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By D. D. Hogarth

"IntroductionThe Hull iron range, comprising the Forsyth, Scott , Baldwin and Lawless properties (Fig. I), is in Gatineau Park, on the outskirt s o f the city of Hull , and about 6 miles (10 kilometres) northwest of the Federal Parliament Buildings.The deposits have been known many years and described numerous times, although the history has been treated lightly in former publications. Total ore shipments have been calculated at 122,700 long tons, of which over 80% were mined before 1900 and 74% in two brief periods: 1870-74 and 1880-82. It is surprising that the period 1870-74 has been overlooked by most authors and 1880-82 ignored altogether. More surprising, the essential data for these two periods are contained in manuscripts of the Robert Bell collection, which must have been available to officers of the Geological Survey o f Canada.The period 1801-1874 ha s already been covered by the writer in ""Pioneer mines”, but much information has come to light since publication. The present paper is therefore based o n new data and a fresh appraisal. However, little additional data were found for the early history (1801-1854) or for the legal cases involving A.H. Baldwin, and these parts were mainly summarized from the relevant sections of the above-mentioned publication.GeologyThe ore deposits are all situated somewhat below the middle of a graphitic, calcitic marble horizon, here folded into a northeast-plunging synform. The Forsyth, Scott and Baldwin deposits are on the south limb of the synform; the Lawless is on the north limb. The marble is underlain by three non-carbonate groups: biotite gneiss with interlayered quartzite (top), granite gneiss and skarn (middle), and biotite-garnet gneiss (bottom). Below these groups is a lower horizon of graphitic, calcitic marble. The whole sequence is Precambrian and has been subjected to high-grade (Grenvillian) metamorphism, but, in the north, is cut by an unmetamorphosed Cambro-Ordovician diabase dyke. For further information, the reader is referred to the summary by Baird."

Jan 1, 1983

By W. L. Stuewe

The Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation requires enormous quantities of bricks each year for its Sydney steel plant operations. Clay brick of all types are purchased, while silica brick is made in the Company's plant at Sydney. A description of this plant was given in a paper presented by H. B. Gillis and F. C. Morrison at the 1938 Annual General Meeting of the Institute. The rock used to make silica brick was for years obtained from a quarry at Leitches Creek, about eighteen miles from Sydney. Due to the gradual deterioration of this deposit, the Corporation was forced to look for other sources of supply. In 1945, the problem was presented to the Nova Scotia Department of Mines and, through the efforts of Dr. A. E. Cameron and Mr. J. P. Messervey, an examination was made of a silica-rock deposit some six miles northwest of Yarmouth, N.S. Preliminary samples proved satisfactory, and arrangements were made with the Department of Mines to ship to the steel plant at Sydney a fifty-ton car load for the purpose of further testing. Brick made from this sample shipment stood up very well in the furnaces. At the same time, two hundred and fifty tons of silica rock from a deposit at Lac Bouchette, Que., were purchased from the Industrial Silica Corporation, and brick made from this rock also was found suitable for our requirements. Comparative transportation costs, however, led to a decision to open the Yarmouth deposit. The silica rock, or quartzite, of this deposit outcrops at Chegoggin point along what is known as the 'Pembroke shore', a northerly trending section of the coast-line at the extreme southwest of the Province, in Yarmouth county. The country here is fairly flat, with elevation averaging about twenty feet above high tide, and is for the most part mantled by a growth of brush and some scrub trees, chiefly small fir. Bed-rock is generally concealed beneath three to four feet of clayey soil, but scattered outcrops of the quartzite indicated that a band of this rock, some 260 feet wide, extended inland in a northeasterly direction from Chegoggin point at least to Utleys lake, a distance of about three miles.

Jan 1, 1947

By M Reza Afshar

In this work a mathematical model was developed to study the effect of electromagnetic force on the magnesium melt containing nonmetallic inclusion in an electrical isolated channel. The electromagnetic force exerted on the inclusion induced by DC current field was calculated. A three dimensional turbulent flow equations were solved numerically to compute the velocity field within the channel. On the basis of computed velocity and magnetic fields, the trajectories of inclusions were calculated using the equations of motion for inclusions. Parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of various parameters such as current density, channel diameter and particle density on the removal efficiency of inclusions from magnesium melts.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. S. Jones

"Fording Coal Ltd. is now in its fifth year of a 15-year contract to supply 3 million long tons of clean coal per annum to its Japanese steel-making customers. The mine employs both conventional truck-shovel and unconventional ""walking"" dragline coal mining techniques in multiple-seam pits. This paper describes the present and future application of the 60-cu.-yd dragline and truck-shovel pre-stripping fleet in 1•ecovering 5- to 40-footthick coal seams in mountainous terrain. Deep blastholes, coal flow demands, spring ""run-off"", seam and inter-seam thrust faulting, limited seam outcrop data and regional faulting are a few of the problems encountered in this application. The author discusses these problems and their solutions as applied at Fording Coal Ltd."

Jan 1, 1976

Safety Leadership The management and leadership of a mining operation is a challenge at all times. The pressure to make production, safety, and environmental goals is intense. At some point mining cycles will put every operator into periods of time where economic issues seem to over-ride all other concerns. This is when leadership is most needed.

May 1, 2009

"In response to mine head grades declining and orebodies becoming more complex, Glencore Technology has developed an alternative method for recovering economic minerals once leached into solution, rather than relying on conventional flowsheet options. The method involves the precipitation and separation of base metals from solution with limestone or lime. The final grade of these precipitate is not usually high enough to attract favourable terms of sale due to dilution from gypsum and sulphate salts. A set of operating conditions have been developed to allow the separation of the base metal precipitate from gypsum by exploiting the difference in particle size. A high-grade oxide product can be easily separated from the gypsum stream at very low cost. This process was originally developed by Glencore for zinc and copper systems. This paper reports on the successful application to nickel and cobalt, and this process has significant advantages over the incumbent precipitation process utilising magnesia.INTRODUCTION During evaluation of transitional and oxide zinc ore deposits during the 1990’s, Noranda Inc. (now Glencore) developed a sulphate based ore leach process to extract zinc into solution. For flowsheet development, conventional schemes dictated that once the zinc was dissolved in an acidified solution it was recovered by means of purification or solvent extraction followed by electrowinning and casting to produce zinc ingots. The deposits Noranda evaluated were high grade but had a relatively short mine life (10 years) and economic analysis showed that the projects couldn’t sustain the investment of a full zinc refinery. Compounding this problem was the lack of power supply infrastructure and the high power cost in the region. Noranda then evaluated alternative means of recovering zinc from solution. Laboratory testwork showed that a high-grade zinc precipitate (+50 wt% Zn) could be produced as an oxide, carbonate or sulphide by contacting acidified zinc sulphate solution with a number of reagents including soda ash, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogen sulphide. Economic evaluation showed that the cost of the reagents are prohibitive, especially when the final product is still a metal intermediate (ZnO, ZnCO3 or ZnS). Noranda then continued to focus on fine zinc oxide precipitation for supply into the automotive tyre industry as this product would attract favourable terms of sale as a premium on Special High Grade (SHG) zinc."

Jan 1, 2017

By M. A. Perras, M. S. Diederichs

"The Niagara Tunnel Project (NTP) is a 10.1 km long water-diversion tunnel in Niagara Falls, Ontario, which was excavated by a 14.4 m diameter tunnel boring machine. The excavated rock types included limestone, sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone. Based on observations and measurements the overbreak was divided into four zones. Approximately half the tunnel length was excavated through the Queenston Formation, which locally is a shale to mudstone. Three of the four overbreak zones were within the Queenston. Zone 1 includes the formations above the Queenston Formation, Zones 2 and 4 are border regimes with little or no influence from St. Davids Buried Gorge and Zone 3 is the area influenced by the gorge. Zones 2 through 4 can be generally summarized as having overbreak as the result of stress induced spalling. Zone 2 marks the transition from slabbing at the Whirlpool contact in the stress shadow to spalling towards Zone 3. The behaviour of Zone 3 is interrupted from the typical high stress behaviour due to the presence of St. Davids Buried Gorge. As the tunnel passed from the gorge the high regional stresses induce spalling, which creates the typical notch shaped overbreak geometry of Zone 4.Three modelling approaches were used to back analyze the brittle failure process at the NTP: damage initiation and spalling limit, laminated anisotropy modelling, and ubiquitous joint approaches. Analyses were conducted for three tunnel chainages: 3+000, 3+250, and 3+500 m because the overbreak depth increased from 2 to 4 m. All approaches produced similar overbreak geometries to those measured. The laminated anisotropy modelling approach was able to produce overbreak depths and chord closures closest to those measured, using a joint normal to shear stiffness ratio between 1 and 2. The back analysis results were able to produce sets of stress and strength inputs for different sections of the tunnel at the transition from overbreak Zone 3 to 4. The back analysis procedure demonstrates the importance of including the anisotropic stiffness in the numerical modelling approach to correctly capture the overbreak geometry and deformations around underground excavations."

Jan 1, 2015

By W. J. Kuit

"Complex facilities which provide for the collection, management and treatment of effluents emanating from the Sullivan mine and concentrator tailings were made operational in October 1979. Key features of the system are the use of upgraded tailings ponds for the storage of up to 800 million litres of metals-contaminated effluents, a treatment plant employing lime in a high-density sludge process and a sludge-impoundment facility designed for maximum long-term environmental safety. The completed works are capable of satisfying a difficult range of operating requirements imposed by highly variable weather conditions, drainage flows and soluble metals loadings. Final capital expenditures for the project approached $10 million and annual operating costs are about $0.8 million.This paper discusses the Kimberley effluents treatment project and the major considerations in its development. The treatment process, major plant equipment and initial operating experience are also described.IntroductionCominco Ltd. has worked the Sullivan orebody at Kimberley, B.C. since 1909 and has operated a concentrator some 5 km distant from the mine since 1923. Over the last 70 years, in excess of 120million tonnes of ore have been mined, and production continues at an average rate of 6,500 tonnes per day. It is a well-known fact that the contribution of this operation to Canada's mining industry and, in particular, Cominco's development has been significant. However, this success has not been without some undesirable side effects.Unfortunately, the Sullivan is one of only a few major Western Canadian orebodies which may be classed as ""acidic"" in nature. That is, the primary economic minerals, galena and marrnatite, are enclosed in a siliceous host rock with abundant pyrrhotite, but with little or no accompanying alkaline gangue minerals such as calcite and dolomite. The unavoidable consequence of mining such an ore is that contact with air and water generates an acid mine drainage containing various soluble metals orginally present as minerals.This problem also arises in the concentrator's tailings ponds, which, in the case of the Sullivan, are two separate impoundments of different materials. The 1,100 tonnesl day of ""iron"" tailings are primarily pyrrhotite which is surplus to the requirements of a separate operation that produces sulphuric acid as an intermediate to phosphate fertilizers. Inert gangue minerals with only a minor sulphide content are the main constituents of the 1,200 tonnes/ day of siliceous tailings. Corresponding to the relative proportion of sulphides in the solids, the decant from the iron tailings is substantially more contaminated than that from the siliceous pond."

Jan 1, 1980

By H. P. Kang, Y. J. Feng

The hard roof in underground coal mines is generally considered as a main cause that induces disasters in working faces and entries, such as rock burst and windblast. Hydraulic fracturing technology is an effective approach to weaken hard roof to reduce ground pressure and control rock burst. The state and achievements associated with hydraulic fracturing technology applied in Chinese coal mines are summarized in this paper. Theories related to hydraulic fracturing are of the essence in fracture design to determine the fracture initiation and propagation pressure and predict the geometry and the characteristics of hydraulically induced fractures. Initially, theory of elasticity was employed to determine the breakdown pressure for a vertical borehole where the rock medium is assumed to be elastic. However, porosity and pore fluid have an influence on the borehole breakdown pressure, and then the poroelasticity theory was applied. Arbitrary deviated boreholes in practice are rather common and the maximum tensile stress criterion was employed to determine borehole breakdown pressure. The effect of natural crack in the rock medium on the initiation pressure has been taken into consideration through fracture mechanics. Meanwhile, considerable achievements have been made on hydraulic fracturing tools and equipment, and a set of mature hydraulic fracturing technologies for hard roof control are available. Some comprehensive investigations on the hydraulic fracturing for hard roof weakening are presented, and successful field applications in the Jincheng and Luan coal mining districts are introduced. Finally, the unsolved problems related to hydraulic fracturing are also put forward.

Jan 1, 2015

By Robert D. McKellar, Luke Frawley, Okrasa. Richard

"The resource industries in Canada are facing increasing global competition and stringent environmental regulations. This has made it essential for companies to lower operating costs wherever possible. Electrical energy rep-resents one variable cost that may be better managed and utilized, providing the user with lower operating costs, improved productivity and better yields.The utility industry is also facing changes in the way it must do business. Utilities in North America are facing the prospect of deregulation that will eliminate the monopoly they have traditionally held. This will force them to strive for lower operating costs, to maintain a competitive position and to improve customer ser-vice so as to maintain their customer base.Ontario Hydro has been working with industry for several years. Many opportunities for cost savings have been identified involving energy efficiency, process improvements and the use of new electro technologies. One useful service that the utility can offer industry is to increase the awareness of potential opportunities suited to their operations. This paper will provide an overview of some of the projects that have been implemented and those that are presently being evaluated. An electronic data-base of electro technology applications that is under development will also be described."

Jan 1, 1996

By Robert D. McKellar, Luke Frawley, Richard Okrasa

"The resource industries in Canada are facing increasing global competition and stringent environmental regulations. This has made it essential for companies to lower operating costs wherever possible. Electrical energy rep-resents one variable cost that may be better managed and utilized, providing the user with lower operating costs, improved productivity and better yields.The utility industry is also facing changes in the way it must do business. Utilities in North America are facing the prospect of deregulation that will eliminate the monopoly they have traditionally held. This will force them to strive for lower operating costs, to maintain a competitive position and to improve customer ser-vice so as to maintain their customer base.Ontario Hydro has been working with industry for several years. Many opportunities for cost savings have been identified involving energy efficiency, process improvements and the use of new electro technologies. One useful service that the utility can offer industry is to increase the awareness of potential opportunities suited to their operations. This paper will provide an overview of some of the projects that have been implemented and those that are presently being evaluated. An electronic data-base of electro technology applications that is under development will also be described."

Jan 1, 1996

By D. F. Kidd

Introduction In a companion article, Surveys at Great Bear Lake, 1931, R. C. McDonald has described the general character, topography, and climate of the Great Bear Lake-Coppermine River area and the main means of access (l). The present paper will largely be confined to the geological features of the district. In the last two years, the rocks of the region have received considerable attention, and papers including references to .the geological succession have been written by Knight(2), Duncan(3), Norris( 4), Reid(5), Cameron(6),and Kidd(7). The writer confined his field-work during the 1931 season to the district between LaBine point and Hunter bay and northwest to the head of McTavish arm. Brief trips were made down the Sloan river from McLaren lake, 25 miles northeast of Hunter bay, to that place, to Dowdell (Sixty-six) point, the south point of Echo bay, and to the region north of the Dismal lakes and west of the Coppermine river. The inner part of Echo bay, which is the area discussed by Reid and Cameron, has not been seen by the writer and the geology there will not be discussed.

Jan 1, 1932

By F. R. Archibald

SINCE the opening of the Beattie mine, in 1933, the concentrate produced by flotation has been considered refractory. As the gold extraction by cyanidation was poor, the concentrate, during the first four and a half years of operation, was shipped to a smelter for further treatment. After the installation of the cyanide plant, in 1934, seventy per cent of the gold in the concentrate was recovered before shipment to the smelter. In 1937, a roasting plant was built so that treatment might be complete at the mine. Much experimental work had been done by a number of investigators prior to the installation of the roasters, but none of them had seriously attempted to identify the causes of, or the elements responsible for, the refractory behaviour of the concentrate. Intensive investigation in this direction commenced in the Beattie lab-oratory in July, 1938, has led not only to the identification of several causes contributory to the refractory behaviour, but also to revisions in procedure and principles with respect to roasting Beattie concentrate in particular and arsenical concentrates in general. The accuracy of the identification of these causes and the soundness of the principles is borne out by interpretation of roasting plant records, by improvements and simplification since applied. to plant operation, and also by laboratory and test-plant results on arsenical concentrate produced by another mine. It is the purpose here to present an account and interpretation of the laboratory investigation, together with a correlation of laboratory and plant results. Incomplete extraction of the gold by cyanidation after roasting is due primarily to the nature of the material roasted, and secondarily to the manner in which it has been roasted. There is a possibility that better extraction may be obtained by improvements in both particulars.

Jan 1, 1939

By Maurice Hall Haycock

ONE result of the higher price of gold has been the exploitation of many low-grade deposits, the successful treatment of which depends upon obtaining high recovery of the contained gold. Modern methods have made it possible to recover gold from many ores formerly regarded as impossible to treat economically, but in order to apply these methods efficiently it has become desirable, and indeed in many cases indispensable, to gain precise information concerning their mineralogical and physical character. The most successful means of doing this is the use of the reflecting microscope. Reflecting microscopes had long been employed by metallurgists for studying polished surfaces of iron and steel when, thirty years ago, Dr. W. Campbell, of Columbia University, advanced the idea of using similar methods for studying opaque minerals (1). The immediate result was the completion of two microscopic studies, the first on Cobalt silver ores (2) and the second on Sudbury nickel ores (3). The idea was surprisingly slow in being adopted, and not until 1911 did it begin to spread through the universities of this continent. From then on, ore microscopy, or 'mineragraphy', made rapid progress, and, during the next fifteen years, research in universities of North America and Europe led to the development of somewhat specialized apparatus and technique. This phase of development, which resulted largely in contributions of a descriptive nature, furnished a mass of data from which the possibility of economic applications was soon recognized. Ore microscopy became an aid to the mining geologist in solving many problems of ore deposition. This soon led to its application in the study of ores and mill products in connection with their treatment. Its usefulness in this latter field has been very marked and has led to its widespread adoption by the mining industry.

Jan 1, 1937

By Keith Donovan

Why are we here? Improve equipment performance & health ? Eliminate undesirable downtime and expensive secondary damage ? Maximize equipment life, optimize running costs (reduce costs) ? Improve safety and environmental performance ? Capture and consistently apply equipment knowledge ? Improve Proactive Maintenance processes & practices

May 1, 2009

By S. L. Gertsman

Canadian steel foundry practice has made marked progress during the past decade. Equipment suppliers, development engineers, and foundry personnel have focussed their attention on every phase of the foundry operation, with a resulting lower demand on manpower and materials. Also, more rigid specification requirements as to dimensional tolerances and quality have necessitated improvement and increased control at every stage from the pattern shop to the cleaning room. The growing trend toward mechanization is clearly evident. Equipment such as sand mixers, sand reclamation systems, material handling devices, moulding machines, core blowers, etc., is being increasingly employed by the steel foundryman. This equipment not only increases production but also tends to lessen the human variable so prevalent and disconcerting in the early days of steel founding. The result has been an improved and more reliable steel casting, which is gradually obtaining wider acceptance by design engineers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly some of the practices being used, and also the direction of development that is being pursued by Canadian steel foundrymen.

Jan 1, 1948

In the last five years, new iron ore pellet plants have been built with significantly reduced air pollution levels compared to the older generation of plants. European and American pollution controls are more stringent that in China and Brazil. The recent American plants have successfully employed circulating fluidized beds for sulfur control, baghouses for particulate control, activated carbon injection for mercury and a new design of specialized low-NOx burners.

Jan 1, 2015

This growing dependence of Canada upon foreign mineral commodities, just referred to, applies particularly in the direction of the United States. There is, in fact, no more significant feature of Canada's mineral trade than the manner in which it affects the Dominion's commercial standing with that country. Our heavy adverse balance of trade with the United States is perhaps not a matter of such wide concern or frequent comment as was the case two or three years ago. It is, of course, a well-known fact that the Dominion each year buys from the States a volume of goods to a value enormously in excess of our sales to that country. And it has come to be accepted as a ?normal, though not altogether satisfactory, feature of our international commerce that a huge portion of the bill incurred by our American purchases must be met, not by our American sales, but by the proceeds of our sales to other countries, not-ably Great Britain. It is a three-cornered situation in which our trading deficit with the United States is covered largely by our trading surplus with the United Kingdom. In this situation the mineral trade plays a remarkable part. If one delves into the details of our transactions with the United States it will be found that, in one sense, the mineral trade is entirely responsible for the huge annual balance against the Dominion. In fact, Canada gets decidedly better than an even break on Canadian American trade, if one leaves out of account the three mineral groups, "iron and steel", "non- metallic minerals", and "non-ferrous metals".

Jan 1, 1924

By B. R. MacKay

Introduction During the past six seasons the writer has been engaged in semi-detailed investigations on the coal areas lying along the front of the Rocky mountains between the Brazeau river and the Smoky River Coal Reserve (see Map, Figure 1). The purpose of this paper is to present some observations pertaining to the stratigraphy and structure of the district, touching especially upon the lithological units into which the Lower Cretaceous sediments have been divided, the thicknesses of the formations at different localities, the number, thicknesses and horizons of the principal coal seams, and the structural conditions which exist in the various fields.

Jan 1, 1930

By F J. Kelly

A chemical process, based on laboratory investigations, is proposed for the production of high-purity niobium oxide from a pyrochlore-perovsk1te flotation concentrate produced from ore obtained at the Oka, Quebec property of Columbium Mining Products Limited. The method developed included the decomposition and dissolution of the flotation concentrate with hot, concentrated sulphuric acid. The dissolved niobium was purified and concentrated by a solvent extraction step, using methyl isobutyl ketone as the extractant. The niobium was recovered from the extractant with ammonium fluoride solution from which niobium oxide was precipitated with ammonia. Finally, the filtered and washed precipitate was calcined. Ninety-six per cent of the niobium was recovered in a product analysing 99.9 per cent Nzo.. The reagent cost was in the range of $1.00 to $1.25 per pound of niobium recovered. Introduction OVER the past few years, Columbium Mining Products Limited has been engaged in the development of a niobium-bearing mineral deposit in the vicinity of Oka, Quebec. One phase of this program resulted in a flotation process capable of producing concentrates containing up to 50 per cent Nb205? Flotation pilot-plant

Jan 1, 1965