, não foi observada a emissão ótica da espécie de ? 2 N na pós-descarga Ar-N2.

Aug 7, 2018

By Delio Amorim

Industry 4.0 concepts is the new biggest challenge on the industry nowadays and every company in every industry in every part of the globe is looking to implement this somehow on their factories and machines. To do that on the newest long rolling mills, that brings already onboard state-of-the-art technologies, is for sure a challenge of machinery builder industry, but how to become the long rolling mills built on 70’s, 80’s or 90’s part of this innovation process and connected to the new trends? This is the main mission here, to show some examples of applications that goes in this direction.

Oct 1, 2019

By Kazuya Nakabo

In this article, influences of restraint and MgO content on densification of alumina-magnesia castable during heating were experimentally studied. High thermal expansion-alumina-magnesia castable specimens were surrounded by low thermal expansion-alumina-silica castables, and heated in an electric furnace. Doing so allows restrained heating of alumina-magnesia castable. According to the results of simple calculations, the restraint stresses were estimated to be between 2 to 20 MPa, so the experimental conditions were considered reasonable. As a result of the experiments, it was verified that restraint densifies alumina-magnesia castable, resulting in an increase in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity. The densification effect of restraint became larger as the MgO content increased. The effects are attributable to an in-situ spinel forming reaction, which improves corrosion resistance.Taking the temperature distribution in the castable lining into account, large restraint stress is expected for the hot face while only a little effect is expected for back end. Thus, excessive difference in material property in the thickness direction, which is undesirable in terms of structural spalling, is a concern.Hence, the MgO content of alumina-magnesia castable should be determined carefully, taking not only corrosion resistance but also spalling resistance into consideration.

Oct 30, 2017

By José Fagundes Jr., Juliano Braz Possatti, Bruno Câmara Vieira, Gabriel Godinho Alves, Bruno Bastos da Silva Murad, Cristina Maria de Oliveira Roque

Driven by market trends, increasing environmental accountability, government regulations and fostered by the Company’s strategic plan, ArcelorMittal Tubarão has developed new steel products to deliver better solutions to fit each customer’s needs. This often translates in higher strength, more complex and dimensionally challenging (thinner and wider) steels to attend a broad array of goals, such as reduction of vehicles fuel consumption and carbon emissions, increase in fatigue performance of heat treated parts, higher load capacity per net weight in vessels or wagons and lower supplying lead time as ArcelorMittal Tubarão establishes itself as a domestic option for so far imported grades. Based on the annual Product Development Plan, a structured workflow involves technical discussions from an operational point of view about safety issues, metallurgical project, steel grade family definitions, offline simulations prior to field trials, deformation resistance and process parameters adjustments and scheduling strategy. As a result of the increasing synergy between the areas, the share of new materials developed in recent years has been sustainably increased up to 15% in 2018, adding value to the final product without impact on hot rolled coil output and with a low cobble index.

Oct 1, 2019

By Cleber Caetano Thomazi

Rotary kilns are continuous process equipment used on calcining of nickel ore. The chemical and physical reactions are created by means of heat up the material to predetermined temperatures. Tertiary air fans are attached to the kiln shell to maintain oxidizing/reduction conditions. Special ducts orientate the air flow inside the kiln. In the present work, two types of failure on distinct tertiary ducts mounted on the same kiln are reported. Chemical analysis, hardness test, metallographic and fractographic examinations were carried out. Fabrication related problems and creep were identified as the root causes of damages.

Oct 30, 2017

By Wallace Ernesto Sant’Anna Ramos

Dentre as diversas tecnologias utilizadas para desinfecção da água uma das mais utilizadas em todo mundo são as Monocloraminas. O presente trabalho visa mostrar as vantagens e benefícios de se utilizar uma tecnologia combinada mais limpa, verde e eficaz para controle microbiológico sem causar danos ao meio ambiente, além de ser mais segura e confiável, para o processo e o ser humano.

Sep 25, 2017

By Weimar Silva Castilho

A influência do tempo de encharque criogênico no amortecimento da liga Ni-43,9%Ti foi investigada. Por meio da técnica de excitação por impulso determinou-se essa propriedade de amostras submetidas a diferentes tempos de encharque criogênico a -196oC. Observou-se que o amortecimento sofreu aumento de até 119% para corpo de prova submetido ao encharque criogênico por 24 horas.

Aug 16, 2017

By Rodrigo Fina Ferreira, Jacek Kolacz, Luciana Gois, Neymayer Pereira Lima

The recent developments on the sensor detectors together with the higher capacity of the machines, due the high-speed computing recent advances, have made possible extending the application in the mining industry. The use of x-ray fluorescence, x-ray transmission and radiometric sensor based sorting can selectively remove gangue minerals in different size fractions for different minerals. This paper summarizes the potential application of SBS for an iron ore in three size fractions aiming to increase the %Fe after the removal of particles with main gangue minerals associated. Pilot plant tests were carried out with samples of iron ore in different size fractions and different content of hematite and gangues. The use of x-ray transmission sensor showed the possibility to increase the %Fe from about 63% to above 68% for particles below 80mm and 45mm, after the removal of low density particles. The presence of fines on the feed affected the performance of the SBS X-rays transmission machine, especially for the fine fraction feed. The mineralogical determination, carried out to know the association between hematite and gangue minerals, and the density of the particles on the feed, can be used to preview the quality of products of the x-transmission sorting process.

Oct 3, 2019

By Edilson Alves Maranhão, Willi Anton Buehler, Andrea Pezza

O processo de vácuo é a solução típica aplicada quando é hora de atualizar o nível de qualidade do aço de uma aciaria existente. A instalação do novo RH de 150t na planta integrada no México e do novo Tanque de Desgaseificação à Vácuo (VD) de 135t no Canadá para a produção de tubos de alta qualidade na América do Norte, é um exemplo típico disso. A nova instalação inclui o mais recente conceito de design para este tipo de equipamento: operações totalmente automatizadas e menor impacto ambiental são os principais aspectos do projeto. A solução de bomba mecânica a seco continua sendo a melhor abordagem de investimento e custo operacional para a tecnologia de vácuo. Os principais aspectos do design da planta são descritos neste documento. O desgaseificador a vácuo RH é responsável pela melhoria das performances metalúrgicas, especialmente em termos de nitrogênio, remoção de hidrogênio e nível de pureza do aço. O processo a jusante e os resultados estão estritamente ligados aos desempenhos do desgaseificador a vácuo. O monitoramento de processos através da linha completa é uma prática padrão para obter uma melhoria efetiva da qualidade do produto. Os desempenhos metalúrgicos do desgaseificador a vácuo RH são analisados e comentados neste trabalho.

Oct 1, 2019

By Edilson Alves Maranhão, Willi Anton Buehler, Andrea Pezza

O processo de vácuo é a solução típica aplicada quando é hora de atualizar o nível de qualidade do aço de uma aciaria existente. A instalação do novo Tanque de Desgaseificação à Vácuo (VD) de 135t no Canadá e do novo RH de 150t na planta integrada no México para a produção de tubos de alta qualidade na América do Norte é um exemplo típico disso. A nova instalação inclui o mais recente conceito de design para este tipo de equipamento: operações totalmente automatizadas e menor impacto ambiental são os principais aspectos do projeto. A solução de bomba mecânica a seco continua sendo a melhor abordagem de investimento e custo operacional para a tecnologia de vácuo. Os principais aspectos do design da planta são descritos neste documento. O desgaseificador a vácuo VD é responsável pela melhoria das performances metalúrgicas, especialmente em termos de nitrogênio, remoção de hidrogênio e nível de pureza do aço. O processo a jusante e os resultados estão estritamente ligados aos desempenhos do desgaseificador a vácuo. O monitoramento de processos através da linha completa é uma prática padrão para obter uma melhoria efetiva da qualidade do produto. Os desempenhos metalúrgicos do desgaseificador a vácuo VD são analisados e comentados neste trabalho.

Oct 1, 2019

By Leticia dos Santos Aguilera

Nanopartículas magnéticas são amplamente empregadas em diversas áreas devido as suas propriedades superparamagnéticas, e vem sendo estudadas por todo o mundo com potencial em campos como biomedicina e tratamento de efluentes. Nesse experimento as propriedades de ferritas mistas de manganês e zinco foram testadas e avaliadas com base na sua concentração de zinco em cada composto, usando como fator de comparação suas velocidades médias de arraste em um tanque de ondas graduado na presença de um campo magnético externo. O processo procura viabilizar um método de análise que sugira possível coerência com resultados observados em outro método de caracterização magnética, a magnetometria por amostra vibrante. Tais resultados apresentaram maior magnetização de saturação para as amostras de Mn0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4 assim como foi observado maior velocidade de arraste nas amostras de mesma estequiometria.

Oct 30, 2017

By Mario González Ramírez

The safe transport of sour gas requires steels with enhanced hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance. Centerline segregation bands of high hardness microconstituents and non-metallic inclusions are the heterogeneities usually linked to HIC failures in pipeline steels. Full-scale production heats of a new low Mn, Nb microalloyed steel were produced by different steel mills aiming at the application in sour gas environments. The new alloy design provides both effective strengthening and control of sulphide inclusions. Coil microstructure consisted of fine grained ferrite with a small volume fraction of uniformly dispersed eutectoid aggregates. Most importantly the microstructure was uniform in both the longitudinal and transverse directions and exhibited exceptional consistency. Samples from this steel were submitted to HIC testing according to NACE standards TM0284-2003 without any sign of cracking. The results, so far, confirm that this new alloy design provides the unique opportunity to economically produce a high strength pipe steel grade with improved sour service resistance for the linepipe industry.

Aug 8, 2018

By Breno Totti Maia

This work was a continuous and multidisciplinary development. Through studies of the blowing process and its parameters results, evolutions, improvements and adjustments were made on the lance’s hot face with Slagless® technology, as well in the process parameters and mitigating actions of the projection of materials out of the converter. The main results are the increase in the nozzle’s life with a “record mark” of 1785 heats, and water leakage occurrence in the cartridge decreased considerably reaching the mark of one year without any occurrence.

Oct 30, 2017

By Priscilla Pessin Coppo

The prevention of dental enamel wear has particular relevance for preventive and restorative purposes in dentistry. The wear damage can increase due to salivary disorders and/or parafunction (bruxism); antagonists incisal surfaces become flat and coincident. This study aims to investigate the wear behavior and the related mechanisms in sliding pairs of conformal incisal enamel, with similar values of hardness and fracture toughness, with different applied normal loads and lubricated conditions. Bovine incisors, under pin on flat configuration, were tested in two lubrication condition (dry or with natural saliva) and two applied normal loads (8 and 16 N). The worn surfaces were investigated by 3D profilometry and SEM. The analysis of worn surfaces indicated mechanisms of brittle fracture, but with different severities. Under a normal load of 16 N and dry condition, wear is controlled by a brittle process: microcracking with flake-like wear particles, which results in high friction coefficient (> 0.85), wear rate and wear volume. On the other hand, under a normal load of 8 N and natural saliva, wear took place in the interprismatic region, with consequent exposure of prisms and fracture in localized regions. In this case, the friction coefficient was 16% lower and the wear volume was one order of magnitude lower. Under 8 N and natural saliva, the wear was greater than in the dry condition, probably due to tribochemical reactions.

Jul 31, 2018

By Adrian Villanueva

In this study, we compare the influence of two water soluble polymer-based organic binders added to bentonite, to form a hybrid-binder system for Iron Ore Pelletization. The kinetics of the agglomeration process and resulting properties of green pellets were analyzed, and examined in detail through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) analytical techniques. It was encountered that the differences in the mechanical properties of the pellets produced by each binder system could potentially be explained by the ability of the polymer to interact with bentonite at a macromolecular level.

Oct 30, 2017

By Piotr Kula

Vacuum carburising with pre-nitriding (PreNitLPC® technology) involves feeding ammonia during the charge heating stage before carburising. The purpose is to restrict the growth of grain in the surface layer of the carburised steel. The article presents the influence of nitrogen on restricting austenite grain growth during vacuum carburising and on mechanical properties (fatigue strength, impact resistance) of layers that underwent such treatment in comparison with traditional carburising methods.

Aug 16, 2017

By Carolina Gomes Dias Ribeiro

The modern composite materials, especially those reinforced with synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon, have been used since last century to attend the demands required by most technological fields, from home appliances to aerospace. Natural fibers composites with biodegradable polymer matrices are considered environmentally friendly materials and currently accepted as possible substitutes for synthetic composites. These green composites can be safely discarded or composted at the end of their life without harm to the environment. Another alternative for synthetic composites is to apply natural lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement of conventional polymer matrices and already used in the automobile industry. In addition to the environmental and societal advantages of the green composites, the lignocellulosic fiber reinforced conventional polymer composite also has economical and technical advantages. In the case of a fiber collected as a waste, the price of the composite can be considerably lower than “fiberglass”. Furthermore, with high strength lignocellulosic fibers such as sisal, ramie and malva the specific strength of a composite may approach that of “fiberglass”. Therefore the objective of the present work is to investigate the mechanical behavior of polymer matrix composites reinforced with high volumes of natural malva fibers subjected to tensile stresses.

Aug 16, 2017

By André Palmiro Storch

O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar o escoamento de oxigênio no bocal convergente-divergente da lança utilizada nos convertedores BOF da ArcelorMittal Tubarão. As condições de sopros macio, normal e duro são analisadas através de ferramentas analíticas e computacional (CFD). Os resultados evidenciam que o contorno do bocal não promove uma expansão apropriada do escoamento, ocorrendo ondas de choque fortes no interior do mesmo e ocasionando perdas de energia cinética em todas as condições de sopro. Adicionalmente, as condições dos sopros macio e normal tornam a saída do bocal vulnerável ao desgaste térmico, devido à pressão de saída do bocal ser menor que a do ambiente.

Oct 30, 2017

By Zou Zhongpping

Under the new normal state, blast furnace outputneeds to be adapted to the market demand, however the limitation in blast furnace output has significant impact on blast furnace operation and is prone to cause inactive furnace hearth and higher fuel ratio. To address such problems, some practices to maintain stable and smooth operation of blast furnace in case of output limitation are proposed based on data analysis philosophy, which allows the blast flow and hence the top pressure to be determined based on the hot metal output, and adequate kinetic energy of blast supply can be assured by adjusting the tuyeres. Matching between the oxygen enrichment and the pulverized coal injection is also proposed based on theoretical flametemperature, and burden distribution cycle calculation method is proposed, whichoffersnew approach for analyzing the change in burden distribution pattern.

Oct 30, 2017

By Amanda Sardinha Pereira

O uso dos aços 2,25Cr-1Mo-0,25V em reatores de hidrotratamento cresceu significativamente devido ao seu excelente comportamento em fluência, elevada tenacidade e resistência à corrosão. Contudo, as propriedades mecânicas deste material podem ser afetadas pelo tipo de microestrutura. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a influência da microestrutura do aço 2,25Cr-1Mo-0,25V, obtida por meio de diferentes tratamentos térmicos, na difusividade e solubilidade de hidrogênio. Foram realizados ataques químicos seletivos para revelar a austenita retida e ensaios de permeação eletroquímica do hidrogênio. A análise dos dados da permeação mostrou que a amostra revenida a 550°C (Dap = 4,6 x 10-12 m2/s) possui menor coeficiente de difusão comparada às amostras revenida a 375°C (Dap = 6,9 x 10-11 m2/s) e revenida a 730°C (Dap= 3,4 x 10-11m2/s).

Aug 8, 2018