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AALL,Christian H.,(M '49), Asat.Research Dir , Phosphate Div Monsanto Chem.Co.,Monaanto, Tenn. AAMOT,Olav Crone, (M '29), Dir of Tech., Chromium Min. & Smelt. Co Ltd Box 6215, Hillyard, Spokane, Wash. AARING, Floyd Daniel, (J '48), Prod. Engr., Canadian Gulf Oil Co., 8035 - 102nd St., Edmonton, Alta., Canada AASE, Glenn D., (J '40), Met Engr Western Research Div. ,Amer. Smelt. & Refin. Co., Selby, Calif ABADIE, Henry G (M '43), Senior Prod Engr., Long Beach Oil Dev Co., 255 S Santa Clara Ave Long Beach 2, Calif. ABBOTT,Clarence E (M '04), Civil Engr., 901 Insurance Bldg., Raleigh, N.C. ABBOTT, John, H., (M '46), Resident Mgr., Hickman, Williams & Co., Rm 2205,230 N Michigan Ave., Chicago 1. I11.

Jan 1, 1952

By Francis T. Freeland

In the West many precious-metal mines are worked in patches by lessees, under conditions which closely resemble those of what is called " tribute-work" in Cornwall.* The company has its own foreman or inspector, and usually employs the engineman, blacksmith, pumpman, and perhaps other general workmen. As an inducement to work on a new piece of ground, where no ore is in sight, the company may advance a " footage"

Jan 1, 1896

Jan 1, 1966

Jan 1, 1967

Jan 1, 1959

By Euzebio De Oliveira

ONE of a recent batch of samples from the Serra da Baliza, in the state of Parana, Brazil, contained asphalt and a dark heavy oil; and workmen on the railway from Porto União to Uruguay discovered asphalt, coming from eruptives that outcrop along the Rio de Peixe. The occurrence f asphalt in the triassic eruptives of southern Brazil, however, has been known a long time, according to Dr. Gonzaga de Campos. It is generally believed that the Botacatú sandstone is always a hard vitrified rock, from the metamorphic action f. the overflowing eruptive contacts. In this region, however, the contact metamorphism is almost nil; the sandstone is slightly hardened in a narrow zone about 20 to 30 cm. wide. In many places, the sandstone is so friable as to be easily reduced to sand, which is used-.in, mortar for building in Guara-puava and Palmas. South and west from Porto União,. this bench of sandstone is about. 50 m. thick, and is capped by a heavy bed. f basic eruptives, many of which are amygdaloids. Dr. Geo: P. Merrill, after studying the triassic eruptives collected by the Coal Commission, reached the conclusion that. "All these rocks are of typical basalt-diabases, not in any essential different other than in structure. An interesting mineralogical phase is its paucity in olivine, which in many cases is completely lacking. Professor Hussak, who carefully studied these rocks and their accessory minerals, decided that in the dikes they are granular (diabase) and, that in the lava sheets, porphyritic (augite-porphyrite or melaphyre), and that the latter pass evidently to normal diabases and are always typical of effusive rocks. The examination f many slides from dikes and sheets leads us to adopt the opinion of Professor Hussak; the rocks of the dikes are of ophitic structure, while that of the sheets show a great variety f structure and may vary from almost granular to basaltic. The great paucity in olivine had been noted by Hussak, who classes as melaphyres, the porphyritic triassic rocks in Brazil which contain olivine.

Jan 4, 1921

By Henry N. McCarl

Mineral aggregates are those natural and manufactured industrial mineral and rock materials that provide bulk and strength in port- land cement concrete, bituminous concrete mixes, and plaster or stucco surfaces. They may also provide special characteristics such as thermal and acoustical insulation, weight, surface textures, abrasion resistance, and impermeability to various concrete products and mixes. Most aggregates are relatively inexpensive materials, but despite their low unit value, the tonnages consumed each year in the United States and throughout the world make mineral aggregates by far the leading industrial mineral and rock materials both in terms of volume (tonnage) produced and value consumed. The major use of mineral aggregates is in concrete. The low cost, high bulk aggregates tend to keep concrete construction costs at levels competitive with other building materials. Other major uses of aggregates include highway and railroad base or ballast materials, graded fill, and various industrial uses such as metallurgical and chemical fluxes and raw materials-these latter uses are often considered nonaggregate uses of mineral aggre- gate materials. The value of mineral aggregate materials at the production plant varies from less than a dollar per ton to several dollars per ton for most crushed stone and sand and gravel, $2 to $15 per ton for slag and expanded clay or shale aggregate, to as much as $60 to $100 per ton for expanded perlite or vermicu- lite. The more specialized the use, the higher the price-although there are naturally some exceptions to this rule of thumb. The first four parts of "Construction Materials" deal with the utilization of four major mineral aggregate types: Crushed Stone, Light- weight Aggregates, Sand and Gravel, and Slag. While the focus will be on the use of these industrial minerals and rocks there will also be some coverage of sources, mining and production, especially in those cases where they are

Jan 1, 1975

By James T. Wood

Stratigraphy, structure and closure of the Paloma field are discussed, with some details regarding the present state of development. The Paloma anticline, a large dome modified by faults, is the largest single closed dome in the southern San Joaquin valley without surface outcrop or topographic expression. It owes its discovery to geophysics. Of nine wells drilled to the Stevens sand, seven are productive. The ultimate productive area may approximate 3000 acres when the limits of the field are determined. Introduction The Paloma field derives its name from the Paloma school, ½ mile north of what is now the center of the field. The field is 17 miles southwest of Bakers-field, in the south central part of the San Joaquin Valley (Fig. I). The present developed area and its expected extensions are in townships 31 and 32S., R.26E. It is the most southerly of several fields that produce from the Stevens sand zone. The first well to produce condensate was a joint test drilled by the Western Gulf Oil Co. and The Texas Co. near the center of sec. 3, T.32S., R.26E., well No. 54-3. This well was completed on Aug. 31, 1939, at a depth of 10,178 ft. The initial production was 2280 bbl. a day of condensate and 14,750,000 cu. ft. of gas (½-hr. gauge) through a ?-in. bean. Prior to the drilling of this well, the Ohio Oil Co. discovered and developed a small gas field, which embraces a part of three townships about their common corner but lies chiefly in secs. 31 and 32, T.31S., R.26E. The first well was completed on July I, 1934, at a plugged depth of 5239 ft. after having been drilled to 7957 ft, production was found in a 59-ft. zone IIO ft. below the Fourth Mya bed, within the Sari Joaquin clays. Until recently this field was known as the Buena Vista gas field. It is now carried by the Division of Oil and Gas as the Paloma gas field. Production within the Paloma gas field is derived from six wells, producing from several different zones in the interval from 4177 to 5548 feet. Geology Stratigraphy The sediments penetrated by wells in the Paloma held range in age from Recent to Upper Miocene. The entire section, which exceeds 10,000 ft. in thickness, conforms generally to the standard section of the south central San Joaquin Valley. The producing zone, sometimes called the Paloma sand, is the approximate equivalent of the Stevens sand zone of the Ten Section, Canal, Coles Levee and other fields. The stratigraphic section is shown in Table I. Paloma Producing Zone* (Stevens Sand Zone, Upper Miocene) .-The Paloma producing zone (Fig. 2), frequently referred to as the Paloma sand, is encountered at depths ranging from 9950 to 10,300 ft. In general, it is a massive, firm to hard, not too well sorted, fine to medium fine sand. It is interbedded with thin, hard, calcareous sand shells of similar texture and cherty

Jan 1, 1942

By James T. Wood

Stratigraphy, structure and closure of the Paloma field are discussed, with some details regarding the present state of development. The Paloma anticline, a large dome modified by faults, is the largest single closed dome in the southern San Joaquin valley without surface outcrop or topographic expression. It owes its discovery to geophysics. Of nine wells drilled to the Stevens sand, seven are productive. The ultimate productive area may approximate 3000 acres when the limits of the field are determined. Introduction The Paloma field derives its name from the Paloma school, ½ mile north of what is now the center of the field. The field is 17 miles southwest of Bakers-field, in the south central part of the San Joaquin Valley (Fig. I). The present developed area and its expected extensions are in townships 31 and 32S., R.26E. It is the most southerly of several fields that produce from the Stevens sand zone. The first well to produce condensate was a joint test drilled by the Western Gulf Oil Co. and The Texas Co. near the center of sec. 3, T.32S., R.26E., well No. 54-3. This well was completed on Aug. 31, 1939, at a depth of 10,178 ft. The initial production was 2280 bbl. a day of condensate and 14,750,000 cu. ft. of gas (½-hr. gauge) through a ?-in. bean. Prior to the drilling of this well, the Ohio Oil Co. discovered and developed a small gas field, which embraces a part of three townships about their common corner but lies chiefly in secs. 31 and 32, T.31S., R.26E. The first well was completed on July I, 1934, at a plugged depth of 5239 ft. after having been drilled to 7957 ft, production was found in a 59-ft. zone IIO ft. below the Fourth Mya bed, within the Sari Joaquin clays. Until recently this field was known as the Buena Vista gas field. It is now carried by the Division of Oil and Gas as the Paloma gas field. Production within the Paloma gas field is derived from six wells, producing from several different zones in the interval from 4177 to 5548 feet. Geology Stratigraphy The sediments penetrated by wells in the Paloma held range in age from Recent to Upper Miocene. The entire section, which exceeds 10,000 ft. in thickness, conforms generally to the standard section of the south central San Joaquin Valley. The producing zone, sometimes called the Paloma sand, is the approximate equivalent of the Stevens sand zone of the Ten Section, Canal, Coles Levee and other fields. The stratigraphic section is shown in Table I. Paloma Producing Zone* (Stevens Sand Zone, Upper Miocene) .-The Paloma producing zone (Fig. 2), frequently referred to as the Paloma sand, is encountered at depths ranging from 9950 to 10,300 ft. In general, it is a massive, firm to hard, not too well sorted, fine to medium fine sand. It is interbedded with thin, hard, calcareous sand shells of similar texture and cherty

Jan 1, 1942

Jan 1, 1903

Edward Keller, Baltimore, Md. (communicatioin to the Secretary*):—It is pleasing to note the increasing amount of work on metallurgical problems that is being carried on by exact scientific methods, and the results of such labor issued by the laboratories of our universities. Without doubt, Mr. Bolles's paper will be welcomed by all progressive practitioners. Many of the results which Mr. Bolles presents to as are new; and I take exceptioil to a few minor points only. The first of his concluding remarks is as follows: "Mattes are not homogeneous, but are composed of distinct mineral entitier, and may be likened to igneous rocks, in which the mineral constituents fall out upon the lowering of the temperature and ensuing solidification." He quotes an introductory remark to a paper1 of mine, as follows: "The true chemical character of copper-mattes does not yet seem to have been definitely determined, i.e, it is still more or less of an open question whether they are true chemical compounds, or mixtures, such as igneous rocks." This quotation, taken alone, would convey the impression that Mr. Bolles's conclusion is entirely new. Had he quoted also another paragraph from my paper in question, it would be clear that he was, to a certain extent at least, anticipated. I take the liberty, therefore, to state the substance of my own work. In the paper referred to, I showed the existence of the phenomenon of liquation in mattes, and, continuing, said: " A more direct method to test whether a matte is a compound sulphide or a mixture of individual sulphides was attempted by applying hydraulic separation. A clean piece of matte was selected containing practically no magnetic oxide and of the following composition: Cu, 37.96; S, 24.45; Fe, 33.63; Zn, 1.25; Pb, 1.02 ; Sb, 0.26 ; As, 0.065 ; insoluble, 1.15 per cent. ; Ag, 26.7 ; Au, 0.04 oz. per ton. For such a test it is essential to select a chemically uniform piece, other-

Jan 1, 1905

By H. De Cizancourt

The Pechelbronn (Alsace) field is the only important French producing field. During 1934, development was carried on as in previous years. The total output of this field reached 553,575 bbl. in 1934, showing a slight decrease from the 1933 figures. Of the total, 315,000 bbl. (56 per cent) was extracted by drilling, while 238,875 bbl. (46 per cent) was obtained by means of shafts and galleries. Exploration of deep Jurassic and Triassic horizons was still in progress at the end of 1934. A deep well reached the Upper Triassic at a depth of 34 m. (2736 ft.). (Information kindly supplied by M. S. Mena, Directeur Technique.) As mentioned before, the small Gabian field (Herault) is gradually being exhausted. No drilling operations were undertaken in 1934, the small production being restricted to the pumping of old wells. Two exploration wells, noted as "drilling" at the end of 1933, were completed in 1934; viz., Lavelanet (Ariége) at 3785 ft. and Santenay (Niévre) at 2578 feet. French Possessions Algeria.—No drilling at Tliouanet. Out of a total of 100 wells drilled in the area, only 8 are still producing. No exploration work is reported during 1934 in Algeria. Tunisia.—Two wells completed; one well drilling at the end of 1934. A total of 11 wells is reported to have been drilled before the beginning of 1935; out of these, 8 were completed before the present program was begun. Morocco.—Exploration work progressed actively last year. The outstanding event was the coming in of Ts. 26 well at 1243 ft. This well took fire, therefore great difficulties were encountered in the accurate measurement of initial production; the figure of 1500 bbl. of oil given here is a near estimate. Oil flowed accompanied by a great amount of water. The apparent decrease of drilling operations in 1934 is explained by the increase in field activities after the results of Ts. 26 were known;

Jan 1, 1935

By J. C. Uy, T. E. Davidson, A. P. Lee

The effects of hydrostatic pressures to 26 kbars on the micro structure of poly crystalline Cd, Zn, Bi, Sn, Zr, Mg, Cu, and Fe were examined. Pressure-induced microscopic plastic flow in the form of boundary migration, slip, multiple slip, or twinning has been observed either singly or in combination in cadmium, zinc, bismuth, and tin. No deformation was observed in zirconium, magnesium, copper, and iron. The occurrence of such deformation, in terms of its intensity and initiation pressure, relates directly to the degree of anisotropy in the linear compressibility. Pressure cycling does not significantly affect the residual tensile properties of a zinc alloy which exhibits pressure-induced deformation similar to that of Pure zinc. CLASSICAL elastic theory predicts that a superim-posed hydrostatic pressure will not induce shear stresses in an ideal material. Thus, in the case of homogeneous and isotropic materials plastic flow will not occur as a result of pressure exposure, regardless of the magnitude of the pressure, unless some form of phase transformation or permanent density change takes place. However, real materials, such as metals, often vary considerably from the condition of homogeneity and isotropy. For this reason, Vu and johannin' examined and observed hydrostatic pressure-induced microscopic deformation in polycrystalline cadmium and, zinc, but not in aluminum, to pressures of 9 kbars and indicated that its occurrence is related to anisotropy in the linear compressibility. In addition, Davidson and omaan' have reported pressure-induced deformation in polycrystalline bismuth below the 1-11 transformation pressure. It becomes apparent then that under certain conditions hydrostatic pressure can induce localized internal shear stresses in some metals of sufficient magnitude to cause plastic flow. In this work, eight pure single-phase metals of different lattice structures and degrees of elastic anisotropy were examined after pressure exposures of up to 26 kbars in order to establish the conditions under which such deformation occurs and the type of deformation as a function of pressure. The effects of pressure cycling on the mechanical proper-

Jan 1, 1965

By R. V. Taborelli, P. B. Bucky

This investigation was carried on by means of models and the application of the principles of similitude to determine the effects of props, props and cribs and sand filling in longwall mining. The geologic structure and rate of face retreat were kept constant and the only change introduced was in the method of support. It is not felt necessary to repeat a description of apparatus, or to explain the fact that a scalar model made in all parts of the same material as the prototype will behave similarly to the prototype when rotated at speeds such that the centrifugal force is as many times the gravitational force as the prototype dimension is a similar linear model dimension. The reader is referred to earlier papers1,2 for further information regarding these statements. All models were made of sandstone and were as in Fig. 6. They are composed of a 3/16-in. ore body bed A, overlain by a 3/16-in. bed B, a ?-in. bed C and two ?-in. beds D and E. The model was rotated at + 2350 r.p.m. equivalent to a model ratio of 1268. It was worked back ¼ in. at a time before being replaced in the centrifuge and again rotated. Table 1 gives model and prototype dimensions occurring in this discussion, the prototype dimensions being 1268 times the model dimensions. Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 were taken while the model was rotating at 2350 r.p.m. One was taken for each face retreat of 26.4 ft., but for obvious reasons all are not presented. Fig. 1 (A-E) shows the behavior of this type of structure with face retreats of 26.4 ft. and no artificial support. Fig. 2(A-E) shows the behavior of this type of structure where breaker and face props were used. The props were exceptionally strong, being of steel ? in. square in cross section, and capped with 1/16 in. ± of soft wood and paper, to allow for roof deflection. The face props were

Jan 1, 1940

By P. B. Bucky, R. V. Taborelli

This investigation was carried on by means of models and the application of the principles of similitude to determine the effects of props, props and cribs and sand filling in longwall mining. The geologic structure and rate of face retreat were kept constant and the only change introduced was in the method of support. It is not felt necessary to repeat a description of apparatus, or to explain the fact that a scalar model made in all parts of the same material as the prototype will behave similarly to the prototype when rotated at speeds such that the centrifugal force is as many times the gravitational force as the prototype dimension is a similar linear model dimension. The reader is referred to earlier papers1,2 for further information regarding these statements. All models were made of sandstone and were as in Fig. 6. They are composed of a 3/16-in. ore body bed A, overlain by a 3/16-in. bed B, a ?-in. bed C and two ?-in. beds D and E. The model was rotated at + 2350 r.p.m. equivalent to a model ratio of 1268. It was worked back ¼ in. at a time before being replaced in the centrifuge and again rotated. Table 1 gives model and prototype dimensions occurring in this discussion, the prototype dimensions being 1268 times the model dimensions. Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 were taken while the model was rotating at 2350 r.p.m. One was taken for each face retreat of 26.4 ft., but for obvious reasons all are not presented. Fig. 1 (A-E) shows the behavior of this type of structure with face retreats of 26.4 ft. and no artificial support. Fig. 2(A-E) shows the behavior of this type of structure where breaker and face props were used. The props were exceptionally strong, being of steel ? in. square in cross section, and capped with 1/16 in. ± of soft wood and paper, to allow for roof deflection. The face props were

Jan 1, 1940

By L. L. Wyman

THE exact nature of the changes that take place in the iron-nickel alloys, giving rise to the interesting and useful expansion alloys in the Invar range, has yet to be fully understood. Similarly, the ternary iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, which also possess such commercially useful expansion characteristics, 1,2 are concerned with transformations that appear to be identical with those found in the parent iron-nickel alloys. The investigations on iron-nickel alloys in the range 26 to 29 per cent Ni have been reported by several authors" wherein it is shown that there are factors other than temperature, such as stress and grain size, which play an important part in determining the temperature at which the low-temperature transformation takes place. It will be shown in this paper that the ternary iron-nickel-cobalt alloys having nickel contents comparable to the alloys mentioned above behave in a parallel manner. The alloys in the range of 26 to 31 per cent Ni and 16 to 21 per cent Co have a coefficient of expansion of about 4.0 X 10-1 per degree Centi-grade, and the alloys in this range of composition find considerable application in making glass-to-metal seals, because these expansion properties so well match commercial glasses. The behavior of these alloys is not a simple matter, for it has been observed in alloys of 28.5 per cent Ni and 18.5 Co that severe working can cause the appearance of a second phase having a needlelike structure similar to the martensite structure in carbon steels. Fig. 1 shows the change brought about in an alloy of this composition when a strip of this material was cut with tin shears. This second phase has been identified as the body-centered cubic alpha phase, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe the results of some of the preliminary investigations in the study of the changes involved in these alloys.

Jan 1, 1939

Jan 1, 1970

By John F. McElhiney, Hosseim Kazemi

This chapter is a review of fluid flow and mass trans- port in fractured rocks. The topics include: single-phase and multiple-phase flow theory, formation productivity or injectivity improvement by artificial fracturing, and mass transport associated with fracture acidizing. Possible extension and application of such ideas to in situ mining in fractured rocks are presented.

Jan 1, 1974