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By João Paulo Calixto da Silva

Os modos de desgaste de um material podem sofrer transições decorrentes de alterações nas condições do tribossistema. Para o estudo e análise dos fenômenos associados às eventuais mudanças, a técnica de micro-abrasão do tipo esfera livre é reconhecidamente uma boa escolha. No presente trabalho, para o aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L, fez-se um estudo do comportamento da taxa de desgaste, bem como do mecanismo de desgaste em função da carga de ensaio, tipo de abrasivo (SiO2 ou SiC), dureza do material (modificada pela sua nitretação) e concentração de abrasivo. O desgaste por deslizamento predomina quando a lama abrasiva é constituída de SiO2, enquanto o rolamento passa a prevalecer com a troca do abrasivo para o SiC. Verificou-se que em nenhum dos dois casos ocorreu transição de mecanismos após variações nas condições de ensaio. Por outro lado, o coeficiente de desgaste do material aumenta com a carga de ensaio, substituição do SiO2 pelo SiC e tende a cair com a nitretação (aumento de dureza) do aço e com a concentração de abrasivo. O aumento simultâneo da carga de ensaio e da concentração de sílica na lama diminui significativamente a taxa de desgaste, encurtando o período de "running-in".

Aug 7, 2018

By A. Bhatanagar, D. Makhija, A. K. Mukherjee, R. K. Rath, P. Dixit

Characterization and beneficiation of dry iron ore processing plant reject fines of Khondbond region, India, was investigated. Different characterization techniques viz. size analysis, size-wise chemical and density analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, sinkfloat analysis, thermo gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and QEMSCAN were carried out. Based on characterization results, two process flow sheets comprising wet screening followed by conventional gravity concentration and two stage classification with different beneficiation routes were used to recover the iron values from reject fines containing 58.73% Fe, 5.54% Al2O3, and 6.6% SiO2. Finally, suggested flow sheet comprising of two stage classification and advance gravity concentration followed by the combination of grinding, classification, and froth flotation produced iron concentrate of 2.36% Al2O3 with 75.8% yield which can be used in sinter/pellet making.

By AIME AIME

WTHIN the next month all members of the Institute will be given an opportunity to vote for a new President, two Vice-Presidents, and five Directors. All of the candidates nominated by the official committee are well known to certain groups of the Institute membership but a brief record of their professional lives will be given here for the information of those that will vote. Not since 1927, when Everette DeGolyer guided the destinies of the Institute, has a member of the Petroleum Division been a candidate for President. John Meston Lovejoy has been a Director since 1930, and a Vice-President as well for the last year: In the three years 1932-4 lie was also chairman of the Admissions Committee. Dir. Lovejoy graduated from the Columbia School of Mines in 1911, just before lie was 22 years old, and began his professional career as a copper miner at Chuquicamata. Chile. Silver and gold mining later claimed his % attention, and it was not until 1914 that lie gut into the oil business, as geologist for the Standard Oil Co. of N. Y. This took hint to China and he later worked for the company in Wyoming. In 1917 lie joined the Army where lie rose to be captain of Field Artillery. Upon his return to the United States he went to work for the Amerada Petroleum Co., of which he later became vice-president and general manager, with headquarters in Tulsa. Since coining to New York he has been president of the Petroleum Bond & Share Cu.. and is currently president of the Seaboard Oil Co.

Jan 1, 1935

By G. B. Amicucci

Golden Sunlight Mines Inc. operates an open-pit gold mine and cyanidation plant about 11km (7 miles) northeast of Whitehall, MT. Golden Sunlight is a subsidiary of Placer Dome US Inc. Mining is accomplished with conventional open pit drilling, blasting and hauling methods. The mining rate is about 102 kt/d (113,000 stpd). Gold occurs as fine-grained disseminations in a pipe-shaped breccia and in immediately adjacent country rock. The ore body is low grade, averaging 2 g/t (0.059 oz per st) of gold. The metallurgical plant uses conventional carbon-in-pulp (CIP) technology. Daily throughput averages 6.5 kt (7000 st). Recoveries are enhanced through a sand tailing retreatment facility while a preaeration process reduces operating costs. The low grade ore dictates that maximum mill throughput at the desired grind size be maintained. Therefore, in October 1988, an Armco Autometrics (now Denver Autometrics) particle size monitor (PSM) 400 was commissioned. The PSM 400 is an on-line instrument. It measures particle size and percent solids in a slurry stream. The PSM pulls its own sample, deareates the sample and passes it through diametrically opposed ultrasonic sensors. The unit uses ultrasonic sound to measure the deareated slurry stream's particle size and percent solids.

Jan 1, 1991

By Amanda de Angelis Vitoi

Neste trabalho foi estudado o efeito da adição de argônio à atmosfera de nitretação sob plasma sobre a resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316L. As nitretações foram realizadas em reator a plasma pulsado, a 420°C, por 6 h, adicionando-se 0%, 5% e 10% de argônio à mistura gasosa. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de 5% de argônio promove um aumento na espessura da camada de austenita expandida em relação ao material nitretado sem argônio. Com o aumento da concentração de argônio de 5 para 10%, no entanto, verificou-se a formação de camadas de austenita expandida mais finas e de baixa resistência à corrosão devido à presença de nitreto de cromo em sua estrutura.

Aug 8, 2018

By Kimio Ilagaki

The distribution ratios of Ag, Pb, As, Sb and Bi for the Cu2S-FeS or Ni3S2-FeS matte I FeOx-SiOl, FeOx-Si02-CaO or FeOx-CaO slag equilibration in a MgO crucible were determined experimentally at 1523 ~1573K under controlled partial pressures of S2 and 02 at given PS02 of 10.1,50.7 and 101.3 kPa(O.I, 0.5 and I atm), and the observed dependency of distribution ratio on the matte grade, S02 pressure and slag basicity were analyzed on the basis of thermodynamics.

Jan 1, 2003

By T. Holmes, S. Davison

"The Special Standard Surge bin at Agrium’s Vanscoy Potash Operations (VPO) has been plagued with flow problems and wear, and corrosion issues for it’s entire working life. Investigation showed that the carbon steel construction, bin geometry, and resultant funnel-flow pattern were directly responsible for production losses and disproportionate maintenance and capital costs. Potash enters this bin at between 140°C and 165°C, but the stagnant potash outside the active flow channel was much cooler, allowing moisture to migrate toward the outer regions, which caused corrosion of the walls and reduced live capacity as the potash in this area hardened and built up on the walls over time.A 2013 inspection revealed holes and paper-thin areas in the lower cylinder wall sections and in the conical hopper. The only thing preventing major leaks and even a potentially catastrophic failure was the buildup of stagnant hardened product on the cone walls. It was concluded that the cone had reached the end of its life and required replacement. VPO’s original plan was to replace the cone in kind and repair the cylinder as necessary; however, a failure-mode and bin-performance investigation combined with a lifecycle- cost analysis indicated it would be better to redesign the hopper.For success in retrofit projects, it is essential at the design stage to consider the bulk solid flow properties and the operating environment involved. Because education in this area is not offered at a university level, engineers often do not fully appreciate the effects of the flow properties of bulk solids on bulk material handling equipment.Jenike & Johanson conducted flow properties tests on samples of potash and using the data, redesigned the bin and the feeder. After the modifications, VPO’s surge bin provides safer, more reliable operation with a much longer predicted working life. Using this retrofit as an example, we aim to provide a general understanding of bulk solids flow theory and highlight the importance of customizing the design to the appropriate flow properties in the cost effectiveness, reliability, and safety of a bulk material handling system."

Jan 1, 2016

By Matheus de Aragão Togni

O processo de fabricação de gases do ar (oxigênio, nitrogênio e argônio) utiliza água como componente de resfriamento, para manter a temperatura do gás e dos equipamentos dentro dos limites operacionais. A qualidade de água está diretamente relacionada com a eficiência dos equipamentos rotativos, sendo assim quanto mais eficiente o sistema de resfriamento, menor será o impacto operacional, refletindo também no resultado financeiro da planta. Com o objetivo de melhorar o resultado operacional da unidade foi avaliada a troca do sistema de resfriamento convencional por um sistema com evaporative cooler.

Oct 30, 2017

By B. C. Burgess

This paper, describing the milling practices at the Minpro plant of the Tennessee Mineral Products Corporation, Spruce Pine, N. C., is the first of a series being prepared by the U.S. Bureau of Mines on feldspar milling methods and costs in the various feldspar producing areas in the United States. It describes not only the latest practices in feldspar grinding but includes studies of the cost of producing ground feldspar. These cost studies, obviously of interest to every consumer and purchaser of feldspar and to all feldspar grinders, are also of value to the small operator, who is generally prone to understimate his real costs. It describes the latest practices in feldspar milling and includes detailed costs of grinding. The cost tabulations presented show operating expenditures only and not total production costs. Details of costs are given only to the extent that they are essential to the technical discussion and study of the methods employed. A description of the recently installed milling unit for the preparation of granular glasspar by graded crushing, and magnetic separation is of particular interest. It illustrates how highly specialized feldspar milling has become, and to what an extent grinders are going to supply consumers with the products best suited for their particular needs.

Jan 1, 1931

By Smortchevskyk N. J.

THIS paper describes the electrical features of the locomotive now (August, 1962) under construction for Craigmont Mines. Intended for non-specialists, it avoids details of design and calculations interesting to electricians only. The paper is divided into three sections. The first deals very briefly with the mine layout and with operating conditions -existing and expected. Reference is made to economic considerations leading to the selection of the type and size of locomotive, as well as to traction diagrams and the calculations. This material is not included in the paper because of its length and because it does not represent anything new. The second section deals with engineering and economic considerations and shows, in some detail, why the A.C. system was chosen. The third section describes the basic components of the locomotive, including the voltage regulator, the rectifiers, the control arrangement and the filter, and deals with considerations affecting the selection of their rating and design. A concluding sub-section describes, very briefly, the track and trolley details and the power distribution switchgear.

Jan 1, 1963

By D. K. Deardorff

The purpose of this work was to investigate the hafnium-carbon phase diagram. Alloys used to study this system were prepared from high-purity components by both consumable-and nonconsumable-electrode arc melting. Data for the diagram were obtained on the alloys by metallography, optical pyrometry, thermal analysis, heat treatment, and X-ray diffraction. The data indicate that a carbide compound occurs over considerable range of composition, and that one of each of the following types of reactions occurs in the hafnium-carbon system: Peritectoid, peritectic, and eutectic. The maximum melting temperature of hafnium carbide is 3,840° C at 49 to 50 atomic percent carbon, and the composition range of hafnium carbide at temperatures of 2,150° to 2,380° C is from 37.0 to 48.5 atomic percent carbon. The hafnium a-S transformation temperature is raised on alloying with carbon from 1,750° to 1,890° C, where a peritectoid reaction isotherm occurs. Alloying hafnium with carbon increases the hafnium melting temperature from 2,190° to 2,250° C, at which temperature a peritectic reaction occurs. Hafnium carbide and carbon react at 3,055° C to form a eutectic of 68.3 atomic percent carbon.

Jan 1, 1967

By Roney Eduardo Lino

Melhorar a qualidade dos aços e dos processos tem sido uma rotina dos engenheiros metalurgistas e das siderúrgicas em um mercado que exige produtos com qualidade e preço competitivos. No processo de refino dos aços são feitos os ajustes de composição química e temperatura, além das modificações inclusionárias necessárias às características de qualidade dos produtos e as exigências para uma perfeita lingotabilidade. O processo de solidificação mais comum é o lingotamento contínuo, onde a continuidade de fluxo de aço líquido através das válvulas é assegurada através da temperatura adequada e presença de inclusões no estado líquido nas temperaturas de lingotamento. Neste trabalho foram utilizados os softwares Thermocalc e CEQCSI com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos elementos químicos carbono, silício e enxofre na janela de lingotabilidade de diagramas de fases alumínio vs cálcio. Os softwares se mostraram bastante apropriados e eficazes neste estudo, e os resultados indicam que os elementos estudados afetam diretamente a posição da janela de lingotabilidade dos aços carbono. A análise de amostra de tarugo de um aço 0,2%C via MEV mostrou que há grande heterogenidade de inclusões no aço acalmado ao alumínio e tratado com cálcio.

Aug 8, 2018

By J. C. Johnson

In situ stresses are important input data for the design of safe, stable stope layouts and extraction sequences. However, it is commonly assumed that normal and shear stress gradients in a stress field are negligible and, consequently, that stresses are uniform throughout the region of analysis. To evaluate these assumptions and to provide input data for an analysis of a shaft pillar mining plan, in situ stresses were measured at the Homestake Mine, Lead, SD, using overcoring on hollow inclusion cells and borehole deformation gauges. These measurements were used with conventional least squares, best fit data reduction schemes. The results showed that normal stresses within the shaft pillar were less than, but comparable to, those estimated from finite-element modeling. Shear stresses were an order of magnitude less than normal stresses and varied considerably from site to site. Possible causes of this variability include effects of scale, elastic moduli, anisotropy, and axial strain. Because of the variability, it is not possible to determine the magnitude of horizontal stress gradients.

Jan 1, 2010

By Sabri Ergun

This report gives the result of investigations of coals of different rank, coal com¬ponents, chemically and thermally treated and irradiated coals, and sedimented organic matter. In most studies the arbitrary parameters obtained from the usual quantitative profile analyses are not given largely because they lack physical meaning. Instead comp interpretations are offered. X-ray patterns of high-volatile bituminous and lower rank coals are not self¬-sufficient for structural interpretation by the methods of analysis developed to date. The patterns of hydrogenated and dehydrogenated coals indicate that the basic change in the structure of bituminous coals with increase in rank is the conversion of alicyclic structures into aromatic layers. In low-rank anthracites the aromatic layers are about 10 A in size. The increase in rank is the result of coalescence of layers. High-rank anthracites have layer sizes of 25 to 40 A and exhibit the development of three-dimensional (hkl) reflections of graphite, indicating ordering of adjacent layers. In meta-anthracites the layers are > 1000 A and the basic structure is that of defective crystalline graphite. The well-known petrographic components in low-rank coals have different structures; the differences dissappear in low-volatile bituminous and higher rank coals. The patterns of sedimented organic matter, except impsonites, differ from those of coal hydrogen contents are high, and their X-ray patterns are consistent with those of structures. In contrast to normal coals, the patterns of uranium-bearing coals show increased diffuseness with decrease in hydrogen content. The diffuseness is accompanied by increase in the uranium content of the coal. It is very likely that high uranium-bearing coals have predominantly tetrahedral structures.

Jan 1, 1968

By Cláudio Magno do Carmo, Gilmar Pinto Ribeiro, Luciney Miranda Martins

A rotina operacional e os seus processos de validação e acompanhamento já estão consolidados no ambiente da Tecnologia da Informação (TI). No ambiente da Tecnologia de Automação (TA) estamos avançando lentamente, apesar da grande semelhança em vários processos, devido a dificuldades de adaptação dos controles principalmente no tocante aos tempos de resposta e atuação das equipes. Enquanto a TI atua na garantia da execução do tripé formado por confidencialidade (segurança), integridade (precisão dos dados) e disponibilidade, rigorosamente nessa sequência de prioridades (CID) [1], a TA procura atender às necessidades da produção, e inverte a prioridade para a disponibilidade (DIC). Daí o conflito inicial entre os modelos: demanda imediata ou planejamento detalhado das atividades dentro dos padrões de qualidade da TI, entretanto sem impactar nas metas operacionais. É tudo uma questão de visão e principalmente de gestão por processos! Quais as diretrizes comuns? Quais os processos similares? Encontrar os pontos de afinidade, alinhados com as expectativas dos gestores e com foco na disponibilidade, sem perder a integridade e confiabilidade dos dados é o desafio.

Oct 1, 2019

This paper has peen translated from the Russian by the United States Bureau of Mines and is issued as one of a series of circulars dealing with mining methods and costs in connection with a general study of this subject sponsored by the bureau. The paper presents some interesting features in connection with the methods employed in Russia and describes certain variations in standard methods which might conceivably be applied to a limited extent in this country.

Jan 1, 1930

By Jerome F. Kuzmick

The use of iron powder during the postwar conversion period has been increasing with great rapidity. This is particularly true in regard to the manufacture of molded mechanical parts such as bushings, gears, cams, small wheels, and the like. Many manufacturers have found it possible to replace machined cast iron and carbon steel with molded iron powder parts, and thereby can not only effect a savings in cost, but can produce a better product as well. As the field of application for iron powder parts widens, greater demands are made upon the powder supplier concerning quality and uniformity characteristics. The following are some of the most important properties parts fabricators desire in the iron powder they use: 1. The powder should have high compressibility so that good density can be obtained without the use of excessive pressures. At the same time, it should show low die wear so that a large number of pieces can be produced from the die. This means that the powder must be of high purity and good softness or plasticity. 2. The powder should produce compacts of high green strength, so that unsintered parts can be handled without breakage or fraying of the edges. 3. The sintering properties should be good so that satisfactory strength is obtained in the sintered piece. 4. Compacts made from the powder should show small but, above all, uniform dimensional changes during the sintering operation so that accurate parts can be produced, and warping and other such bad effects eliminated. 5. The powder should have satisfactory flow properties for automatic molding. 6. It is very important that the powder be uniform in sieve analysis, compressibility, flow, purity, and other qualities, from container to container in any given lot and from shipment to shipment. 7. Price—The fabricators desire all these good properties, but in many instances still do not wish to pay a premium price. There has been considerable discussion as to the importance of price of the powder in relation to the cost of the finished product. It is true that in cases where certain special properties only procured by powder metallurgy are required, price is not a criterion. On the other hand, there have been a number of applications recently made which would not be commercially practical with a powder which commands a premium in price. Iron powder parts are compressed in automatic presses to definite size, shape, and density. The powder is compressed to a density figure dependent upon the function the part is to perform, as well as upon such important considerations as press capacity and die wear. Such parts can be roughly broken down into the following density ranges:

Jan 1, 1949

By Paulo César Lemes de Almeida

No projeto da usina da VSB, em Jeceaba – MG estão contemplados dois altos-fornos de 350 m3 de volume útil e uma máquina de lingotar gusa (MLG) com capacidade de 150 t/h. Um destes altos-fornos já está pronto para o início de operação. Visando realizar os testes a quente da MLG a aciaria da VSB tem produzido aço com alto teor de carbono para testar o equipamento. Realizaram-se 07 etapas de testes que possibilitaram a implantação de algumas melhorias na MLG, coletar dados sobre a logística de movimentação de panelas, estimar perdas térmicas do gusa e treinar o pessoal para a operação. Nesta contribuição técnica descrevem-se os testes realizados e as modificações decorrentes.

Aug 1, 2018

By Anna Beatriz Almeida Leandro da Costa, Djalma Valério Ribeiro Neto, Flánelson Maciel Monteiro, Mauro Froes Meyer, Bruna Pereira do Nascimento Souza

As argilas são matérias primas fundamentais na confecção dos produtos cerâmicos. Na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos as argilas com baixa quantidade de óxido ferro (Fe2O3), que resultam em peças com coloração branca ou bege, são preferenciais. Esse tipo de argila não é comumente encontrado pela indústria, o que torna seu valor expressivamente mais alto. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as propriedades tecnológicas de massas cerâmicas produzidas com uma argila caulinítica do município de Boa Saúde-RN para produção de revestimentos. O procedimento experimental teve início com a fabricação das massas cerâmicas usando a argila, quartzo, caulim, feldspato K e dolomita, todos materiais com granulometria de 0,074mm. O processo de compactação das amostras ocorreu em uma prensa hidráulica com pressão de 21 MPa. As peças foram secas em uma estufa e sinterizadas no forno do tipo mufla, sem atmosfera protetora, nas temperaturas de 1000°C e 1100°C, com taxa de aquecimento de 10°C/min e patamar de isoterma de 60 minutos. No total, foram confeccionadas quarenta (40) amostras, sendo vinte (20) por temperatura. As propriedades tecnológicas das amostras foram aferidas através dos ensaios de absorção de água (AA%), retração linear (RL%), perda ao fogo (PF%), porosidade aparente (PA%) e massa específica aparente (MEA). Os resultados dos ensaios apontam que a argila estudada pode ser destinada para o setor de revestimentos do tipo poroso.

Mar 1, 2019

By Ricardo Porto

Com objetivo de tornar produtos / equipamentos mais eficientes e sustentáveis, tem-se buscado utilizar estruturas cada vez mais leves. Para o aço, este requisito se traduz na redução de espessura associado ao aumento de resistência mecânica do material. Para atender a esta demanda, a ArcelorMittal Tubarão desenvolveu um aço que atende ao grau S700 da norma EN10149 visando segmento de semi-reboques e equipamentos agrícolas.

Oct 30, 2017