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By Suzzann Nordwick

The metallurgical treatment of mercury-containing materials for precious or base metals recovery imposes many processing and environmental challenges. Mercury is usually present as elemental or cinnabar. Historically, mercury has been removed from mined ores pyrometallurgically by roasting, but hydrometallurgical methods have also been employed. For example, alkaline sodium sulfide solution acts as an universal solvent for most mercury compounds. While, most other metals are highly insoluble in this solution. This allows for a high degree of selective separation of mercury from other metals with the exception of tin, antimony and arsenic. Mercury leached with a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide or sulfur can be re-covered by cementation or stabilized through sulfide precipitation. Hydrometallurgical technology for the pretreatment of mercury removal from gold, silver, and base metal ores using alkaline sulfide leaching will be discussed with a focus on alkaline sulfide leaching of mercury sulfide-containing materials.

Jan 1, 2003

By Marietta Canty

A paper is presented in which an innovative biological process is described for the treatment of cyanide-, metals-, and nitrate-contaminated mine process water. The technology was tested for its ability to detoxify cyanide and nitrate and immobilize metals in wastewater from agitation cyanide leaching. A pilot-scale demonstration is described in which a pilot plant was constructed to demonstrate the technology on a mine process waste stream at a mine in Nevada. The demonstration was performed Jointly under the Mine Waste Technology Program (MWTP), which is funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is jointly administered by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Western Environmental Technology Office (WETO) and the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Demonstration Program under Interagency Agreement Number DW89938513-0 I-0. MSE Technology Applications, Inc. (MSE) located in Butte. Montana, was the contractor responsible for conducting the project, and Pintail Systems, Inc., of Aurora. Colorado, was the technology provider. The pilot-scale unit was field-tested at the Echo Bay McCoy/Cove Mine southwest of Battle Mountain, Nevada. The biotreatment process was considered to be successful in destroying cyanide in the mine process water. The process was also determined to be effective in removing metals. The pH was consistently neutralized, and nitrates were successfully removed from the mine process water. As a result of conducting these pilot-scale tests, the biotreatment process was concluded to be an innovative, cost-effective alternative for the treatment of mining wastewaters.

Jan 1, 1998

By M. J. Collins

A hydrometallurgical process has been tested at the Sherritt Research Centre for separation of zinc, lead, copper and precious metal values from the zinc oxide fume leach residue stockpiled at the HBM&S operations in Flin Flon, Manitoba. Zinc is found primarily as zinc femte and sphalerite in the residue, lead as lead sulphate and jarosite, and copper as sulphide and jarositic compounds. Gypsum and siliceous gangue are significant diluents. The separation process includes hot acid, atmospheric and reducing (sulphur dioxide) leaching; zinc, copper and lead flotation; and atmospheric iron removal steps. Zinc is recovered to a high strength zinc sulphate solution and to a zinc sulphide concentrate suitable for feed to a roaster or to a zinc pressure leach plant; lead to a high grade lead sulphate concentrate suitable for feed to a lead smelter, and copper to a high grade copper sulphide concentrate suitable for feed to a copper smelter. Precious metals are divided between the zinc, lead and copper concentrates.

Jan 1, 1993

By Zheng Wei, Jian Cheni, Zhenliang Weng, Wei Liang, Hongbo Zhu, Jinhui Peng, Linqing Dai, Qianxu Ye

"By testing the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss factor of concentrated Dahongshan, mill scale, anthracite and light-burned dolomite in different frequency and temperature, and by studying the temperature-rising characteristics of the materials in the microwave field of 2.45GHz in frequency, the research in the paper shows that to reach at 1250°C under the same condition -2KW the microwave power and 30g the mass --the time concentrated Dahongshan takes is 330s, whereas the millscale is 855s and the anthracite is 820s. About the last one, the higher the temperature is, the stronger the absorptivity is. After the temperature has rose to 400°C, the anthracite's absorptivity increases dramatically. The result of the research would serve as the foundation of the further study on making direct reduced iron by microwave heating.1. IntroductionUnder the microwave fields, materials' dissipation of dielectric bodies would generate thermal effect. Therefore, the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss factor are closely related to materials' ability of absorbing microwave energy-the larger the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss factor are, the stronger the material's ability of absorbing microwave energy is, and the better the thermal effect would be[1-2]. In order to research how to make reduced iron from iron ore fines by microwave heating deeply and systematically, the test of raw materials' dielectric constants and dielectric loss factors are of the essence. What's more, because a mineral' conductivity is influenced by its components and crystal structure[3], it is necessary to study different materials' different temperature-rising characteristics; hence such studies would provide theoretical foundation of further research."

Jan 1, 2012

By F. Robert Hubbard

IMCO Recycling Inc. has developed a new, patented technology for the production of fertilizer, K-SOIL?, as a by-product of its aluminum recycling operations. This new technology can substitute for conventional technology which now results in a saltcake residue that is placed in 'landfills. Four years of research and development work by IMCO culminated in a U. S. patent issued April 5, 1994. As part of the technology development effort, IMCO engaged the services of a nationally renowned research organization and a prominent university. These two organizations have conducted in-depth agronomy studies In the laboratory, greenhouse, and the field. Results have shown K-SOIL? to be performance equivalent, on a nutrient content basis, to conventional potash fertilizer. The first field applications on commercial farms were made in the spring of 1994. K-SOIL? is a potassium-bearIng, granular solid which may find use in fertilizer blends, direct application, and other forms of fertilizer products. The overall benefit of this new technology is to create a useful by-product rather than generate a useless residue and, thereby, reduce or eliminate the amount of salt cake now placed in landfills. As such, It is a significant, step toward IMCO's ultimate goal of complete recycle.

Jan 1, 1995

By K. Murayama, M. Kawakami, T. Takenaka, S. Yokoyama

"Cokes play an important role of spacer in blast furnace. However, they degenerate during Boudouard reaction. Blast furnace cokes are reacted with pure C02 at I 072 to 1673 K. Reaction rate was obtained by the weight change of spherical specimen. The specimen after reaction was examined by microscopic observation. The reaction rate increased with temperature and was expressed by two Arrhenius type lines. The activation energy was 126 KJ/mol at higher temperature than 13 73 K and 202 KJ/mol at lower temperature range. At the higher temperature range, the reaction proceeded from the surface leaving unreacted core, whereas homogeneously whole inside at lower temperature. The porosity increased from the center to surface at higher temperature, whereas it was almost constant at lower temperature.IntroductionThe cokes have the function of fuel, reductant and spacer to keep gas and liquid flow in the blast furnace. Thus, the reaction mechanism of coke with several gas and the strength after the reaction should be important factor to control the blast furnace operation. The reaction mechanism of coke with C02 has been studied extensively. The rate equations were derived by Gadsby[ I], Ergun[2] and Turkdogan and Vinters[3]. They were compared and discussed by Kobayashi and Omori [ 4]. Effect of crystallization degree on the reaction rate was examined by Kashiwaya and Ishii[5]. Catalytic enhancement effect of ash componets have been clarified by Kashiwaya et. al. [6]. Although degradation of coke in blast furnace has been examined recently[7], however, the degradation of coke after the reaction with C02 has not been well clarified yet. In the present work, the metallurgical coke specimen was heated in N2 and C02 and the reaction mechanism and degradation behavior after the reaction was investigated."

Jan 1, 2000

By Katerina Kryst

Antimony and bismuth are two of the elements that need to be removed from copper electrolyte to ensure a trouble free operation as well as to maintain copper cathode purity. One method to control these impurities is the use of aminophosphonic ion exchange resins. Antimony is present as both Sb(III) and Sb (V). Sb(V) is very difficult to remove from these resins, requiring excess amounts of highly concentrated hydrochloric acid. In industry this affinity of Sb(V) for the resin causes a buildup of Sb(V) and degrading resin performance due to continual reduction of resin capacity. A new method for regeneration of aminophosphonic resins loaded with Sb(V) has been developed, which utilizes catalytic regeneration of the resin. Ion exchange can then be utilized for continual control of Sb and Bi in copper electrolyte.

By Laurentiu Nastac, Ruslan Mudryy

"This paper investigates the solidification of cast energetic materials. An active cooling and heating (ACH) technology and a mechanical vibration (MV) technology were applied to achieve unidirectional solidification during casting and to reduce cracks, gas pores, and shrinkage defects. The design parameters of these technologies were developed via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling and thermal stress analysis. Concerning the ACH technology, the number of cooling/heating sections and their temperature profiles and time sequences were optimized based on the thermo-physical properties of the energetic material as well as the riser and mold diameter, thickness and type. The ACH technology will also decrease the thermal stresses during casting of energetic materials and therefore minimize the formation of potential cracks that may form during the casting process. The MV technology will help to remove air entrapped during pouring process and decrease the detrimental gap size between the projectile and the solidified energetic material.IntroductionCasting processes are widely employed in the manufacture of products with intricate shapes and, in particular, in applications where the material of the final product is sensitive to machining. It is especially useful in processing of energetic materials. The cooling conditions applied in the casting process can affect the quality of the final cast in terms of void formation, residual stress distributions, and mold separation. Substantial shrinkage is also observed due to the density change upon solidification [1-3]. Residual stresses are known to be closely related to the formation of cold cracks and hot tears during casting. The formation of a gap between the mold and the cast material is of critical importance due to its deleterious effect on heat removal and on crack formation. In the casting of energetic materials all these defects can significantly impair the detonation velocity, Gurney energy, and insensitive munitions characteristics of the formulation, and lead to catastrophic accidents in explosives handling [ 4-5]. Imposition of carefully controlled cooling condition is thus critical in optimizing the cast quality that could help avoid such destructive effects."

Jan 1, 2013

By Linlin Wu, Marlen Bertram, Chris Bayliss, Bernard de Gelas, Samantha Jones, Kurt Buxmann

"Environmental management is one of the industry cornerstones of sustainable development. In order to understand fully the environmental aspects associated with the raw material acquisition, production, use, and end-of-life operations of aluminium products, the Aluminium Industry has developed an approach based on Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology.Within this framework, the Primary Aluminium Industry has established a global Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data set. Inventory flows include inputs of raw materials, energy and water, emissions to air and water, and solid waste.This paper presents the latest LCI data update by the International Aluminium Institute for the year 2010, based on a survey of aluminium plants globally, including bauxite mining, alumina refining, anode production, electrolysis and casting. This update also includes some performance tracking based on the last LCI data collection in 2005, reflecting progress in efficiency and technology, as well as changes in the geographical location of the industry [2010 data pending]. IntroductionIn 2010 the Primary Aluminium Industry produced a total of 41 Mt of aluminium. The International Aluminium Institute (IAI) membership represents approximately 70% of total global production. The industry recognises the importance of co=itting to reducing the environmental impacts of producing primary aluminium, and the significance of working towards a more sustainable future. As part of this co=itment the IAI has developed an in depth Life Cycle Inventory programme, in which data is collected every five years, with supplementary key metrics collected annually.In 2003 the IAI released its first Report ""Life Cycle Assessment of Aluminium: Inventory Data for the Worldwide Primary Aluminium Industry"" based on the year 2000 with an update Report released in 2007, based on 2005 data.This paper presents the latest update for the year 2010 [2010 data pending]. It has been prepared with the same view of collecting all significant Life Cycle Inventory data (raw materials and energy use, air and water emissions and solid waste generated) associated with producing primary aluminium ingot from bauxite ore, with worldwide coverage. The intended purpose of the Inventory Report is to accurately characterize resource consumption and significant environmental aspects associated with the worldwide production of primary aluminium. It reflects the fuct that primary aluminium is a globally traded co=odity."

Jan 1, 2012

By Juan Patricio Ibáñez

Separation of arsenic and copper from Cu-As-H2S04 electrolytes by electrodialysis has been investigated at room temperature. The effects of current density and pH were studied. An arsenic-free copper solution was obtained for all the tested conditions. The transport efficiency for copper ions was found to be higher than 98% after 3 hours' test. Transport of arsenic and copper through the ion exchange membranes was increased by increasing pH and current density. Solution pH was found to be a key parameter for the separation process, since it controls the speciation of the ions to be transported and the formation of unwanted precipitates which reduce the global efficiency of the electrodialysis process. The main conclusion is that electrodialysis is a promising technique to be used in separating and/or concentrating ions of interest in copper electrometallurgy.

Jan 1, 2003

By Zeng Zheng, Liu Chen, Yu Xing-Fu, Tian Su-Gui, Zhang Chao

"Single crystal nickel-base superalloy is prepared by using the various withdrawing rates. By measuring creep properties and microstructure observation, the influence of the element segregation on creep properties of the superalloys is investigated. Results show that the dendrite spacing and the segregation extent of the elements decrease with the enhancing withdrawing rate. The superalloy with smaller dendrite spacing has lower segregation of the elements and better creep resistance. The dislocations climbing over the rafted y’ phase is thought to be the deformation mechanism of the alloy during steady state creep. In the later stage of creep, the fact that some dislocations shear into the rafted y’ phase may twist the rafted y’ phase. As the creep goes on, the initiation and propagation of the cracks occur up to occurring creep fracture, which is thought to be the fracture mechanism of the superalloy during creep.1. IntroductionSingle crystal nickel-based superalloys consist of high volume fraction of ?? strengthening phase and ? matrix, and possess the excellent high-temperature mechanical and creep properties, therefore, they have become the main material to make the blades of the advanced aeroengines[1-3]. Some literatures report that the temperature-bearing and creep-resistance properties of the single crystal nickel-based superalloys can be remarkably improved as the increases content of the refractory elements, such as W and Re[4-6]."

Jan 1, 2012

By Takeo Fujino, Nobuaki Sato, Junichi Hasegawa, Masato Nakazawa, Kohta Yamada

"Tantalum oxide thin films were deposited on quartz substrates by laser ablation of Ta2O5 target using Nd:YAG pulse laser. Deposition-was observed when a laser light energy higher than 200 mJ and its repetition rate higher than 3 Hz. A thin film of 0.1 µm thickness was obtained by the ablation using a laser light of 300 mJ and 6 Hz for 2 sec. The thickness of the film increased with increasing energy, repetition rate and irradiation time of laser. By the SEM observation, it was found that many island-like particles were deposited on quartz substrate forming a thin film. The obtained thin film, which was identified as ? Ta-O by X-ray diffraction, was oxidized to Ta2O5 by the heat treatment in air at I273 K for 3 h.IntroductionTransition metal oxides have a potential to show special characteristics in electrical, magnetic and/or optical properties. When such compounds are fabricated in the form of thin film, the special properties would be improved or new characters would appear in comparison with bulk materials. Tantalum penta-oxide is widely used as a capacitor since Ta2O5 shows high dielectric constants up to high temperatures. The tantalum solid capacitor has been fabricated by the electrical oxidation of sintered Ta metal cylinder followed by MnO2 film coating. However, further improvements, reduction and layered structure formation, are required for compacting the devices. The layered structure of thin films would be applicable for the above requirements. The formation ofTa2O5 film by low pressure CVD1), photo CVD2) and magnetron sputtering3l were reported. The laser ablation -method is one of the most convenient techniques for the deposition of thin films from their compounds, such as oxides. Formation of Ta2O5 film by pulse laser deposition (PLD) method using ArF excimer4), Nd:YAG (533nm)5) and TEA CO2 6 lasers was reported. In these PLD studies, ablation was carried out in relatively high oxygen pressures resulting in formation of Ta2O 5 film. In this paper, the deposition of tantalum oxide thin film by the laser ablation of Ta2O 5 using Nd:YAG pulse laser was examined at a viliety oxygen pressures ranging from 10-8 to 10 Torr. The morphology of the films was also investigated in relation with substrate temperature and oxygen pressure."

Jan 1, 2000

By M. C. Ruiz

This work outlines the results of leaching studies on a copper concentrate containing chalcocite (Cu2S) and digenite (Cu9S5) with an acid saline solution of cupric chloride oxygenated at ambient pressure. The variables studied included the stirring speed, concentration of cupric ions, concentration of HCI, concentration of chloride ions, oxygen flow rate, temperature and time. The leaching system was found to be very effective for the dissolution of the concentrate. Over 95% of the copper was dissolved in 30 minutes with negligible dissolution of iron. The dissolution of copper increased with the stirring speed up to about 400 rpm and depended little on the total chloride concentration. The oxygen flow rate affected the dissolution of copper only below 0.1 1/min. The concentration of HC1 did not influence the dissolution providing its was sufficient to avoid the precipitation of copper oxychloride. The study of the effect of the temperature showed a maximum in copper dissolution around 90 "C

Jan 1, 1997

By O. G. Rivera, R. D. Moser, P. G. Allison, W. R. Whittington, P. Rivera-Soto, Z. McClelland, D. Francis

This research examined the evolving microstructure of quasi-static and dynamically loaded fully annealed metastable 301 austenitic stainless steel (SS). Experiments were performed to an interrupted strain value of 20% and to failure using a tension Kolsky bar (1000/s) and an electromechanical load frame (0.001/s). Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) identified the microstructural evolution from the as-received condition to the 20% strain level for the high and low rate interrupted samples. This material achieved over 60% elongation to failure with increasing strength as strain rate increased, as expected. Fractography analysis using SEM showed particles in the microstructure and a ductile failure mode. The 301 SS exhibited a greater amount of phase transformation from parent austenite to -martensite at the dynamic strain rate when compared to the quasi-static strain rate during the interrupted experiments. This result is indicative of the increased propensity for austenite to -martensite phase transformations at the high strain rate.

Jan 1, 2016

By Gretel Parker

In situ Raman spectroscopic investigations of copper iron sulfides in leach solutions have been undertaken. Coupling potentiodynamic techniques to Raman spectroscopy produces a powerful tool for studying mineral surface response to changing conditions, while ESEM and high-vacuum techniques provide complementary ex-situ information on surface structure and composition. Oxidative acid leaching of chalcopyrite at ambient temperature yielded a product with S-S bonds that were shifted from those seen with covellite, with little evidence of elemental sulfur formation. Leaching of chalcopyrite led to non-homogeneous product distribution. Raman spectroscopy was able to identify the products formed on the mineral surfacein situ while leaching was occurring. Raman mapping and imaging demonstrated a surface distribution of the products which can be related to composition and structure changes of the mineral surface. The surface formed on chalcopyrite after anodic oxidation at 0.570 V vs. Ag/AgCl in 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl undergoes laser-induced transformation.

Jan 1, 2003

By Pinakin C. Chaubal

Today?s steel industry is in a vibrant and resurgent mode. This transformation has been in the making for some time now. Over the last few decades, the industry was steadily transforming itself into becoming a high tech industry. New technology was adopted, efficiencies were enhanced, lean manufacturing concepts were brought in and a strong customer focus was developed. Today?s mills employ sophisticated instrumentation, computerized monitoring, on-line smart systems etc. driving processes that are producing at rates of many tons/minute. All this is not possible without judiciously using the latest available technologies in various fields and developing a more sophisticated work force. Prof. Sohn has been a pioneer in driving the concept of process engineering in process metallurgy. In this paper the focus is on some aspects of process engineering ? primarily process modeling - as applied to iron and steelmaking processes. Examples are shown to demonstrate how problems have been addressed. Some thoughts on future directions are presented.

Jan 1, 2006

By Courtney Young, Jerome Downey

"The various technologies developed for treating spent potlining (SPL) from primary aluminum smelters have been reviewed on several occasions. The technologies generally involve physical, chemical, and thermal processes, either individually or in combination, with the primary objective of total recycle, waste minimization, or complete disposal. In general, those technologies geared for recycling involve separations and are therefore subject to recovery inefficiencies that are attributed to several factors. However, the inefficiencies could be reduced or possibly eliminated if the pots were designed for recyclability. This concept is applied to SPLASH, a recently developed SPL management technology.IntroductionAluminum is produced by molten salt electrolysis via the Hall-Héroult process. The process is conducted in an electrolytic “pot,” which is comprised of a steel frame first lined with insulating refractory brick, and then conductive graphite blocks, which serves as the carbon cathode [1, 2]. These materials are collectively referred to as “potlining.” Anodes comprised of petroleum coke/pitch are suspended above the pot and extend down into the molten cryolite (Na3AlF6) electrolyte. The electrolyte temperature is maintained at approximately 980 °C by resistance heating as low voltage (4-5 volts) and high current (50,000-300,000 amps) are applied across the two electrodes.High purity alumina is added to the cryolite bath, where it dissolves and becomes amenable to aluminum reduction at the cathode:"

Jan 1, 2008

By L. W. Beckstead

In a conventional zinc refinery plant, zinc concentrates were roasted at 950°C. The calcine was ground and leached in a series of leaching vessels using sulfuric acid. The pH in the first leaching vessel was maintained at 2.5, while the pH of the solution exiting the last vessel was about 5.4. The leached residue typically contained (in percent) 0.1 Ag, 0.2 As, 0.7 Cd, 2 Cu, 15 Fe, 10 Pb, and 15 Zn, and it was classified as hazardous material according to the EP-toxicity test. In order to make the residue non-hazardous, and to recover most of the metal values from the residue, a brine leach process was developed. The process consisted of leaching the zinc leach residue in CaCI, brine solution at pH 2 for 1 hour at 90°C. Silver extraction was about 95 percent, while lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and iron extractions were about 80, 50, 50, 30, and less than 0.5 percent, respectively. More extreme conditions of acidity could have been used in the leaching stage to increase zinc dissolution, but iron dissolution would have significantly increased which would have complicated subsequent recovery steps. The leached and washed residue passed the EP-toxicity leach test and could be disposed as non-hazardous. Silver, copper, and lead in the leach solution were recovered by zinc cementation, while zinc and cadmium were recovered by sulfide precipitation. The resulting solution can be recycled in the process after magnesium precipitation.

Jan 1, 1993

By Ajit Kumar Jaiswal

"Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) being a power-intensive equipment, EAF based industries are highly dependent on scarce electric energy. This is the reason Government of India is highly concerned about this and laid emphasis on the conservation of electric energy.This paper highlights factors contributing to reduction in specific electric energy consumption in EAF and suggests measures not only for power saving, but also for productivity improvement. To name a few, these are proper sealing of furnace, introduction of oxy-fuel burners, foamy slag practice, increased usage of hot metal/DRI, post-combustion of CO gas for preheating of scrap, improved selection & design criteria of electrics, power demand management, and process automation. Few cases also have been cited, where the above measures have helped in reaping significant benefits.IntroductionFor a long time, Government of India had focused on increase in energy supply, in particular, through electricity generation. Now the emphasis of Government of India has shifted from electricity generation to its conservation for following two reasons:??Power plants have become very cost-intensive??By saving energy, more of it can be delivered at lower cost to the consumersPower generating units, transmission & distribution agencies as well as consumers all have roles to play in the area of energy conservation. By energy conservation, we mean curtailing energy requirement by reducing energy wastages and taking up measures to improve energy efficiency of electric equipment/appliances. In almost all cases, this would be economically beneficial.India’s cost-effective energy conservation potential has been estimated by the Planning Commission at 23 per cent of total commercial energy generated ?1?. A national movement for energy conservation can significantly reduce the need for fresh investment in energy supply systems in coming years. It is imperative that we make all-out effort to realize this potential. Whether a household or a factory, a small shop or a large commercial building, a farmer or an office worker, every user can and must make this effort for his own benefit and for the nation’s benefit as well."

Jan 1, 2009

By Tiejun Chun, Jian Pan, Deqing Zhu, Vinicius Mendes

"Fine manganese fines are characterized by large amount and low price compared to lump manganese ores. However, fine manganese must be agglomerated as EAF (electric arc furnace) feed. In this paper, high quality fired pellets were produced by simulating grate-kiln process to supply the feed for EAF from some imported manganese ore fines containing high combined water. Manganese ore fines assaying 44.47wt%Mn, 5.89wt%Fe, 12.09%LOI and with 72.7wt% ranging between 0.5mm and 8mm, are pretreated up to the particle size of 84.7wt% passing 0.074mm by HPGR (high press grinding roller) twice in open circuit. The finely ground manganese fines were mixed with 1.2wt% bentonite, balled at 15% moisture for 7min in disc pelletizer. The drop numbers, compressive strength and thermal shock temperature of green balls reach 11 times/0.5m, 11 N/pellet and 360oC, respectively. After the green balls drying in the oven, the dry pellets were preheated at 1050oC for 12 min and then fired at 1300oC for 12 min in electric tube furnace. The compressive strength of fired pellets reaches 2621 N/pellet. Therefore, these pellets are high quality burden for blast furnace or EAF due to high mechanical strength and high Mn grade of 49.11wt% and low detrimental elements.IntroductionManganese, mainly using as deoxidizing agent, desulfurization agent and alloying elements, is widely used in the steel company. With the rapid development of iron and steel industry in China, domestic manganese ores cannot meet the requirement, resulting large quantities manganese ores import to China [1-4]. Compared to lump manganese ores, fine manganese ores containing high combined water are characterized by large amount and low price. However, they must be agglomerated as EAF (electric arc furnace) feed. There are three ways to agglomerate the manganese fine ores, sintering, briquetting and pelletizing [5-6]. Compared to the other two methods, pelletizing technology possesses the following superiorities, such as uniform size distribution of product, stabilizing chemical composition of product and lower energy consumption in producing. Therefore, pelletizing is a superior way to treat the fine manganese ores [7]. The systematic research of producing manganese oxide pellets by fine manganese ores containing high combined water was studied in this paper."

Jan 1, 2011