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The object of this program was to design and build a self-contained system for remote monitoring of the atmosphere in mines. The system developed uses the mine pager phone line as the primary communication channel and also has the capability of using 208 Hz in the ELF band for wireless transmission through the earth. The depth for through-the-earth transmission is expected to be about 80 to 90 meters in high conductivity soil and is limited by the noise level in the ELF band-pass filters. The underground components of the TEM System are energized by mine power through a battery charger - storage battery power supply. In the event of mine power failure the battery capacity is more than sufficient for one week's operation with interrogations every four hours.

Jan 1, 1980

By R. Michael Digman

Few efforts have been undertaken to date to assess the quality of mandated coal mine health and safety training for new miners and for experienced miners. This study was concerned with the quality and effectiveness of existing classroom health and safety training programs. The study involved field data collection through pre- and posttesting of trainees, audio-taping class sessions, and administering short feedback forms with trainers and trainees at 14 sites in West Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. Results indicate that goals, methods, materials, and outcomes of existing training programs vary widely among trainers and sites. The report provides less by way of solution to problems, than it highlights the breadth of issues that relate to the question of training effectiveness and quality. The report concludes that additional work by industry, labor, government, and academia is necessary in order to improve health and safety training programs. Recommended steps are: (a) to develop performance standards and measurable criteria in each of the types of mandated training, (b) to develop better training of trainers, (c) to develop expanded training support services. and (d) to undertake further research and development in health and safety training in the mining industry

Jan 1, 1982

By Ani Chitaley

A new method has been developed for handling supplies in underground bituminous coal mines. A survey indicates industry wide implementation potential for the proposed method. Reduction of supply handling accidents' by as much as 73% and improvements in the productivity of face operations by at least 3% are anticipated benefits. The new method is based on the palletization of daily supplies and the use of a forklift for carrying out the handling tasks at the underground section. A prototype of the forklift has been delivered to the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The forklift has demonstrated several important features necessary for underground supply handling such as compactness, maneuverability, visibility, ease of control and auxiliary attachments for hoisting, carrying timber and pulling. Design improvements are recommended for future generation underground forklifts. These relate to higher speed, increased battery duty cycle, higher payload and modified traction/steering to eliminate plowing of soft mine floors.

Jan 1, 1983

By P. L. Woolf

Three trials with oxygen-enriched unheated blast air are described. The trials were conducted in the Bureau of Mines experimental blast furnace located in Bruceton, PA. The first trial utilized moisture addition to the oxygenated blast. The second and third trial were conducted with natural gas injection. The test was basically a feasibility study and in that regard the practice was demonstrated to be feasible and also have possible advantages over hot blast operation. The testwork was conducted in 1964 and 1965 as part of a continuing study of iron making technology in cooperation with several North American Steel Companies.

Jan 1, 1985

By David E. Van Dillen

The computer program described in this user's guide provides for the static, three-dimensional, linear and nonlinear analysis of structural and geological systems by the finite element method. The guide describes the capabilities and general features of the program and shows how input is prepared. A number of recent advances in finite element theory and computer technology are incorporated in the program. Nonlinear material properties are provided for, including isotropic, anisotropic, and time-dependent material properties, gravity loading, simulation of a sequence of excavation or construction, and a slip or joint element. The finite elements include beam, rod, axisymmetric and plane quadrilateral, hexahedron, thick shell, axisymmetric and plane joint, and a three-dimensional joint. The program also has an automatic mesh generator to minimize user input preparation for continuum finite element meshes.

Jan 1, 1981

OFS Branch Committee Meeting held in the Committee Room at the Welkom Club at 4.15 p.m. on Wednesday, 5th March, 1975. Progress in mineral dressing The National Institute for Metallurgy and the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy are to hold a symposium on 17th and 18th September, 1975, entitled 'Recent Progress in Mineral Dressing'. INFACON 74 This book of over 300 pages is a record of the First International Ferro-alloys Congress, which was held in Johannesburg from 22nd to 26th April, 1974, under the auspices of the Ferro Alloy Producers' Association of South Africa, the National Institute for Metallurgy, and the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. NIM reports Report no. 1595 Preliminary tests on low-grade brecciated fluorspar ore from the Ottoshoop district. (5th Nov., 1973, declassified April 1975). Report no. 1612 Flotation tests on sulphide-bearing high-grade brecciated and wad ores. (20th Mar., 1974, declasl>ified April 1975). Report no. 1643 Further tests on low-grade brecciated fluorspar ore from the Ottoshoop district. (12th Jul., 1974, declassified April 1975). Report no. 1654 The determination of osmium in platiniferous media. Report no. 1689 The determination, by atomicabsorption spectrophotometry, of arsenic, selenium, tellurium, antimony, and bismuth on ion-exchange restns. Report no. 1715 Flotation tests on various types of ore from the Ottoshoop district Report no. 1730 The chromitite from the Marico occurrence, western Transvaal, its alteration, and possible reasons for its refractory nature. Report no. 233 A chemical and mineralogical study of microlite from the N oumas pegmatite. 24th Geomechanics Colloquy The above Colloquy is to be held on 2nd and 3rd October, 1975, in the Salzburg Congress Hall. Rosenhain centenary The centenary of the birth of WaIter Rosenhain (1875-1934) will be celebrated by an international conference to consider how physical metallurgy has contributed to engineering practice. Iron and steelmaking The Centre de Recherches Metallurgiques (CRM) and the Verein Deutscher Eisenhiittenleute (VDEh) are jointly to hold the International Meeting on Iron and Steelmaking 1976 in Brussels from 17th to 18th May and in Diisseldorf from 20th to 21st May, 1976. International Symposium on Mine Surveying The III I.S.M. is being held in Leoben, Austria, from 28th June to 3rd July, 1976. Book review Tenth International Mineral Processing Congress. 1973. London, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. 1208 pp. £20. Particles A course on particle characterization and a symposium on experience in the applications of particlesize analysis will be held during the last week of July in Pretoria and Johannesburg. A.S. & T.S. Trust The A.S. & T.S. Trust was formed on 24th March, 1972, to mark the Golden Jubilee year ofthe Associated Scientific and Technical Societies, with the object of advancing science and technology in South Africa. Second International Congress of Engineering Geology The Proceedings of the above Congress, which was held in Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 18th to 24th August, 1974, are now available.

Jan 6, 1975

As already said Pattin's map and the later one of Evans' showed coal in several places in Ohio as early as 1750, and possibly 1748; the reference on the latter map was' to an exposure near Bolivar, in Tuscarawas County, as well as along the Hocking River. So far. as now known, it 'was not mined in either place until 1810. George Croghan, in descending the Ohio with his party in 1765, mentions an "Alum Hill" which they saw near the present site of Pomeroy, probably an exposure of saline deposits, but does not mention coal. As settlement north of the Ohio River was prohibited until 1787, no coal was mined until long after that date. In 1785 a survey of seven ranges in the Ohio country was made, the line running west from a point on the north bank of 'the Ohio River, due north of the western termination of the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. The surveyors noted, "from hence to Stoney Brook between two very steep and high Ridges; it is eight yards wide, its bottom is of Slate and Sand Stone, and in many parts of it are large pieces of excellent Coal washed by, the Rains from the Neighboring Hills."' This was the present Yellow Creek, and the coal was from some of the lower measures. The Scioto Company published a pamphlet in French in 1787, to promote the sale of their lands and emigration to them, in which was said,

Jan 1, 1942

By Robert Goodwin, Frank R. Milliken

IN September 1939, the Ohio Copper Co. inaugurated the treatment of its copper-bearing mill tailings at Lark, Utah. These tailings had been accumulated during the regular operation of the Ohio Copper mine and mill over the period 1907 to 1919. Gravity concentration had been employed except for a comparatively short period in 1919, when flotation was used. The ore milled during that period assayed about 1 per cent Cu. The chief copper mineral, chalcocite, was disseminated in a shattered quartzite, mainly along fracture or cleavage planes. The quartzite gangue was extremely hard and grinding to liberation resulted in excessive sliming of the "sooty" chalcocite, with consequent high tailings losses. Recovery on the seven million tons treated was probably less than 6o per cent of the total copper content. As early as 1918, attempts had been made to sample the dump. In 1928, a complete sampling program was undertaken. The sampling consisted of seventy-four 5-in. post auger holes drilled to the full depth of the dump at regular intervals of 250 ft. Each 10-ft. portion thereof comprised a sample for analysis. Each sample was screened, rolled, divided into three parts, dried and assayed. The reject was retained for testing purposes. From the depth of the auger holes a contour map of the dump was plotted, Fig.1, which gives percentages of tonnage and copper content. The tonnage within the limit of the drill holes was estimated at about five million tons with an average content of 0.42 per cent Cu, 31 per cent of which (0.13 per cent) was acid-soluble. A screen analysis of the composite dump sample is shown in Table I. Flotation tests by several companies and individuals were then made, the results of [ ] which ranged from 62 to 74 per cent recovery. On the basis of these, a Zoo-ton pilot plant employing straight flotation was built and operated for a few months. Operation of this plant was unsuccessful, as no provision had been made to handle the copper-bearing solutions resulting from the water-soluble copper, a point that was overlooked in the laboratory test work. Attempts to decant the copper-bearing solution for precipitation in the usual manner ahead of flotation were not satisfactory because of low water recovery (owing to poor settling characteristics of the pulp) and contamination of the copper precipitate with unsettled slime. Low copper prices in 1931 necessitated the termination of testing. With the stimulus of higher copper prices in 1937, a review was made of metallurgical

Jan 1, 1940

By Z. Yu

Low-rank/oxidized coals respond poorly to oil agglomeration. Emulsification of kerosene in the presence of surfactants dramatically reduces the size of the kerosene droplets. While this dramatically reduces the amount of oil that is required for efficient agglomeration (down to 0.25-0.5%), more importantly, the surfactants entirely change the electrokinetic properties of the oil droplets and thus the interaction between oil droplets and coal particles. Consequently, kerosene cationic emulsions can efficiently agglomerate oxidized coal particles. The agglomerates obtained in such a process can still be recovered by screening. Surfactants can affect fine coal filtration very profoundly when used to emulsify the oil which is utilized to agglomerate coal prior to its filtration. This sequence is much more logical than the use of flocculants - highly hydrophilic polymers - as filtration additives to aid dewatering of flotation concentrates. Although such polymers flocculate coal particles, they also render coal surfaces hydrophilic and make reduction of the cake moisture content difficult.

Jan 1, 2000

By W. G. Sinclair

THE North Texas district presented in this paper includes the counties of Archer, Baylor, Clay, Cooke, Foard, Hardeman, Jack, Knox, Montague, Wichita, Wilbarger and Young. It corresponds with the Texas Railroad Commission's district No. 9. Table I conforms with the nomenclature of pools as designated by the Commission. Most of the oil and gas produced in this region, generally referred to as the Red River uplift, comes from the Pennsylvanian strata. In recent years, however, increasing amounts are being developed in both the Mississippian and Ordovician.

Jan 1, 1946

By Theron Wasson

Michigan's production of 17,301,000 bbl. in 1945, which is in line with previous years, has been maintained by extensions to old fields like Deep River, Adams, Fork, and others. There were a number of new discoveries but, as in the past, these are not given very much importance because enough drilling has not been done to develop their potentialities; however, judging by the past, some of them will develop enough production so that 1946 -will probably be in line with other years. Activities in Michigan were confined to the Basin area of the lower Peninsula, which has been under development since 1925.

Jan 1, 1946

By JOHN W., E. C. SARCENT

The South Texas area discussed herein represents districts 2 and 4 of the Texas Railroad Commission. It extends from Jackson, Lavaca and Gonzales Counties on the northeast to the Rio Grande River, and comprises a total of 26 counties.

Jan 1, 1946

By ALEC CROWELL

Mississippi has had oil production for only the past six years and natural gas production of minor magnitude since' 1926. The search for oil and gas commenced in 1903 and 1496 wells had been drilled in search of oil and gas up to Jan. 1, 1946. As the year 1945 ended, 659 wells were producing oil and gas from 23 separate reservoirs. The production for the year was 8,353,719,000 standard cubic feet of natural gas measured on a pressure base of 15.025 lb. per sq. in. abs., 15.316,009 bbl. of oil¬field water and 19,093,766 bbl. of crude oil and condensate. Production for the year 1944 was 2,636,067,000 standard cubic feet of gas, 14,979,793 bbl. of salt water and 16,420,346 bbl. of crude oil and condensate.

Jan 1, 1946

By CHARLERS R. FETTEE

A slight decrease in drilling activity occurred in the oil fields of western Pennsylvania during 1945 and a considerable decrease in the shallow-gas territory (Upper Devonian or higher). The number of deep tests (Middle Devonian or deeper) completed was two less than in 1944 and these did not open any new reserves of natural gas. Thus far, no commercial oil has been encountered in sands below the Upper Devonian in Pennsylvania. Oil production declined 8 per cent.

Jan 1, 1946

By ALEC CROWELL

This brief summary of oil and gas developments in Alabama, Florida and Georgia has been made possible through the courtesy of Stewart J. Lloyd, Assistant State Geologist of Alabama; Herman Gunter, Director, Florida Geological Survey, and Garland Peyton, Director, Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology.

Jan 1, 1946

By D. K. MACKAY

The production of oil and gas in Arkansas is confined to two distinct and widely separated regions of the state; namely: (1) South Arkansas in the Gulf coastal plain, where 49 fields-many containing two or more reservoirs or pools-yield oil, condensate and gas from beds in the Cretaceous and Jurassic, and (2) Northwest Arkansas, a part of the Arkansas Valley, where only dry gas is produced in 21 fields from sandstones of Pennsylvanian age. Exploration during the year 1945 centered largely in these two producing regions, but some of the geophysical surveys were made and wildcat drilling was done a considerable distance outside these regions.

Jan 1, 1946

By Alfred H. Bell

IN 1945, Illinois produced 75,210,000 bid. of oil, or 4.4 percent of the total for the United States, and ranked sixth in the nation in oil production for the third consecutive year. Production decreased about 3 per cent from that of 1944, when the total Illinois production was 77,413,000 bbl. This is the smallest percentage of decrease in production in the state for any year since a peak was reached in 1940. Daily average production for 1945 was approximately 206,000 bbl. Daily averages by months were as follows:

Jan 1, 1946

By CHARLES F. DEISS

The total pipe-line runs of petroleum in Indiana during 1945 were 4,114,000 bbl., a decline of nearly 17 per cent below the estimated 4,950,000 bbl. produced in 1944. Drilling activity during the year was centered in Posey and Gibson Counties, where seven new pools were discovered in the state. Four of the pools are in Posey County-Crunk, Farmersville, Jeffries and St. Wendells East-and the other three are in Gibson County-Johnson West, Lysle and Mt. Carmel East.

Jan 1, 1946

By LEE H. CORNELL

Drilling activity in Kansas during 1945 continued at an accelerated pace to meet the demands of war; 1810 tests were drilled as compared with 1856 tests the previous year, 1771 tests in 1943, and 1516 tests in 1942. During the year 31 new oil pools and 10 new gas pools were discovered. Of a total of 364 wildcats drilled, 323 were dry; and of 1446 tests drilled in pools, 825 were oil wells, 197 gas wells, and 425 dry holes.

Jan 1, 1946

By CHRIS A. HARTNAGEL

For the second consecutive year, the production of crude petroleum in New York has fallen below the 5,000,000-bbl. Mark that had prevailed previously since 1937. In 1945, the output totaled 4,658,000 bbl., a decrease of slightly more, than one per cent from the 1944 production. This total represents 2 per cent of the stripper-well production of the United States, which in turn is I 3 per cent of the total annual yield of the nation's petroleum.

Jan 1, 1946