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By P. Hand

Most coal plants must run under conditions of varying feed conditions or are asked to produce qualities different from that used in the design. This can cause overloaded conditions as the ?bottlenecks? within the plant, depending on plant operation or as the feed changes. During plant design, geological information can be used to determine washability envelopes and blends that may be expected. Historical data can also be used to develop a size distribution envelope as well as to assign reasonable models for each of the unit processes. In operation, a plant can be sampled to determine changes and to refine process models. The information obtained can then be used in an accurate simulation to define how the plant can deal with the changing environment. This paper uses Limn: The Flowsheet Processor to simulate the coal plant in detail and will produce an accurate model, in terms of equipment sizing as well as water, medium, and solids balance, for each change in feed condition. It will show examples of running the simulation through complete density and size ranges and will determine the equipment required to address each part of the performance envelope.

Jan 1, 2010

Elongates are commonly used as stope support in South African gold and platinum mines. To evaluate the effect of the inherent strength, stiffness and yield variability associated with elongates, a statistical method is presented which addresses and quantifies the support performance at various levels of certainty. The analysis, which is based on a normal distribution, makes use of force-deformation curves determined from multiple laboratory compression tests on the same support type. The applicability of the method is illustrated making use of actual performance capabilities of various types of elongates. In order to ensure a high probability that support units installed underground exceed the standard support performance curve established by means of laboratory tests, the statistical mean of a suite of tests based on the same support type is downgraded. The ?correction factor? is a function of the mean and standard deviation of the test data, as well as the sample size of units deemed to control the local rock mass stability. It is shown that downgraded performance curves based on a high probability (90 to 95percent) of support units exceeding this performance level are suitable to ensure that the design of support systems will in variably meet the design criteria. In the highly discontinuous hangingwall rock mass typically associated with intermediate- and deep-level mining operations, the interaction between adjacent support units is comparatively limited (at the support spacings commonly used). Therefore, the appropriate sample size (n) of the support units controlling the local rock mass stability should be n= 1. In shallow mining conditions, sample sizes of up to n=5 may be warranted, depending on the spacing of joints and other discontinuities in the hangingwall.

Jan 1, 2001

By Shiqiang (Rob) Hui, Jiaren (Jimmy) Jiang, Rees Llewellyn, Yongsong Xie

Wear has been estimated to cost the Canadian mining/mineral processing industry over $15 billion per year mainly for repair/replacement of worn parts in 2013. The associated production loss is difficult to quantify but add considerably to the problem. The Canadian oil sands sector which has to deal with extremely abrasive and erosive solids, has traditionally incurred extremely severe and often unique attack. Demonstrable progress in mitigating the wear problems has been achieved through materials development, more informed materials selections, and better component and operation condition designs. An integral contributor to these advances is a long-term collaborative research partnership between NRC and the mining/supply industry. In this paper, this continuing collaboration will be described. A main focus is to identify degradation mechanisms occurring in the most severe and important service applications and to correlate these findings with laboratory test data. Relevant abrasion and erosion (often combined with corrosion) properties have been established and correlated with composition and microstructures for all classes of resistant materials ranging from relatively soft elastomers to ultra-hard ceramics. A comprehensive wear properties database has been compiled. This capability has been instrumental in facilitating the development of improved materials, optimizing materials fitness/selection for service, wear failure analysis, and quality assurance.

Jan 1, 2015

By Fulvio Tonon

And Rabcewicz said ?tunnels should be driven full face whenever possible.? ADECO, which stands for ?Analysis of Controlled Deformations in tunnels,? now allows us to fulfll Rabcewicz?s dream in any stress-strain condition. In order to achieve that dream and its consequent control over cost and schedule, however, NATM must be abandoned for the ADECO. The paper presents the basic concepts in the ADECO approach to design, construction and monitoring of tunnels together with some case histories, including: full face excavation for Cassia tunnel (width of 22 m, height of 14 m) in sands and silts under 5 m cover below an archeological area in Rome, Italy; Tartaguille tunnel (face area > 100 m2) advanced full face in highly swelling and squeezing ground under 100 m cover where NATM led to catastrophic failure, France; and 80 km of tunnels (face area > 100 m2) advanced full face in highly squeezing/swelling ground under 500 m cover for the high-speed railway line between Bologne and Florence, Italy (turnkey contract).

Table 1.-Aden: Production of mineral commodities [ ]

Jan 1, 1967

By A. K. Watt

"The availability of fresh water to meet present and future needs in Ontario is of concern to an increasing number of people. Rain and snow are the source of our potable water and provide, on the average, some 180,-000 billion gallons of water annually. This amount is reduced to 94 billion gallons a day as a result of the evaporation and transpiration of water and our inability to construct the necessary reservoirs for capturing surplus stream flow.The water used for domestic, irrigation, public supply and industrial purposes amounts to some 7 billion gallons daily at present and will reach 21 billion gallons daily by the year 2000; however, only about one-fifth of the water used is actually consumed, and this, along with the possibilities of water re-use, improves the water supply picture still further.The need for adequate pollution control has accompanied industrial and urban expansion and is an important factor in the extent to which our surplus water is used. In the 10-year period since the formation of the Ontario Water Resources Commission, the cost of water and sewage works constructed in the Province has exceeded one billion dollars. A special effort is now being made to control the industrial pollution situation.Numerous federal and provincial agencies are engaged in hydrologie studies in the Province, providing in-formation of benefit to those involved with water resources management."

Jan 1, 1967

By A Garvie, D Kentwell, J Chapman

"Most new mining projects require an initial assessment of the locations and volumes of potential acid forming (PAF) waste that is likely to be moved and dumped in surface waste stockpiles. This requires sampling of the waste rock zones and submitting the samples for a series of tests. Key to the outcome of the waste characterisation process is obtaining sufficient samples that are representative of the various rock types both in number and spatial distribution.Various regulatory bodies throughout Australia and the rest of the world are currently struggling with how to define minimum amounts of sampling to achieve realistic estimates without imposing excessive costs and time constraints on a project.This paper addresses two aspects of the process: what constitutes a æsufficientÆ number of samples how to use those samples in determining volumes of likely PAF material.Geostatistical methods of characterising orebodies with large numbers of samples are routinely used in the mining industry by geologists and geostatisticians to estimate and classify Mineral Resources. In theory exactly the same methods can be used to estimate PAF waste locations and volumes.In practice the number and spatial distribution of dedicated PAF waste samples at feasibility stage is typically so small that it is almost impossible to estimate the spatial distribution of PAF material with any degree of confidence at all. Consequently, the common approach is to characterise a few samples from a lithological unit and then assume that they represent the unit as a whole. This approach, however, can be fraught with risk.This paper describes some of the findings of SRKÆs evaluation of several coal projects with respect to PAF waste evaluation and highlights some common misconceptions held by people working in this area that do not have a knowledge of statistics or geostatistics.CITATION:Kentwell, D, Garvie, A and Chapman, J, 2012. Adequacy of sampling and volume estimation for premining potential acid forming waste evaluation using statistical and geostatistical methods, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2012, pp 79-88 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 10, 2012

By Leonard L. Fischman

It is important to define "adequacy," and the most useful definition is a continuing availability of mineral materials under cost and other conditions which imply no significant burden on the achievement of otherwise attainable levels of consumption and well-being. For current decision making, it is sufficient to consider adequacy just to the end of the century, with some regard being given to then remaining mineral inventory. A comparison of cumulative demand projections to the year 2000 with already identified reserves ( economically recoverable amounts in known deposits) suggests little reason for concern with world adequacy of iron ore, aluminum, manganese, chromium or potash. Conservative estimates of "prospective" reserves (amounts producible at today's prices, but yet to be discovered) suggests that there are ample quantities of virtually all other mineral resources as well. A probable exception is oil and gas, of which there may be scant amounts remaining after the turn of the century. However, there is an evident sufficiency of substitute forms of energy, though it is difficult to see just where developing technology will take us. The critical questions have to do with the increasing dependence of the industrialized countries on external sources of supply , coupled with a new international politic s which complicates the problem of insuring timely development of, and access to, remaining deposits. In this context, Canada, a still mineral-rich nation, is in one of the more favorable positions.

Jan 1, 1977

By Janeir Ribeiro Dutra

Os aços siliciosos de grão orientado (GO) e de grão não orientado (GNO) são aços ligados ao silício para aplicações elétricas. O aço silício de grão orientado possui as propriedades magnéticas otimizadas na direção de laminação, enquanto o de grão não orientado apresenta boas propriedades em qualquer direção. O aço elétrico de grão orientado tem como principais características as excelentes propriedades magnéticas, desenvolvidas especialmente para a redução das perdas magnéticas e aumento da eficiência de máquinas elétricas. Durante o processo de elaboração do aço o principal desafio é o controle de elementos como alumínio, titânio e enxofre, elementos estes provenientes da carga metálica (sucata e gusa) e adições de ligas na panela. Para este controle ser eficaz a estabilidade da composição química da escória na metalurgia secundária é de fundamental importância. O fluxo produtivo do aço GOAT na metalurgia secundária inicia-se no processo VOD(Vaccum Oxygen Decarburization) com término no forno panela. Este trabalho promoveu a adequação da escória da metalurgia secundária do aço GO através da: i. revisão do padrão de consumo de fundentes, mediante estudo de balanço de massa; ii. desenvolvimento de escória sintética para ajustar finamente a basicidade da escória. Os estudos de balanço de massa apontaram que em determinadas situações havia a necessidade da correção da escória para aquecimento no forno panela; iii. implementação de amostragem de escória ao final do processo VOD para correção da basicidade de escória para aquecimento no forno panela; iv. criação de modelo para correção da basicidade da escória. Após a implementação do projeto o controle da escória no forno panela ficou mais efetivo promovendo: i. redução dos teores finais de alumínio e titânio ao final do processo de elaboração no forno panela; ii.possibilidade de correção da quantidade de escória para aquecimento no forno panela sem comprometer a basicidade de escória requerida no processo; iii. atendimento a faixa otimizada do aço GOAT (M3, maior qualidade) passou de 33% para 65%; iv. redução do desgaste de panelas na elaboração do aço GOAT na metalurgia secundária; v. redução do risco de sucatamento por fora de faixa em alumínio e titânio do aço GOAT na aciaria que representou nos últimos 4 anos uma perda ao processo superior a R$ 1,2 milhão; vi. estabilização da basicidade binária da escória final do Forno Panela dentro da faixa desejável.

Oct 30, 2017

By Izabelle Lannes Salgueiro Ferreira

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo adequar às propriedades mecânicas dos perfis ASTM A572 G60, através do estudo da influência dos parâmetros de processo de laminação e composição química do aço. Os perfis ASTM A572 G60, são utilizados nas indústrias de fabricação de torres de transmissão. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um modelamento matemático, com base na ferramenta estatística de Análise de Regressão Múltipla. Através desta ferramenta foi possível obter previsibilidade de processo e identificar os parâmetros mais influentes nas propriedades mecânicas dos perfis ASTM A572 G60, o que possibilitou a determinação da composição química ideal do aço e os melhores parâmetros de processo de laminação.

Jul 30, 2018

By Rodolfo Dal Alva Pinto

Uma linha contínua não só melhora o conforto aos usuários, mas também melhora as condições de desgaste, fadiga e manutenção dos equipamentos ferroviários. Porém os parâmetros de soldagem devem ser bem especificados e controlados de forma a obter uma junta soldada adequada. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida a análise dos resultados obtidos anteriormente e implementadas melhorias de desempenho no processo de soldagem aluminotérmicas de trilhos.

Aug 16, 2017

By Carolline Garcia Trindade Real

Uma linha contínua não só melhora o conforto aos usuários, mas também melhora as condições de desgaste, fadiga e manutenção dos equipamentos ferroviários. Porém os parâmetros de soldagem devem ser bem especificados e controlados de forma a obter uma junta soldada adequada. Este trabalho oferece uma revisão geral sobre as características básicas de uniões aluminotérmicas de forma a subsidiar a avaliação e melhoria no desempenho de soldagem aluminotérmicas de trilhos, realizada em um outro trabalho também sendo apresentado.

Aug 16, 2017

By Rodolfo Dal Alva Pinto

Uma linha contínua não só melhora o conforto aos usuários, mas também melhora as condições de desgaste, fadiga e manutenção dos equipamentos ferroviários. Porém os parâmetros de soldagem devem ser bem especificados e controlados de forma a obter uma junta soldada adequada. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida a avaliação do desempenho da soldagem aluminotérmicas de trilhos. Os resultados obtidos foram empregados em ações de melhoria da qualidade da soldagem aluminotérmica, conforme relatado em outro trabalho apresentado neste evento.

Aug 16, 2017

By Flaviano Galdino

Com a implantação do projeto de digitalização do Nível 1 no laminador de tiras a frio da CSN - Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, a CSN modernizou o obsoleto controle de processo. Com essa modernização, houve a necessidade de adequação no Procom para manter a comunicação entre eles. Devido a essa necessidade, foi elaborado um plano estratégico para a atualização tecnológica deste Procom. O projeto foi divido em fases e o que vamos apresentar é resultado da primeira fase, onde a CSN desenvolveu com recurso interno.

Jul 30, 2018

By Fábio Rogério do Carmo

O ar soprado é uma das principais utilidades responsáveis pelo processo de transformação do minério de ferro em gusa no Auto Forno. Para que ocorra o processo de redução o ar soprado é superaquecido nos regeneradores dos autos fornos a uma temperatura de 1.300°C. Este energético é fornecido na CSN-UPV pelos turbos sopradores da Central Termoelétrica nº 2 (CTE#2), área dos Motos Sopradores 1 e 2 e os turbos sopradores n°1 e 3 da CTE#1 que operam com a velocidade reduzida 24 horas soprando para atmosfera e consumindo vapor de 30Bar. Devido à obsolescência do sistema de ar soprado da CTE#1, alto custo de operação e risco para a segurança operacional, este trabalho apresenta o estudo do problema em questão, a metodologia utilizada para desativação do ar soprado da CTE-1 e a redução de custo.

Sep 25, 2017

By Magda Moreira Pinto

Durante a fabricação do aço as grandes siderúrgicas possuem usinas térmicas integradas aos seus processos industriais. Uma operação bastante comum na indústria siderúrgica é a geração de vapor, normalmente utilizado para a produção de trabalho mecânico em turbinas (vapor superaquecido) ou em processos de aquecimento, nos quais se emprega o vapor saturado. Estes vapores de processos também podem ser utilizados na geração de energia elétrica. Para isto, foi importante assegurar a qualidade da água e do vapor de baixa pressão (VBP) enviado para Termelétrica. Foi com este intuito que a TKCSA se preocupou em padronizar o (VBP) gerado na Caldeira Auxiliar da área de Utilidades e Caldeiras da Aciaria. O desafio era transformar o (VBP) na mesma qualidade do vapor produzido nas caldeiras recuperadoras de calor (HRSG). O procedimento adotado foi á modificação no tratamento químico, a instalação de uma monitoração química contínua e eficiente para assegurar os parâmetros químicos dentro da especificação técnica recomendada pelo EPRI - Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Com este tratamento foi controlada as dosagens químicas, a operação da caldeira e a geração dos efluentes líquidos para o tratamento químico ambiental. Contudo foi possível tornar um mecanismo dinâmico e econômico para a empresa viabilizando a utilização do vapor na termelétrica.

Jul 31, 2018

Adhesion of Escherichia coli onto Oxide Minerals - Extended DLVO Theory and Flotation Behaviour

Sep 13, 2010

Microorganisms have been widely used for hydrometallurgical operation and effluent treatments(Smith, et. al., 1991a; Gadd, et. al., 1986; Darnall, 1986; Paponettis, et. al., 1991; Mihaylov, et. al., 1991; Rusin, et. al., 1991; Noble, et. al., 1991; Yang, et. al., 1991). In recent years there is a growing interest in using microorganism for flocculation of minerals fines and flotation collector (Smith, et. al., 1991b, 1991c; Misra, et. al., 1991a, 1991b, 1992a, 1992b). It is envisioned that the utilization of nonpathogenic microorganism and/or extracellular surfactant derived from microorganism as a flotation collector will replace some of the environmentally toxic flotation collectors and at the sometime improve flotation efficiency. The selection screening, and judicious selection of appropriate microorganism as flotation collector has been a challenge to process engineers. Over the past five years, continued research at the University of Nevada has shown that certain microorganism Mycobacterium phlei (M. phlei) can be a good flocculating agent and has potential to be used as a flotation collector (Dubel, et. al., 1992; Misra, et. al., 1991a, 1991b, 1992a, 1992b; Smith, et. al., 1991d; Chen, et. al., 1992a, 1992b)).

Jan 1, 1993

By S. N. Monteiro, E. B. Zanelato, J. Alexandre, M. T. Marvila, A. R. G. Azevedo, G. C. Xavier

One of the parameters used in the study of mortars is the adhesion resistance, which indicate show much the mortar adhered to the substrate. The usual study is done at 28 days, to worldwide standardization. Few researchers study the adhesion of mortars to ages other than 28 days. In this scenario, the adhesion strength tests of conventional mortar with a 1:1:6 mass scale (cement, and sand) at 7, 14, 28, 56, 91, 182 and 364 days were performed in order to understand the behavior of this material. The usual characterization tests of the mortars were carried out to correlate the values obtained with the adhesion results. The obtained results demonstrate that the mortar continues to gain resistance with the passage of time. For the trait studied the gain was considerable, indicating that over time the cement continues to hydrate, reacting and contributing to the strength of the material.

Mar 1, 2018

A series of electron beam, cold hearth, single melt Ti-6Al-4V plates (nominally 2.5 cm thick) impacted by 2cm diameter, 4340 steel projectiles (with 54g nominal mass) at velocities ranging from 0.633 to 1.027 km/s were sectioned along the impact axis and examined by optical metallography to characterize the formation, growth, and microstructure of adiabatic shear bands. Near ballistic limit velocities, the shear bands propagate towards the rear of the target where they coalesce and grow to provide a cylindrical solid state flow regime for the plug volume.

Jan 1, 2006