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By Raymond D. Sloan

Retaining third place in crude-oil production among the nation's oil-producing states, Oklahoma's output in 1942 totaled 137,792,000 bbl., a decline of 9.4 per cent from the previous year's total of 152,117,000 bbl. Production declined from an average of 403,000 bbl. daily in January 1942 to an average of 355,000 bbl. during December, a reduction of 48,000 bbl. daily (11.9 per cent) during the year. At the end of 1942 it would appear inevitable that the downward trend in production will continue in 1953 unless halted in the immediate future by greater than normal discoveries and development. To Jan. I, 1943, Oklahoma has produced 5,067,013,000 bbl. oil crude oil. Development and Exploration Development dropped abruptly in 1942, reflecting the lack of any sizable discoveries and the effect of the provisions of Federal Well Spacing Order M-68, which became effective in December 1941. In all, 1210 wells were drilled in 1942. This represents a decrease of 42.7 per cent from the 1941 total of 2110. Of the total wells completed, 553 (45.7 per cent) were oil wells with an average initial production of 443 bbl.; 102 (8.4 per cent) were gas wells with an average initial of 3,359,000 cu. ft.; and 555 (45.9 per cent) were dry. Although the number of completions declined sharply, the total of 320 wildcats completed (26.4 per cent of all wells) repre-sents a decrease of only 2.7 per cent from the previous year's figure of 329. Of the wildcats drilled, 44 (13.8 per cent) were oil wells, 13 (4.0 per cent) were gas wells, and 263 (82.2 per cent) were recorded as failures. Reconditioning of wells throughout the state resulted in a total recompletion of 355 wells. Of these, 234 were oil wells with a combined initial production of 96,808 bbl., 32 were gas wells with a total initial of 381,488,000 cu. ft., and 89 were abandoned. None of the 26 pools found in 1942 has developed into a major discovery. The Pauls Valley pool, Garvin County, is the most outstanding. Since its discovery in April, 14 wells with an average initial of 1898 bbl. have produced 803,000 bbl. of 42' gravity oil from the Bromide zone. Development in this pool is believed to be almost completed. Other of the more important discoveries are the East Watchorn pool, Pawnee County; Guthrie Townsite and West Navina, Logan County; Brooksville and Macomb, Pottawatomie County, and the Liberty and Northeast Lucien discoveries in Noble county. The East Watchorn pool, at the close of the year, had 14 completed oil wells with an average initial of 989 bbl. from the Wilcox sand at 3930 it.; Guthrie Townsite, one well with an initial of 840 bbl. from dolomite at 5600 It.; West Navina, six wells with an average initial of 284 bbl. in the Lay ton sand at 5050 ft., Brooksville, eight wells in the Hunton at 4800 ft. with an average initial 01 355 bbl.; Macomb, one well with an initial of 160 bbl. in the IIunton at 4700 ft.; the Liberty pool, one well with an initial of 1268 bbl. in the second Wilcox at 4500 ft., and two wells in the Tonkawa sand at 2500 ft., with an average initial of 230 bbl. In the Northeast Lucien pool, four wells were completed in the Wilcox at 5380 ft. for an average initial of 1164 bbl., and one well was completed in the Viola lime at 5255 ft. for an initial of 55 barrels.

Jan 1, 1943

By Raymond D. Sloan

Retaining third place in crude-oil production among the nation's oil-producing states, Oklahoma's output in 1942 totaled 137,792,000 bbl., a decline of 9.4 per cent from the previous year's total of 152,117,000 bbl. Production declined from an average of 403,000 bbl. daily in January 1942 to an average of 355,000 bbl. during December, a reduction of 48,000 bbl. daily (11.9 per cent) during the year. At the end of 1942 it would appear inevitable that the downward trend in production will continue in 1953 unless halted in the immediate future by greater than normal discoveries and development. To Jan. I, 1943, Oklahoma has produced 5,067,013,000 bbl. oil crude oil. Development and Exploration Development dropped abruptly in 1942, reflecting the lack of any sizable discoveries and the effect of the provisions of Federal Well Spacing Order M-68, which became effective in December 1941. In all, 1210 wells were drilled in 1942. This represents a decrease of 42.7 per cent from the 1941 total of 2110. Of the total wells completed, 553 (45.7 per cent) were oil wells with an average initial production of 443 bbl.; 102 (8.4 per cent) were gas wells with an average initial of 3,359,000 cu. ft.; and 555 (45.9 per cent) were dry. Although the number of completions declined sharply, the total of 320 wildcats completed (26.4 per cent of all wells) repre-sents a decrease of only 2.7 per cent from the previous year's figure of 329. Of the wildcats drilled, 44 (13.8 per cent) were oil wells, 13 (4.0 per cent) were gas wells, and 263 (82.2 per cent) were recorded as failures. Reconditioning of wells throughout the state resulted in a total recompletion of 355 wells. Of these, 234 were oil wells with a combined initial production of 96,808 bbl., 32 were gas wells with a total initial of 381,488,000 cu. ft., and 89 were abandoned. None of the 26 pools found in 1942 has developed into a major discovery. The Pauls Valley pool, Garvin County, is the most outstanding. Since its discovery in April, 14 wells with an average initial of 1898 bbl. have produced 803,000 bbl. of 42' gravity oil from the Bromide zone. Development in this pool is believed to be almost completed. Other of the more important discoveries are the East Watchorn pool, Pawnee County; Guthrie Townsite and West Navina, Logan County; Brooksville and Macomb, Pottawatomie County, and the Liberty and Northeast Lucien discoveries in Noble county. The East Watchorn pool, at the close of the year, had 14 completed oil wells with an average initial of 989 bbl. from the Wilcox sand at 3930 it.; Guthrie Townsite, one well with an initial of 840 bbl. from dolomite at 5600 It.; West Navina, six wells with an average initial of 284 bbl. in the Lay ton sand at 5050 ft., Brooksville, eight wells in the Hunton at 4800 ft. with an average initial 01 355 bbl.; Macomb, one well with an initial of 160 bbl. in the IIunton at 4700 ft.; the Liberty pool, one well with an initial of 1268 bbl. in the second Wilcox at 4500 ft., and two wells in the Tonkawa sand at 2500 ft., with an average initial of 230 bbl. In the Northeast Lucien pool, four wells were completed in the Wilcox at 5380 ft. for an average initial of 1164 bbl., and one well was completed in the Viola lime at 5255 ft. for an initial of 55 barrels.

Jan 1, 1943

By L. C. Morganroth

Magnesite both Massive and Crystalline MAGNESITES are. of two general classes-massive and crystalline. Massive magnesite occurs in serpentine, being formed by the breaking down or decay of serpentine-making minerals or rocks as olivine, etc. (All the magnesia contained by the olivine is not liberated, as a portion goes to make up the serpentine; the breaking up of this serpentine later forms more magnesite.) Serpentine in various stages of transformation is found in the vicinity of magnesite deposits. Massive magnesite is very widely distributed. It is found in Greece, . California, Africa, India, Australia, Mexico, South America, and deposits of varying sizes occur in several of the European countries. Those on the Island of Euboea, Greece, are probable the most important deposits of this character of magnesite. They have been worked for a number of years, the principal quarries or mines being 3 miles in the interior from the village of St. George. (St. George is on the west coast of the island, between the towns of Limni and Khalkis.) (Figs. 1 and 2). -The magnesite occurs in veins or lenses in serpentine. Some of these lenses are very large; one worked several years ago was approximately, 50 ft. in thickness, 75 to 100 ft. high and 300 ft. or more in length. The magnesite is pure white and makes a very prominent feature of the landscape. While massive magnesite is widely scattered over the world, many of the deposits are in veins too thin to work. The usual mode of occurrence is in the form of stock work, the deposits in Venezuela, Mexico, and many of those in California, being of this form. The veins vary in thickness from the thinness of paper up to several inches, running in all directions, occasionally leading to a mass or nucleus of some,size. The spaces between the veins are filled with a disintegrated serpentine in the form of sand. Several of the deposits in California would probably be workable, if they were more favorably situated with reference to transportation, but by far the majority of the deposits are too poor to work. At one deposit,

Jan 9, 1914

Seattle offered sunny, dry weather to about 2500 mining men who assembled September 10 to 14 for the 1961 American Mining Congress. The impact of snappy sessions on national mineral policy, state of the industry and foreign competition (to name only a few) was somewhat overshadowed by enthusiasm of conventioners for salmon fishing. This lordly fish, which mysteriously runs to its hatching place to spawn and die at this time of year, was not cooperating with the anglers in Puget Sound. However, this did not prevent consuming ample amounts of the deliciously prepared Quinault salmon at the "Potlatch" celebration.

Jan 10, 1961

Jan 1, 1886

By F. H. Deily, D. S. Rowley, R. J. Howe

By D. J. Cox, J. P. Conway, A. E. Gooch

A two-year test conducted by the USBM's Spokane Mining Research Center (SMRC) has proven the feasibility of the yielding rockbolt, a concept which may prove very useful to the mining industry by providing ground support under a variety of conditions. The yielding rockbolt was originally developed in South Africa3 to overcome the limitations of conventional bolting in rock subjected to high-stress or rock burst conditions. The yielding effect is obtained by fitting the bolt prior to thread rolling with a smooth-bore die of internal diameter slightly larger than the shank diameter but smaller than the rolled thread diameter.

Jan 4, 1977

By E. T. Knight, John D. Gill

IN ITS capacity for service to the public the oil industry is truly gargantuan. But it is only in this respect that the industry is the voracious, many-headed, many-armed and many-handed creature it has been so often painted by those who know it not too intimately and only from the outside. Contrasted sharply with the immensity of the service rendered is the relatively modest share of the national income which has gone to those who provided the tools and the mental and manual labor with which the service was performed. No doubt the relative meagreness of the re- ward was the result of a combination of fortuitous circumstances respecting the nature and accessibility of the industry's raw material and the extensive development and application of the most advanced technology, spurred by an intense competition.

Jan 1, 1940

By Albert Stazicker

AT Climax the warehouse department operates as an independent unit similar to the mine and mill departments. It has the responsibility of receiving, checking, unloading, and storing all material and supplies delivered to the plant. In addition, the transportation of all supplies comes under the direction of the warehouse so that prompt delivery of supplies to all departments is one of its major functions. The transportation division operates heavy and light trucks, trailers, two large tractors, and two snowplows. In addition to delivering supplies it is also responsible for snow removal from the roads, hauling of sand and gravel for concrete and domestic coal to employees. and all miscellaneous work involving the use of tractors or trucks.

Jan 1, 1946

By D. B. RUSHJIORE

(New York -Meeting, February, 1912.) TORCHES were used by the early Romans for mine-lighting, and these were followed by open lamps or earthen jars filled with tallow or oil, and later by candles. In early coal-mining, explosive gases seldom occurred, and, if they were encountered, the danger of explosion was materially diminished by the absence of any ventilating-system and the consequent insufficient circulation of air to form with the methane an explosive mixture. As the art advanced, the danger of fire-damp became more apparent, and methods for testing the air were resorted to as early as in the fifteenth century. The method of testing consisted in lowering a clog in a, basket down the shaft. As soon as he encountered fire-damp he would commence to howl, after which he was withdrawn, and a leafy bush was fastened to the end of the rope and run rapidly up and clown the shaft. This so disturbed the accumulation of gas as to cause it to rise out of the shaft. Later this odd method of testing was improved upon through the discovery that a light inserted in a body of fire-dam p would produce a blue flame. Candles were used for this purpose, and, when fire-damp was thus discovered, brushing or some other primitive method of fanning was resorted to for driving out the gas. In some instances the gas was burned away, regardless of the danger thereby incurred. A man, wearing a well-moistened coat and a mask with glass spectacles, descended in the mine a few hours before each shift. With a long stick, to which was fastened a burning torch or candle, lie would crawl on the floor with the stick so raised that the light would sweep the roof and ignite the gas which it encountered. In this position the flame of the explosion would pass over him, after which he would retreat from the gases resulting from the combustion. The occurrence of serious accidents resulted in

Jul 1, 1912

By CHARLES W. BENTON

THE following paragraphs comprise such information as the Secretary has been able to obtain concerning the members and associates whose deaths have been reported. Further particulars or corrections of errors, and biographical data concerning deceased members or associates not already noticed in this way, are solicited. Charles IV. Benton was born at Kezar Falls, Maine, Nov. 12, 1843. We have no accurate knowledge concerning the early part of his career. In 1871 he engaged with the N. Y. Honduras Rosario Mining Co., at San Juancinto, Honduras, C. A., and later was employed at the Monserrat mine at Yuscaran, and at Santa Lucia, Honduras, with the Tenero Mining Milling Co. of Pennsylvania. In 1897 he became a member of the Institute. At the time he was stricken with his last sickness he was employed at the Paymaster mine at Tucson, Ariz. He died at Fairmount, Denver, Colo., Sept. 9, 1907. William R. Boggs, Jr.-The notice in the Bulletin for January was incorrect in saying that the murder of Mr. Boggs occurred while he was employed as metallurgical. manager by Mr. W. B. A. Dingwall, at La Maroma, San Luis Potosi, Mex. Mr. Dingwall writes that in March, 1907, Mr. Boggs left him, to return to his home at Winston, N. C., whence he. subsequently went to Durango, Mex., to take, with the Topia Mining Co., a position which he occupied at the tine of his death, Nov. 17, 1907. Mr. Dingwall says that, while in his service, Mr. Boggs never had any trouble with the workmen, but was esteemed and liked by them, as by all who knew him ; and adds, injustice to the State of San Luis Potosi, that the population, even in the mining-camps of that State, is orderly and law-abiding, and that the authorities are vigilant and just. Our

Mar 1, 1908

By Michael Tenenbaum

Selected characteristics of nonmetallic phases were determined in low-carbon sheet steels which had been produced by various refining; deoxidizing, and casting procedures. The results showed little influence of the refining process on the quantity, distribution, size, and character of the nonmetallic phases. The quantity of inclusions was governed by the deoxidation procedures. While the mode of casting influenced the internal structure and the pattern of inclusion distribution, it had little effect on the quantity of nonmetallics. The vast majority of inclusions were under 30 µ in diam, and there was little change in size distribution during hot and cold rolling. The composition and structure of the inclusions were expained an the basis of known equilibrium phase diagrams for the appropriate systems. Additional work is needed to explain some of the observations of this paper. HENRY Marion Howe's contributions to the metallurgical profession include his many writings, the wisdom that he imparted to his students, and the inspiration that he gave to the many scholars, teachers, and industrialists who knew him personally. It was Professor Howe's intimate colleague, Albert Sauveur,1 who, in the first Howe Memorial Lecture, could have been speaking for the metallurgist of our generation as well as his own when he wrote, "...how many of us on the point of going astray were called back to the right path by Howe's guiding torch?" More than a quarter of a century later, Francis Foley,2 one of the last in the Howe Lecture series who worked directly with the great man, delivered the ultimate tribute, "...truth, in its time is so hard to identify." While Professor Howe strove to be right, "he was content if he provoked the reader to take the next step along the path to greater knowledge." Like so many of my predecessors, I sought guidance for this lecture by referring to Professor Howe's two classic texts, Metallurgy of steel,3 and Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron: the former book interpreting the facts as he saw them near the start of his career, and the latter—published 26 years later—pointing to many fertile fields for metallurgical investigation. Those of us who harvest the fruits of Henry Marion Howe's contributions to the metallurgical profession now look with wonder at the tremendous legacy he has provided. It is rewarding to study his writings and to recognize the anticipation of such aspects of modern ferrous metallurgy as: 1) Direct reduction 2) Steelmaking reactions 3) The approaches and benefits of degassing 4) Solidification mechanisms 5) Habits and behavior of nonmetallic inclusions 6) Recrystallization phenomena 7) Slip and slip propagation 8) Dislocations 9) Discontinuous deformation 10) Microscopic and macroscopic segregation

Jan 1, 1970

By J. E. Breen, J. Weertman

The creep rate of polycrystalline tin was studied as a function of temperature and stress in constant stress experiments. The temperature was varied from room temperature to almost the melting point of tin. Activation energies were calculated from tests run at the same stress. It was found that on a log creep rate vs inverse temperature plot the experimental points did not fall on one straight line but on a line which changed its slope in the 90° to 160°C region. Two activation energies for the creep of tin can be calculated from the data: a value around 26,000 cal per mol at high temperatures and a value around 11,000 cal per mot at low temperatures. It is suggested that the discrepancies between the creep activation energies and those of self-diffusion can be accounted for if self-diffusion takes place predominately by Zener's ring mechanism rather than through vacancy or interstitial movement. SHERBY, Orr, and Dorn' and Dorn' have recently reviewed some of the data on high temperature creep of metals. -The data show that the activation energy of high temperature creep is approximately equal to the activation energy of self-diffusion. This same correlation has also been successfully made between the activation energy of grain boundary relaxation and that of self-diffusion.3,4 The metal tin does not fit into this simple picture. Its activation energies of self-diffusion differ appreciably from that of grain boundary relaxation and of creep. Fensham,5 from a precisely performed experiment, has determined that the activation energies of self-diffusion of tin are 10,500 and 5,900 cal per mol along the C and A axes, respectively. There are two energies because of the anisotropic nature of tin. Rotherham, Smith, and Greenough6 have shown that the grain boundary relaxation activation energy is 19,000 cal per mol (measurements made from room temperature to 100°C). Puttick and King7 found the same activation energy for grain boundary slip in bicrystals of tin (180° to 225°C region). Until recently, there was no high temperature large strain creep data on tin suitable for activation energy calculations. At rather small strains (up to 0.01), Tyte8 had made a series of measurements on tin from which activation energies can be calculated. In Fig. 1 are plotted some of his data on a log creep rate vs inverse temperature graph. It can be seen that Tyte's work indicates that at a relatively low temperature the activation energy is around 7,400 cal per mol but at higher temperatures the activation energy increases. Since Tyte measured the creep only for small strains, it is doubtful if a

Jan 1, 1956

By Carleton C. Long, George F. Weaton

Two years ago the general features of the St. Joseph Lead Company's zine-smelting process were described.' At that time the discussion was limited to a description of the production of high-purity electrothermic zinc oxide. The present paper will describe the commercial production of electrothermic zinc metal. Since a fairly complete description of the plant of the Josephtowlz smelter was given in the earlier paper, the brief recapitulation given here will be limited to mention of additional equip-ment recently installed and a bare outline of the preparatory process. The raw material is zinc sulphide concentrate received from the company's mines in St. Lawrence County, New York. An average dry-weight analysis of this material is: Zn, 58.28 per cent; Pb, 0.56; insoluble, 1.6; SiO², 1.12; Fe, 6.4; CaO, 0.47; MgO, 0.27; S, 31.9; Cd, 0.1; Cu, 0.06; Mn, 0.24. Moisture content is usually about 3 per cent. Three 21-ft. 6-in. diameter, 12-hearth Nichols-Herreshoff furnaces roast the coacentrate to a calcine of average conlposition (first 10 months of 1938): Zn, 67.69 per cent; Pb, 0.06; insoluble, 1.75; SiO², 1.26; Fe, 7.24; CaO, 0.47; MgO, 0.36; S, 1.88; Cd, 0.1; Cu, 0.07'; Mn, 0.27. The sulphur dioxide gas, after passing through a waste-heat boiler, proceeds through a recently redesigned low-resistance gas-purification assembly to the contact sulphuric acid plant, of which the capacity is 200 tons of concentrates per day. The calcine is mixed with a portion of returned furnace residues and sintered on 42-in, by 44-ft. Dwight-Lloyd sintering machines, gas-fired. Wind-box gases pass through air coolers before filtering in a 1440-bag Dracco unit, and thence to stack. The Dracco fume is mixed with Cottrell dust, from roaster gas cleaning, and sent to the leach plant, where it is roasted (SO² to acid plant) and leached with sulphuric acid to recover, as end products, lead sulphate, zinc sulphate and cadmium.

Jan 1, 1943

By George F. Weaton, Carleton C. Long

Two years ago the general features of the St. Joseph Lead Company's zine-smelting process were described.' At that time the discussion was limited to a description of the production of high-purity electrothermic zinc oxide. The present paper will describe the commercial production of electrothermic zinc metal. Since a fairly complete description of the plant of the Josephtowlz smelter was given in the earlier paper, the brief recapitulation given here will be limited to mention of additional equip-ment recently installed and a bare outline of the preparatory process. The raw material is zinc sulphide concentrate received from the company's mines in St. Lawrence County, New York. An average dry-weight analysis of this material is: Zn, 58.28 per cent; Pb, 0.56; insoluble, 1.6; SiO², 1.12; Fe, 6.4; CaO, 0.47; MgO, 0.27; S, 31.9; Cd, 0.1; Cu, 0.06; Mn, 0.24. Moisture content is usually about 3 per cent. Three 21-ft. 6-in. diameter, 12-hearth Nichols-Herreshoff furnaces roast the coacentrate to a calcine of average conlposition (first 10 months of 1938): Zn, 67.69 per cent; Pb, 0.06; insoluble, 1.75; SiO², 1.26; Fe, 7.24; CaO, 0.47; MgO, 0.36; S, 1.88; Cd, 0.1; Cu, 0.07'; Mn, 0.27. The sulphur dioxide gas, after passing through a waste-heat boiler, proceeds through a recently redesigned low-resistance gas-purification assembly to the contact sulphuric acid plant, of which the capacity is 200 tons of concentrates per day. The calcine is mixed with a portion of returned furnace residues and sintered on 42-in, by 44-ft. Dwight-Lloyd sintering machines, gas-fired. Wind-box gases pass through air coolers before filtering in a 1440-bag Dracco unit, and thence to stack. The Dracco fume is mixed with Cottrell dust, from roaster gas cleaning, and sent to the leach plant, where it is roasted (SO² to acid plant) and leached with sulphuric acid to recover, as end products, lead sulphate, zinc sulphate and cadmium.

Jan 1, 1943

By Frank C. Frischknecht

Most early development and application of electromagnetic prospecting methods took place in Scandinavia, where geological conditions favor their use. In other parts of the world these methods have aroused cycles of interest, but in Scandinavia they have been used continuously and successfully since the 1920's. Electromagnetic methods may be classified into two general groups. One group includes methods in which the source of the electromagnetic field remains stationary while the receivers are moved about to explore the area. The other includes procedures in which the energizing and receiving systems are moved together. Other classifications could be based on the size of the energizing source, the particular components of the electromagnetic field which are measured, or the mode of trans- porting the equipment. The difference between fixed-source and moving-source methods, however, is of such great fundamental importance that it will be emphasized in this discussion.

Jan 9, 1959

By K. E. Gray, A. Podio

ABSTRACT Berea and Bandera sandstone samples were impacted with both 3/4-in. and 1/2-in. long wedges, each having a 60° included angle and a 0.05-in. flat, at various confining pressures, with borehole and pore pressures held fixed at atmospheric pressure. Samples were saturated with air, water, glycerine-water, solirol, mineral oil and soltrol-mineral oil mixtures to obtain a wide range of pore fluid viscosity. Penetration depth was held constant at 0.1 in. Dry and soltrol-mineral oil-saturated Berea samples were impacted at depths of penetration from 0.01 to 0.04 in. under 1,000 psi confining pressure to study crater initiation. Results indicate that viscosity of the pore fluid is influential primarily during the early stages of crater formation. Differences in bit force, crater volume and blow energy for tests parallel and perpendicular to bedding were significant, but decreased as the stress state was elevated. Crater volume, blow energy and bit force were nonlinearly related with depth of penetration. Crater volume was nonlinear with energy of blow. Fixed-penetration tests on saturated Berea yielded greater crater volume than did similar tests on dry samples. Differences in the nature of deformation for low values of bit penetration were noted between saturated and unsaturated samples. INTRODUCTION Rock failure during bit-tooth impact and scouring action constitutes a vital part of the drilling process and a difficult problem for researchers. Much study has been devoted to various aspects of the problem, and much has been learned about mechanics of rock failure. However, analytical treatment of drilling at depth remains difficult, partly because there are so many factors involved and because valid simulation of downhole conditions is extremely difficult. Forming individual craters by a bit tooth or chisel impacting, or indenting, a rock mass has been studied by many investigators.1-18 Similarity between single-tooth chisel impact and the corresponding action of a rotary bit has been discussed by Appl and Gatley, Garner, Podio, and Gatlin l8 compared the similarity in single-blow impact tests with microbit drilling data reported by Cunningham and Eenink.l9 Maurerll has used single-tooth impact data to develop a "perfect cleaning" theory of rotary drilling. Individual roller cutter-tooth impact data have been reported by Young. 20 Single-tooth tests in all of the cited literature were carried out on dry rocks. Inasmuch as any subsurface rock of oilfield interest is saturated with some fluid, it seemed desirable to study crater formation in permeable rocks saturated with a viscous pore fluid as a step, however short, toward more realistic simulation of subsurface conditions. This paper presents results of single-blow chisel impact studies on Berea and Bandera sandstones, both dry and saturated with pore fluids of various viscosities at confining pressures to 10,000 psi. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS The same basic apparatus for single-blow chisel impact at elevated stress states, described in earlier papers was used in this study. l6. l8 Fig. 1 shows the complete experimental system; Fig. 2 shows a cross section of the pressure cell, with a sample ready to be impacted. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Two different rocks, Berea and Bandera sandstones, were used in this study. Both rocks have been used extensively in research, and rock descriptions can be found in a paper by Gnirk and Cheatham.15 Permeability to air of Berea is about 300 md normal to bedding and 540 md parallel to bedding. Bandera had vertical and horizontal air permeabilities of 18 and 57 md, respectively.

Jan 1, 1966

By AIME AIME

ALL technical men who are planning to visit the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago this summer-and all reports indicate that it will be worth visiting-should try to be there during Engineers' Week, beginning June 26. At that time most of the national engineering societies of the country will hold important meetings in that city. Engineers will thus have an opportunity not only to see the Fair at a time when special programs have been arranged for their benefit, but will have the opportunity to meet their professional brothers and to attend technical sessions of direct interest to them. The A.I.M.E. headquarters will be at the Stevens Hotel, and it will be to the interest of every Institute member who expects to attend the Fair at that time to secure his accommodations as promptly as possible. A request to the Chairman of the Chicago Section, A.I.M.E., or to the Secretary's office in New York, will bring a copy of the program as soon as it is available, together with any in- formation desired about hotel accommodations or other matters. The Chairman of the Chicago Section is J. R. Van Pelt, and his address is Museum of Science and Industry, 1525 East 53rd St., Chicago.

Jan 1, 1933

By Arthur A. Center

WAR demand- motivated developments in the zinc industry during 1942. Stocks of Prime Western were built up and High-Grade remained tight. The Prince The Prime Western stocks are expected to be cut down and the demand for High-Grade more easily filled as the Depue reflux plant of the New Jersery Zinc Co. increases - production. Subistition of steel for brass in artillery shell cases will have a considerable effect on the zinc situation of the country one estimate of the saving in zinc in 1943 by this substitution being a little under 100,000 ton, of metal. The metal saved will, of course be High-Grade. If the substitution occurs, the present tight situation in High-Grade may be entirely relieved as new production comes on the market and zinc may find itself approaching a situation as comfortable as that of lead provided the supply of zinc-hearing raw materials is sufficient to keep all reduction plants tip to capacity production. The premium price of the per pound of zinc over set quotas which went into effect early in 1942, helped to bring about the new lead-slag-fuming plant and other new sources of raw materials.

Jan 1, 1943

By HERBERT G. MOULTON

FROM prehistoric times to our own day man has struggled against extremes of climate. Human life, originating in semi-tropical or temperate areas, was unable to progress into the northern latitudes until fire was discovered and some form of clothing provided. It was found possible to maintain life even in the hottest parts of the tropics, but only at a great sacrifice of comfort and efficiency compared with the more temperate zones, or in cooler areas with the protection of clothing and artificial heat. It was no accident, but the natural result of climatic conditions, that efficiency became the greatest and civilization the most advanced in areas where the natural climate was favorable, or in cooler zones where protection against severe cold could be se-cured by relatively simple methods of conserving or producing heat.

Jan 1, 1933