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Sherwood?s Minto Project ? High grade copper copper-gold deposit ? Yukon Territory, Canada ? Development underway ? Permitted ? Production by mid mid-2007 ? 40 40-50m lbs Cu plus Au/Ag by by-products ? Parallel exploration program underway ?Discover more high grade resources ?But what kind of deposit is it?

May 1, 2006

The Annual Meeting of The Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute was called to order by the President, John T. Atkins, at 2:00 p.m. Tuesday, June 26, 1984 in the Colorado Ballroom of the Marriott's Mark Resort in Vail, Colorado. There were 36 members in attendance. It was moved by Bob Diederich, seconded and carried to dispense with the reading of the 1983 Annual Meeting minutes as printed on pages 105 thru 109 of the 1983 Proceedings. In keeping with the printed agenda in the convention program/ticket booklet, the President called for reports of standing committees as follow: 1. Bylaws & Resolutions - Loren Linville, Chairman Linville noted that the committee had been working for two years on bylaws changes and concluded a corporate lawyer specializing in nonprofit organizations be engaged. He then introduced Mr. Peter B. Nagle of the Denver law firm of Sherman and Howard who outlined the major changes in converting the Institute's current status of 501(c)(6) to 501(c)(3). He pointed out that such a conversion would give the Institute a proper legal status, would give individual contributors to the scholarship or other programs a personal income tax deduction, would qualify the Institute for the postal nonprofit mailing rate and the Institute would achieve the advantage of limited liability inherent in a corportion and would insulate its members, officers and directors from liability for corporate obligations. Copies of the Articles of Incorporation as well as the Bylaws were available for all members. A discussion ensued and the following resolution was moved by Bob Diederich, seconded and carried: RESOLVED, that the unincorporated association known as the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute be, and hereby is, dissolved and in its place, and to carry out its objectives, shall be formed a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of Colorado, which corporation shall also be known as The Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute, and to which shall be transferred all of the assets and liabilities of this association. FURTHER RESOLVED, that the proper officers of this association are authorized and directed to execute and file with the Colorado Secretary of State, Articles of Incorporation in a form substantially similar to those prepared for this association by its counsel, and the names of the individuals identified in such Articles of Incorporation as the initial Board of Directors of such corporation, which names were proposed and recommended by the Nominating Committee of this association, are hereby approved. FURTHER RESOLVED, that the proper officers of this association are authorized and directed to do all acts necessary or convenient to carry out the terms of the preceding resolutions. (Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws as adopted are printed following these minutes.) Additional resolutions were read by Linville as follows: Item 1: WE RESOLVE herein that in the year since the last convention of the RMCMI, the Institute and the coal industry have suffered the loss, through death, and the services of: Lloyd W. Taylor Charles T. Holland THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that we record in the minutes of the RMCMI, recognition of the passing of these members who have so greatly contributed to the advancement of the industry, both nationally and in the Rocky Mountain area, and that a copy of this resolution be sent to the next of kin as evidence of the sincere sympathy and deep regard of the members of the Institute. Item 2: RESOLVED, that in recognition of their long and faithful service to the coal industry that the status of Life Member be conferred upon: Bernard Bernstrom Roy Coulson Shirl C. McArthur Item 3: RESOLVED, that we commend and express our gratitude to our Executive Secretary, officers, chairmen and committees for an outstanding job in presenting. the 80th RMCMI meeting. Item 4: RESOLVED, that the RMCMI express its gratitude to K&P, INC. of Golden, Colorado for their generous donation of office facilities and furniture for the RMCMI office and to K&P SALES ENGINEERS, INC. also of Golden, Colorado for their assistance in telephone answering, other office procedures and the use of certain office equipment. Item 5: RESOLVED, that six scholarships be awarded annually to advance the education program of the Institute to worthy students pursuing career paths in mining or other related industry in the six states in which the Institute generally operates and has members and in accordance with the criteria set forth by the Scholarship Committee. It was moved by Jim Neal, seconded and tamed

Jan 1, 1984

JUNE 11-MORNING SESSION The meeting was called to order Wednesday morning, June 11, 1913,,at 10 o'clock, by the President, E. H. Weitzel. Addresses of welcome were given to the convention by Governor Spry, Mayor Park, and Rev. P. A: Simpkins; 'the several addresses being interspersed by music. The session adjourned at 11 :50 a. m., in order to attend the organ recital at the Tabeknacle at:'12 o'clock. JUNE 11-AFTERNOON SESSION The meeting. Gas called -to order at 2 o'clock, with President E. H. Weitzel in- the .chair. The minutes of, the organization meeting and that of the Executive Board, the 1atier:of which was held April 15, 1913, in Denver, were read and both' approved. A letter from A. 3. Reef, of Denver, containing proposed amendments to the Constitution and By.-Laws, was read, and, upon motion,, was referred to the Executive Board, with .instructions to report upon the matter at the next, regular meeting. The proposed amendments follow: Article I1 (regarding who may become members and how) to be amended to read as follows: "Membership in this Institute shall be of three classes-corporate, individual, and honorary. Any company, firm, or individual operator actually engaged in the mining of coal within the territory of this Institute may become a corporate member on application, and by consent of a majority of the members present at any stated meeting. Any person, who is directly engaged or interested: in some branch of coal-mining may become an individual member upon application, and by consent of a majority of the members present at any stated meeting. Honorary members may be elected at the discretion of the Institute."

Jan 1, 1913

FEBRUARY 26TH. MORNING SESSION: The sixteenth regular meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute was called to order in one of the private dining rooms of the Albany Hotel, Monday morning, at 11 o'clock, with the President, F. W. Whiteside, in the chair, one hundred and one members being registered. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The Treasurer reported the finances of the Institute in excellent shape. The President appointed J. B. Marks, J. S. Veach and W. A. Ream as a Resolution Committee, and Frank A. Young, M. B. Urquhart and G. A. Murphy a Nominating Committee. There being no further business the meeting adjourned. AFTERNOON SESSION: The afternoon session was called to order in the Ball Room of the Albany Hotel, with approximately one hundred members present, President Whiteside presiding. A. L. Jones read his paper entitled, "The Power Problem of the Coal Mine," and C. E. Drennan, his paper, "Why Alternating Current." These papers were thoroughly discussed, after which the meeting adjourned. EVENING SESSION: At 6:45 p. m. two hundred and fifty-three members and invited guests met in the Ball Room of the Albany Hotel for the banquet. Harry F. Nash was toastmaster, and George Sanford Holmes the principal speaker. Following Mr. Holmes speech, H. N. Wheeler delivered his humorous oration of the "Annexation of Cuba;" following this certain members of the Institute gave an entertainment depicting a fictitious meeting of the United States Coal Commission. Chester Mott, formerly a member of the Institute wrote the words and songs of the entertainment, and directed it. After the show the assembly enjoyed a dance.

Jan 1, 1923

The thirty-ninth regular meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute was called to order in the Cosmopolitan Hotel, Denver, Colorado, Thurs- day, June 26, 1941, at 11:20 a.m., by President Charles M. Shott, following which President Shott made his opening address. On motion of H. C. Marchant, duly seconded, voted and carried, the reading of the minutes of the thirty-eighth regular meeting was dispensed with. On motion of Ronald C. Oliver, duly seconded, voted and carried, the President was authorized to appoint auditing, new members, resolutions and nominating committees, which appointments he then announced would be made at the afternoon session. An interesting talkie entitled "Coal Mine Explosions" was shown by Mr. William Forbes for the U. S. Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1941

The thirty-second regular meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute was called to order at ll: 40 o'clock A. M., Monday, February 26th, 1934, President L. R. Weber presiding. Misses Helen Kelly and Marian Rodell presented President Weber with vases of flowers in behalf of the Institute. On motion of Harry Bubb, duly seconded, it was voted that the reading of the minutes be dispensed with, inasmuch as they are printed in the proceedings. The President made hi annual report. The Secretary-Treasurer made his annual report. The following committees were appointed by the President: Nomination s Committee-David Brown, chairman; G. A. Knox, G. C. Davis, George B. Dick, Walter Bachman.

Jan 1, 1934

The meeting was called to order by the President, Mr. B. J. Matteson, in Dining Room No. I of the Albany Hotel, at 10 a. in., with thirty members present. After an address of welcome by the President, the Convention proceeded to business. First on the program was the reading of the minutes of the' previous meeting, by" the Secretary.' There being no alterations or amendments they were approved as read. A motion was regularly moved and carried that the Secretary provide membership cards to be mailed, or presented, to the members upon payment of dues in lieu of the receipt which has heretofore been used since the organization of the Institute. Mr. R. A. McAllister then presented his paper, the subject, being: "Mine Haulage." Mr. Robert A. Marshall had prepared a paper upon the subject of "Efficiency in Shot Firing," but as he was unavoidably absent, it was read by Mr. Sam Andrews. At the conclusion of the reading of Mr. Marshall's paper, Mr. Andrews presented his own *paper: "Some Facts About Coal Mining." As Mr. George A. Brown was unable to be present, the President requested Mr. R. S. Morton to read his paper, subject: "Flexoid Tubing and Its Application to Coal Mines as a Means of Temporary Ventilation." There being no further business 'the meeting adjourned.

Jan 1, 1921

In the absence of. J. B. Marks, President, the meeting was called to order by George B. Pryde, Past President. After organization, the meeting was turned over to W. J. Reid, Vice-President for Utah. A moving picture, "The Story of Dynamite," was shown by the courtesy of the E. I. DuPont de Nemours Company. This provoked a great deal of discussion and many questions were asked A. E. Anderson, who described the paper. John M. Jennings read a description of the United States Fuel Company's new Hiawatha tipple, after which the meeting adjourned to Hiawatha for lunch and a visit to the tipple and outside workings of the Hiawatha mine. Thursday, August 27, 1925 Meeting called to order at 9:30 by Vice-President W. J. Reid. Papers were read on the subject of "Mechanical Loading," by A. W. Dickinson, 0. G. Sharrer, and the paper of Glen A. Knox was read by the Secretary. General Superintendent George A. Murphy, of the Spring Canyon Coal Company, read a description of their newly completed tipple. The meeting then adjourned for Spring Canyon where lunch was served, and the afternoon spent in viewing the new. tipple. At 8:00 p. m., D. Harrington read a paper on "Rock Dusting," L. C. Clare read a paper on "Mudite's Relation to Nature," and at 11 p. m. the meeting adjourned. Friday, August 28, 1925 Meeting called to order at 9:30 a. m. by Vice-President W. J. Reid. The discussion of preceding papers continued. Paper by Joseph Harrington on "Domestic Fuel Stokers" was read by the Secretary. The expected paper by Mayne Read was not presented as Mr. Read was unable to get to Price on account of railroad conditions. The papers on the "Theory of Spontaneous Combustion," by C. P. Crawford, were also omitted through an error of the Secretary, and particular attention is called to the publication of these two articles. The new tipple of the Columbia Steel Company was described by T. C. Harvey, after which the meeting adjourned for Columbia, where luncheon was served and the nine visited. After the visit to Columbia, the delegates were taken to the Sunnyside mine of the Utah Fuel Company, where an hour was spent. Upon motion, unanimously adopted, the Secretary was instructed to express the sincere appreciation of the delegates to the Price Chamber of Commerce, the Civic Association, the Price News-Advocate, Harry Keene, Harry Duberstein, John M. Jennings, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, and Geo. A. Murphy of the Financial Committee, for the complete success in handling the meeting of the Institute. The report of the Membership Committee on the following was accepted: R. E. Birchard, Standardville, Utah. Dave Brown, Spring Canyon, Utah. William Burt, Hiawatha, Utah. A. J. Coats, Fort Collins, Colo. R. P. Fitch, Rains, Utah.

Jan 1, 1925

The twenty-ninth regular meeting of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute was called to order at 11:30 o'clock a. m., Monday, May 26, 1930, President B. W. Snodgrass presiding: PRESIDENT SNODGRASS (condensed report): The meeting will please come to order. As President of your Institute, I take pleasure in welcoming you to this convention, and to those who come from outside of the city, I take pleasure in Welcoming you to the city of Denver. This is the first convention at Denver in fifteen months. I hope that the annual rather than the semi-annual meetings will prove satisfactory to all, and that no mistake has been made in that respect. We are gathered together here to discuss problems common to all of us, and I am sure that we will profit by such discussion. We have with us, outside of the membership of our organization, representatives of two other organizations, Mr. Callbreath of the American Mining Congress, and Mr. Huntress of the National Coal Association. We will be honored by having them with us, and we shall expect to hear from them during this meeting.

Jan 1, 1930

The Annual Business Meeting of the members of The Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute held during he 84th Regular Meeting of the Institute was called to order by the president, H. Dean Jacot at 11:30 a.m Tuesday, June 28. 1988 in Peak Room 5 of Beaver Run Resort at Breckenridge, Colorado. Twenty three were present and a quorum was established. The president stated the purpose of the annual meeting is to inform members of the status of the affairs and activities of the corporation during the year. It was moved by Loren Linville, seconded and carried to approve the minutes of the previous meeting as published in the 1987 Proceedings. The chair called for reports of the various com¬mittees and these reports will he placed on file in the RMCMI office. Bylaws and Resolutions. Chairman Loren V. Linville reported there were no bylaws revisions. He further reported that the Board had adopted two resolutions: (I) Noting the passing of members since the last convention-Richard T. Brownrigg. Don A Dewey, John T. Maulshy. Hugh D. Nyquist and Mike Zakotnik. (2) Recognizing the superior skills of J. Brett Harvey. RMCMI Vice President of Utah. For recruiting 26 new members from the State of Utah and named him as #1 Recruiter in the Institute?s 1988 membership drive. Linville further commended the Executive Secretary officers, chairmen and committees loran excellent job in planning the 84th Regular Meeting and convention. Membership. In the absence of chairman Ed Sullivan. the secretary reported there are currently 718 active or dues paying members, 51 Life Members and 250 delinquent in dues payment. In the 1988 membership drive. 132 new members have been recruited and 74 of them attended this convention making up 27V, of the total attendance. Patrons of the Institute. This report was given by the secretary for chairman Ira McKeever. A total of 124 plaques has been prepared during the low year life of the program. It has been culled to 119 possible donors as some firms have gone out of business or consolidated. Of this number 46 renewed their annual $100 donation and three new Patrons have joined prior to the convention for a total of 49. During the convention. four new Patrons donated $100 each. tour former Patrons pledged $100 each and seven would be-new Patrons pledged $100 each for a total of 15. This would bring the grand total to 64 if all pledges are received prior to the close of this fiscal year as opposed to 59 renewals in 1987. Program. Co-Chairman Pete Nielsen announced the convention program theme "Broadening OUR Horizons" was well received despite the loss of three speakers during the final days prior to convention. Because the remarks of the Monday luncheon keynote speaker ran over the first time-to-be-tried Monday afternoon Poster Session was delayed almost an hour in beginning. This well thought out feature will he run again next year but in a different time frame. Nielsen thanked his co-chairmen, Bill Balaz and the Poster Session chairman Marcie Greenberg. Publicity. Chairman Tom Egan reported three newsletters including the convention newspaper were sent members during the year. He and Bob Jacob of Bob Jacob Public Relations were at registration daily to secure business card ads and to solicit advertising for the Proceedings. Scholarship. Chairman Keith McGinnis reported that six of the seven scholarship recipients were present at the convention. The University of Arizona at Tucson was added this year and it was the only university visited this year by the chairman. Each scholarship recipient was introduced to the membership at the Monday morning Welcome Session, presented a plaque and responded. The input Iron each winner was most favorable to the program. Each was appreciative of the many contacts made and the educational seminars and programs. McGinnis noted that the mining engineering department at the University of Wyoming may be dropped during the coming year. Joe Dunlap suggested that every member rally support of this department. Scholarship Award Winners: (top) Christine Gorrell-WY, Brian Memmott-UT and Andrew Kuchera-ND. (bottom) Anthony Bowler-AZ, LaVerne West-NM and Steve Newman-MT. Convention Committees Arrangements. Doris Finnie presented the following report: "In addition to the usual arrangements for this or any convention, there were others made for Special Events which included a Sunday historical tour and luncheon for 40, a Monday morning fashion show attended by 70 women. an afternoon scarf tying program for 47 with RMCMI red

Jan 1, 1988

By M. A. Bérubé, M. Choquette, P. W. Godbehere

"RESUMELa scorie produite par le procédé pyrométallurgique d'extraction Noranda contient environ5% de cuivre. Elle est traitée comme un minerai conventionnel de cuivre au concentrateur de Mines Noranda et les rejets de flottation présentent encore des teneurs souvent supérieures à 0.3% en cuivre. La scorie est principalement constituée de magnétite, de fayalite et d'un verre siliceux. Bien sûr, Ie cuivre y est majoritairement sous forme de sulfures et d'un peu de cuivre métallique. Le verre contient toutefois un peu de cuivre en solution, de 0.14 à 0.33% en moyenne, selon l’echantillon examine, ce qui représente à peine 1% de tout Ie cuivre de la scorie. Dans les rejets de flottation, cela justifie par contre de 15 à 25% des pertes totales en cuivre, Ie reste se retrouvant sous forme de tres petits globules de sulfures de cuivre ou de cuivre métallique, en moyenne de 2 à 3 micromètres de diamètre et bien emprisonnes dans Ie verre.SUMMARYThe slag produced by the Noranda continuous smelting process usually contains about 5% copper. It is processed as a conventional copper ore at the concentrator of Noranda Mines. The flotation tailings still often contain more than 0.3% Cu. The slag is mainly constituted by magnetite, fayalite and a siliceous glass. Evidently, the copper occurs mostly as sulphides and, to a lesser extent, as metallic copper. However the glass contains a small amount of this metal in solution, between 0.14 and 0.33% on an average, depending upon the investigated sample. This represents scarcely 1% of the total copper in the crude slag, but as much as 15 to 25% of this metal in the flotation tailings, in which the major part of the copper occurs as very small globules of copper sulphides or metallic copper with an average diameter of about 2 to 3 um and well-locked in the glass."

Jan 1, 1987

By E. T. C. Spooner, Ioannou S. E.

"Abstract- The Dixie Zone Au-Ag deposit is a low sulfidation (adularia-sericite) epithermal system located 1.4 km from the producing Ken Snyder mine (7.0 M oz Au equivalent reserve/resource), Midas Mining District, north-central Nevada. This WNW striking, steep south dipping, fault system is hosted by mid-Miocene (17 Ma to 14 Ma) felsic volcanic rocks that were erupted from a vent(s) to the northeast. The system was mineralized by approximately 250 ± 20°C (n = 86), near-neutral pH, ascending fluids of predominantly meteoric origin [volatile corrected salinity = 0.52 ± 0.35 eq.wt% NaCl (n = 86)]. Bulk analytical fluid inclusion gas chromatography identified a mineralizing fluid volatile composition of 99.68 ± 0.18 mole % H2O, 0.16 ± 0.09 mole % CO2, 0.11 ± 0.05 mole percent N2, 0.05 ± 0.04 mole % CH4, and 0.01 ± 0.01 mole % CnHn+i (n = 7). Sulfur species were not analyzed due to absorption within the chromatography system; however, a H2S concentration of 16 ppm to 160 ppm molar is estimated. The volatile content contributes approximately 50% of the microthermometrically measured freezing point depression. Cl- concentrations up to approximately 9000 ppm suggest an additional, probably magmatic, fluid component.Ascending fluids were channelled along approximately NW striking faults related to the same primary extension (17 Ma to 14 Ma) responsible for Nevada basin and range physiography. Boiling induced by CO2 effervescence led to precipitation of Au and Ag over a 150 m vertical interval. At the time, this interval was about 460 m below the water table (approximately 38 bars), but because of erosion, it is now within 90 m of the surface. A Ag:Au ratio of 25:1 has been calculated for the Dixie Zone."

Jan 1, 2000

Mirador - Overview ? Located in Andean foothills of SE Ecuador ? Copper-gold porphyry hosted by calc-alkaline Late Jurassic granitic and porphyritic rocks ? 438 MT of 0.61% Cu and 0.19 g/t Au measured and indicated resources (at 0.4% Cu cut-off) ? Additional inferred resources of 235 MT of 0.52% Cu and 0.17 g/t Au ? Initial 25,000 tonnes/day production, expanding to 50,000 in year 6 320 MT of 0.62% Cu, 0.2 g/t Au ore mined at an average 1.4:1 strip ratio over a 21 year mine-life

May 1, 2006

By Maurice Ewing, J. A. Peoples, J. W. Peoples, A. P. Craby

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the application of the earth-resistivity method of subsurface investigation to the problem of locating seams of anthracite coal beneath a mantle of soil and subsoil. Details are given of the successful use of this method in locating the outcrops of anthracite seams in actual prospecting. The presence of the outcrop of an anthracite seam is indicated at points where electrical resistivity tests showed relatively low readings. The reason for this is that in some localities the resistivity of anthracite was found to be about 0.0001 megohm-cm. compared to 1 to 200 megohm-cm. for shales and sandstones. For two reasons it is believed that the data summarized in this paper should be of particular interest. In the first place, most of the interpretations of the resistivity survey have been checked by subsequent drilling and some by the removal of the overburden and the exposing of the anthracite seams. It is infrequent that the opportunity for checking results so thoroughly is given. In the second place, the fact that recent commentatorsl,2,3 on the application of geophysical methods to mining have concluded that direct prospecting for anthracite and other types of coal is not promising makes the good results obtained more significant. So far as the authors can learn, the only previous experiment with electrical methods in the Pennsylvania anthracite field was one made by Sherwin F. Kelly in 1921, when he used the self-potential method at Wilkes-Barre4. The profile he made does not show a very marked correlation with the geologic cross section. Kelly points out that stray currents from electric motors in the mines undoubtedly affected 'his results, but the experience of the present authors with stray currents from mining machinery suggests the possibility that the potentials measured by Kelly were due almost entirely to this effect.

Jan 1, 1936

By Maurice Ewing, A. P. Craby, J. W. Peoples, J. A. Peoples

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the application of the earth-resistivity method of subsurface investigation to the problem of locating seams of anthracite coal beneath a mantle of soil and subsoil. Details are given of the successful use of this method in locating the outcrops of anthracite seams in actual prospecting. The presence of the outcrop of an anthracite seam is indicated at points where electrical resistivity tests showed relatively low readings. The reason for this is that in some localities the resistivity of anthracite was found to be about 0.0001 megohm-cm. compared to 1 to 200 megohm-cm. for shales and sandstones. For two reasons it is believed that the data summarized in this paper should be of particular interest. In the first place, most of the interpretations of the resistivity survey have been checked by subsequent drilling and some by the removal of the overburden and the exposing of the anthracite seams. It is infrequent that the opportunity for checking results so thoroughly is given. In the second place, the fact that recent commentatorsl,2,3 on the application of geophysical methods to mining have concluded that direct prospecting for anthracite and other types of coal is not promising makes the good results obtained more significant. So far as the authors can learn, the only previous experiment with electrical methods in the Pennsylvania anthracite field was one made by Sherwin F. Kelly in 1921, when he used the self-potential method at Wilkes-Barre4. The profile he made does not show a very marked correlation with the geologic cross section. Kelly points out that stray currents from electric motors in the mines undoubtedly affected 'his results, but the experience of the present authors with stray currents from mining machinery suggests the possibility that the potentials measured by Kelly were due almost entirely to this effect.

Jan 1, 1936

By P. G. Nahin, A. Grenall, R. S. Crog, W. C. Merrill

A progress report of an experimental investigation into the role of clay in reservoir performance is presented. The Paper gives some of the reasons for considering clay as a significant component and outlines the objectives of a broad field of stud) which it is intended to pursue. Descriptions of the analytical methods used are given; these include X-ray diffraction. elec tron miscroscopy, thin section petrography, infrared spec-troscopy, and cation exchange analysis. A suite of the more important clay minerals has been assembled and characterized l~y these methods for use as standards in core analysis. From the data obtained it appears that although no one method of analysis is diagnostic for all of the clay minerals the infrared technique shows considerable promise in this direction. For the present, one or more supplementary methods should be used to confirm the clay mineral identifications. The methods of analysis are applied to field cores taken from repesentative and widely differing strata especially as regards their susceptibility to damage by fresh water. well.; completed in the stevens and Gatchell zones in San Joaquin valley are I,articularly clear-cut examples of this behavior with stevens zone wells being more adversely affected by fresh water. cores from these zones have been studied and are discussed. It appears that differences in this behavior can be ascribed to differences in the nature of the contained clays. The value of the infrarecl spectra of the clay fractions in establishing the identity of the predominant clay minerals is given particular emphasis. INTRODUCTION It is a challenge to the technical resources of the petroleum industry that when the economic limit of production is reached, from 40 to 70 per cent of the oil in California reservoirs remains unproduced even by use of the best presently known methods of recovery. The magnitude of this abandoned volume of oil can be appreciated when it is considered that to 1950 in excess of 8 billion bbll has been produced from California reservoirs with estimated economically recoverable reserves in known fields and pools totaling nearly 4 billion bbl.24 If for every barrel of oil produced there is at least another barrel still in place, it is evident that the revenue obtained from the recovery of only a .few per cent of this volume would repay the cost of the required research manyfold. From well completion experience. production behavior, and a growing body of laboratory data it now appears certain that the mineral composition of a producing stratum has an important bearing on the productivity and ultimate yield. In addition to the organic component and water, the cores con,ist of gravel, sand. silt, and clay" in diverse variety of (a, composition and (b) texture. It is the composite effect of these two factors which is probably responsible in large measure for the way in which the oil flows to the well. The role of the clay and fine-size accessory minerals is not clear but there is a growing opinion, based on their physical and chemical properties, that it is a significant one. of particular importance are the prime facts: 1. The silt and clay fractions of the reservoir matrix possess the highest surface area per gram, and 2. The silt and especially the clay fractions are the most chemically reactive of the inorganic constituents present. Only within the last few years has the knowledge of clay mineralogy and the techniques of identifying the clay minerals reached such a stage as to enable reliable inquiry into the composition of argillaceous sediments.2,8,10,11,12,16,26 It is the purpox of this and succeeding papers to add to the fund of information on the role which these materials play in the production of petroleum from California formations by correlating their presence and associated properties with observed reservoir behavior. In the present paper attention is directed to their possible influence on damage by fresh water. OBJECTIVES The attack on this problem divides naturally into two broad phases: 1. Determination of the nature of the clays and their relationships to the other mineral components, and 2. Determination of the physico-chemical relationships between the clays and the interstitial fluids. In the work described in this paper the emphasis has been on phase 1, which stems logically from the necessity of identifying and understanding the materials to be dealt with in Phase 2. Based on the authors' present opinion that not all of the minerals which occur in oil-bearing formation are of equal importance in their effects on the flow and recovery of oil, it was decided to focus attention first upon the clay minerals content and then. later perhaps. work into the field of the normally larger size non-clay minerals and fractions. The

Jan 1, 1951

By W. C. Merrill, P. G. Nahin, A. Grenall, R. S. Crog

A progress report of an experimental investigation into the role of clay in reservoir performance is presented. The Paper gives some of the reasons for considering clay as a significant component and outlines the objectives of a broad field of stud) which it is intended to pursue. Descriptions of the analytical methods used are given; these include X-ray diffraction. elec tron miscroscopy, thin section petrography, infrared spec-troscopy, and cation exchange analysis. A suite of the more important clay minerals has been assembled and characterized l~y these methods for use as standards in core analysis. From the data obtained it appears that although no one method of analysis is diagnostic for all of the clay minerals the infrared technique shows considerable promise in this direction. For the present, one or more supplementary methods should be used to confirm the clay mineral identifications. The methods of analysis are applied to field cores taken from repesentative and widely differing strata especially as regards their susceptibility to damage by fresh water. well.; completed in the stevens and Gatchell zones in San Joaquin valley are I,articularly clear-cut examples of this behavior with stevens zone wells being more adversely affected by fresh water. cores from these zones have been studied and are discussed. It appears that differences in this behavior can be ascribed to differences in the nature of the contained clays. The value of the infrarecl spectra of the clay fractions in establishing the identity of the predominant clay minerals is given particular emphasis. INTRODUCTION It is a challenge to the technical resources of the petroleum industry that when the economic limit of production is reached, from 40 to 70 per cent of the oil in California reservoirs remains unproduced even by use of the best presently known methods of recovery. The magnitude of this abandoned volume of oil can be appreciated when it is considered that to 1950 in excess of 8 billion bbll has been produced from California reservoirs with estimated economically recoverable reserves in known fields and pools totaling nearly 4 billion bbl.24 If for every barrel of oil produced there is at least another barrel still in place, it is evident that the revenue obtained from the recovery of only a .few per cent of this volume would repay the cost of the required research manyfold. From well completion experience. production behavior, and a growing body of laboratory data it now appears certain that the mineral composition of a producing stratum has an important bearing on the productivity and ultimate yield. In addition to the organic component and water, the cores con,ist of gravel, sand. silt, and clay" in diverse variety of (a, composition and (b) texture. It is the composite effect of these two factors which is probably responsible in large measure for the way in which the oil flows to the well. The role of the clay and fine-size accessory minerals is not clear but there is a growing opinion, based on their physical and chemical properties, that it is a significant one. of particular importance are the prime facts: 1. The silt and clay fractions of the reservoir matrix possess the highest surface area per gram, and 2. The silt and especially the clay fractions are the most chemically reactive of the inorganic constituents present. Only within the last few years has the knowledge of clay mineralogy and the techniques of identifying the clay minerals reached such a stage as to enable reliable inquiry into the composition of argillaceous sediments.2,8,10,11,12,16,26 It is the purpox of this and succeeding papers to add to the fund of information on the role which these materials play in the production of petroleum from California formations by correlating their presence and associated properties with observed reservoir behavior. In the present paper attention is directed to their possible influence on damage by fresh water. OBJECTIVES The attack on this problem divides naturally into two broad phases: 1. Determination of the nature of the clays and their relationships to the other mineral components, and 2. Determination of the physico-chemical relationships between the clays and the interstitial fluids. In the work described in this paper the emphasis has been on phase 1, which stems logically from the necessity of identifying and understanding the materials to be dealt with in Phase 2. Based on the authors' present opinion that not all of the minerals which occur in oil-bearing formation are of equal importance in their effects on the flow and recovery of oil, it was decided to focus attention first upon the clay minerals content and then. later perhaps. work into the field of the normally larger size non-clay minerals and fractions. The

Jan 1, 1951

INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS. (For further particulars apply to the Secretary, 12th International Geological Congress, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, Canada ; cable address, Geocong, Ottawa.) The Coal Resources of the World.-Three quarto volumes of about 400 pages each, 8 1/4 by 10 3/4 in., and an atlas of about 70 maps in colors, 13 1/3 by 19 1/2 in., bound in heavy paper cover. Edition limited to 3,000 copies, One thousand copies will be reserved for members of the International Geological Congress, and the remainder of the edition will be distributed in the order in which applications are received. Price, $35 per set. Ready in July, 1913. This book is an inquiry made upon the initiative of the Executive Committee of the Twelfth International Geological Congress, with the assistance of geological surveys and mining geologists of different countries, published by: Morang & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Canada. Headquarters During Session at Toronto. The headquarters will be a t the University of Toronto, where there will be a branch post-office open at all hours and at which registered mail may be received or despatched, money orders sent or cashed, etc. A hank will be established at which money may be exchanged. A typewriting service will be maintained, also a telephone service and messenger service. Railway and steamship agents will also be in attendance. A restaurant service providing luncheon in the middle of the day will be arranged.

Jan 8, 1913

By E. A. Gulbransen, J. W. Hickman

DURING the past two decades considerable progress has been made in the art of manufacturing heater alloys. The conventional iron-chromium-nickel alloys have been improved by the addition of small quantities of other elements. Up to the present time, to our knowledge, there has not appeared a systematic study of these alloys where the newer tools of investigation have been brought to bear on the problem. It is not yet clear what roles the additional elements play in increasing life time in usage. As a first approximation one might guess that elements such as manganese, silicon, zirconium, calcium and aluminum would aid in the formation of a protective film on the alloy surface, thus retarding the oxidation rate and increasing lifetime. If these additional elements do form protective oxides in the outer surface of the oxide film, it may be possible to identify them by means of reflection electron diffraction. It is also possible that the additional elements may not diffuse to the surface but may remain at the interface between the oxide and the metal. Then, too, the major elements in the alloys undoubtedly form oxides which are stratified on the surface. If the minor elements concentrate in a layer in contact with the substrate where they undergo oxidation and if this oxide film offers resistance to the diffusion of iron, chromium and nickel ions, then the lifetime of the heater element might be expected to increase. It is also possible that preferential reduction in the diffusion rates of the several ions may Occur to such a degree that oxides may form in the body Of the film and On the outer surface which are different from those that would normally form if the additional elements were not present. The use Of transmisson electron diffraction may aid us in jnterpreting these phenomena. UP to the Present time all Of the factors which influence the lifetime of a given heater element are not definitely known. Among these are: (I) The rate of oxidation of the alloy. This may be dependent upon the composition and the physica1 state of the "alloy. (2) The stability of the structure of the coating which forms. Transitions from one structure to another or solid phase reactions resulting in a change of composition may occur. The tendency of the film to adhere to the substrate when heated and cooled successively will be important. (3) The evaporation of various constituents from the alloy such as the remova1 of carbon by Oxygen in a decar-burization reaction. With these possibilities in view, an electron diffraction study of the oxides occurring on six different nickel-chromium alloys was undertaken with the hope that the results of this study could be correlated with oxidation rate studies as determined by means of the vacuum microbalance method1 and with lifetime tests carried

Jan 1, 1949

By E. V. Potter, E. T. Hayes, H. C. Lukens

Large volumes of hydrogen are liberated at the cathode during electrolytic precipitation of manganese. Most of the gas escapes from the electrolyte, but a considerable amount may be entrapped in the manganese plate. Gas has been observed to escape from manganese melts in puffs that bite at the surface. It has been reported that castings made with electrolytic manganese tend to rise in the molds; for this reason the manganese is often treated to remove hydrogen before the melt is made or it is premelted and used as cast manganese in making the alloys. The effect of hydrogen on the properties of manganese and its alloys is not known, but its effect on iron and iron alloys has been studied extensively.l.2 The close relationship between iron and manganese suggests that hydrogen may have a similar effect on the properties of manganese and its alloys. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the amount of hydrogen or other gases in typical commercial electrolytic manganese sheet and to investigate ways of removing it most conveniently. Apparatus The apparatus used is shown schematically in Fig. I. It consists of a chamber A in which the metal sample is placed, a vacuum or pressure gauge B, volume gauge C, vacuum pump D, hydrogen container E, auxiliary gas chamber F, and furnace G. The specimen chamber was made of two concentric quartz tubes. The outer one, a, connects with the closed gas system and is surrounded by the furnace G. A second tube, b, fits closely inside a and has a small end that projects into the space for the specimen and holds the thermocouple for measuring the temperature of the sample. The inner tube is joined to the outer tube outside the furnace, with rubber tape and sealing wax, to prevent gas leakage into or out of the closed system. This type of specimen container is loaded very easily and can be used several times if molten metal does not come in contact with the quartz. An ordinary mercury manometer B is used to measure the pressure in the system. The volume gauge C is essentially another mercury manometer, but the volume of the column is much larger than normal and the height of the mercury can be varied by raising or lowering the well H. In this apparatus the tube had a volume of IOO C.C. for a 60-cm. length. For larger changes in gas volumes, auxiliary containers F were used to increase the volume of the system by known amounts. Valves were arranged so that these auxiliary containers could be filled from the system and evacuated by the pump as often as necessary to accommodate the increases in the volume of gas in the system. The furnace G, used to heat the samples, was equipped with an automatic temperature controller, which maintained the desired temperatures within ± 5°C.

Jan 1, 1945