Search Documents

By AIME AIME

THE report of the united. States Steel Corporation for the' year 1928 gives the, following ,figures of raw materials and' finished products . Raw materials, tons :

Jan 1, 1929

By Robert B. Fulton

The objective of this chapter is to discuss the interrelationship between industrial minerals and chemical manufacturing. It is intended to supplement rather than duplicate the commodity chapters. Particular emphasis is given to the pertinent chemical element and to market factors. Condensing this broad subject into a few pages of this handbook permits treating only the most important elements derived from industrial minerals. Hydrocarbons, which quantitatively dominate as raw materials for the chemical industry, are omitted, as are the metallic elements and the minerals covered in other "use" chapters such as phosphorous, potassium and nitrogen for fertilizers, and titanium dioxide for pigments. The remaining six elements of major importance are: boron, bromine, chlorine, fluorine, sodium, and sulfur. These elements are treated individually under separate headings. Table I (Jones, 1973) affords an overview of the main industrial minerals, the chemical products derived from them, and end uses of the products. Salt brines have particular importance as raw material sources for the chemical industry. Table 2 (Anon., 1967) is a chart of the chemical compounds derived from four types of brines: (1) Owens Lake-type brines, which are sources of boron and sodium compounds; (2) Midland-type brines, from which bromine, iodine, and chlorides of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium are derived; (3) Searles Lake-type brines, yielding boron, bromine, lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium compounds; and (4) Silver Peak-type brines, produced mainly for lithium. Market Attributes Some of the important market traits common to industrial minerals used by the chemical industry are listed below. 1. They are international commodities, such as fluorspar and sulfur, which largely move to foreign consumers. 2. Grade, and freedom from deleterious elements are important factors affecting their usability in chemical processes. An example is salt (NaCl) used in electrolysis where ultrapure evaporated salt is required to meet rigid specifications. 3. Purified products take on the characteristics of specialty items and command a distinctly higher price than the basic commodity from which they are derived. 4. In practically all cases, chemical users require some sort of cleaning or beneficiation of the naturally-occurring mineral to bring it to specification, and individual specifications may vary from user to user for essentially the same use. 5. In some instances it is necessary to strike a balance between what the vendor can supply and what the buyer requires, with the result that specifications have to be eased to afford the needed materials in marginal cases. 6. Because they tend to be bulk commodities, low cost for handling and transportation are important and such costs may limit the area from which a chemical user can draw his supply. For example, fluorspar from China and Thailand normally goes to Japan, while South African fluorspar can go either to Japan or to the US. 7. Shipments are usually in bulk and frequently in multiple-car, full-trainload or full-shipload lots to reduce transport costs, which in turn may require large terminal investment facilities.

Jan 1, 1983

By D. A. Dukelow, G. Derge

THE Fe0-Mn0-Si0, system has many properties of fundamental interest besides its occurrence in steel-making. The system is the simplest ternary complication of the FeO-SiO, binary whose electrochemical properties have been explored. Therefore, knowledge of the conformance of Fe0-MnO-SiO, melts to Faraday&apos;s laws, as investigated by current efficiency measurements, would be of particular value in interpreting the observed variations of electrical conductivity, while at the same time furthering understanding of this type of molten oxides. Pertinent to the present study are conductivity data of FeO-SiO, and Fe0-Mn0-SiO2, and current efficiency data of FeO-SiO,. Concerning conductivity measurements, Inouye, Tomlinson, and chipman&apos; studied the specific conductivity, a, of molten wüstite as a function of temperature and oxide addition. Liquid FeO in equilibrium with an iron crucible was found to have a o whose magnitude and positive temperature coefficient were undeniably semiconductor in nature (o1400°C = 269 ohm-1cm-&apos;). Additions at 1400°C of 5 mole pct MnO decreased o to 227 while a similar addition of SiO2, dropped o to 125. Additional SiO2 produced an exponential decline of o. It was reasoned that because wüstite is known to be oxygen excess and since there is no pronounced change in oFeO upon melting, that UFeO(L)is p-type semiconduction. Björling2 gives o data for the ternary FeO-MnO-SiO, using fayalite, 2 FeO-SiO,, as the base substance. Upon addition of tephroite, 2 MnO-SiO, he noted a small decrease in o. Taking his data for 1400°C with one-half of the fayalite replaced by tephroite, o shows a decrease of some 40 pct relative to o for fayalite, i.e., 5 ohm-&apos; cm-&apos; to 3. In line with this observation, Mori and Matsushita3 reported that substituting MnO for FeO in the silicate de- creased o slightly except at high SiO, contents where the decrease was somewhat larger. Investigating the ionic nature of FeO-SiO2 melts, Simnad, Derge, and George4, found the anode current efficiency, C,, as calculated from iron anode weight loss, was temperature invariant and in general increased with SiO2 concentration. The authors suggested the possible presence of electronic conduction to explain why C+ < 100 pct. Fig. 4 includes their results as curve (b). EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Apparatus—Fig. 1 is a schematic section of the electrolysis cell used in all the current efficiency runs. The melt was contained in an iron crucible that rested on an alundum ring. A centered silica tube came within 1 in. of the surface of the melt and initially served as a thermocouple well and then as the guide for the anode.

Jan 1, 1961

By G. H. Anderson

Cadmium-coppeR precipitate, a byproduct of the purification stage of the zinc plant, is composed mainly of zinc, cadmium and copper in varying amounts depending on the efficiency of precipitation and the cadmium and copper contents of the impure solution treated. The composition range is approximately: cadmium 10-12 pct, copper 6-8 pct, and zinc 3&35 pct. As received at the cadmium plant, the precipitate is a dark gray to black press cake produced by filter pressing the flocculent cadmium-copper precipitate formed when impure zinc solution is agitated with zinc dust. The details of the cadmium-copper precipitation are to be found in the paper "Electrolytic Zinc at Risdon, Tasmania," by W. C. Snow. Transactions AIME, 121, 501. The treatment, in addition to recovering cadmium as metal, yields a copper product as a residue for realization and recovers in solution for return to the zinc plant, the excess of zinc dust used during purification. The recovery of cadmium metal is approximately 200 tons† per year, but, with the amount of copper residue recovered, varies with the zinc production tonnage, composition of the original concentrates, degree of roasting and other operational factors. The operations involved in the recovery of the foregoing materials are carried out in a building adjacent to the purification section of the zinc plant and can best be described by dividing the process into the following stages: 1. Oxidation and Grinding of the cadmium-copper precipitate. 2. Leaching and Filtering. 3. Precipitation of cadmium. 4. Oxidation and Grinding of the precipitated cadmium. 5. Leaching oxidized cadmium precipitate and Purification of leach solution. 6. Electrolysis. 7. Melting, Casting and Packing. A feature of the process is the use of two distinct solution circuits. Spent electrolyte from the zinc plant circuit containing about 10 pct sulphuric acid is used as the primary solvent of the cadmium and zinc present in the oxidized precipitate. When the cadmium is later separated by precipitation and filtering, the filtrate, originally zinc plant spent electrolyte and now fortified in zinc, is returned to the zinc plant. The precipitated cadmium, after oxidation, is redissolved in spent electrolyte from cadmium electrolysis which solution is in closed circuit within the cadmium plant except for discards to the zinc plant circuit as mentioned in Section 5 hereinafter. (Fig 1.) Details of the various operations follow. I. Oxidation and Grinding of the Cadminm-copper Precipitate The precipitate having had a preliminary drying by compressed air in Dehne filter presses in the zinc plant is trucked to a storage platform of sufiicient length to store 3 to 4 days&apos; production separately. After 48 hr exposure to atmosphere, oxidation is sufficient to enable all cadmium and zinc but only a portion of the copper to be dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid. The oxidized precipitate is shovelled into trucks and, after weighing and sampling, is broken in size by means of

Jan 1, 1950

By J. W. Downey, M. V. Nevitt

MUELLER and Knott&apos; have reported that Ti2Cu has the Si2Mo-type (Cllb) structure. The lattice parameters of Ti2Cu and the positions of the titanium and copper atoms are given by them as follows: ao = 2.944A; co = 10.786A 6 atoms per unit cell: 2 Cu (a) 000; 1/2: 1/2, 1/2 4 Ti (e) 002; 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 + z 00 -2 ; 1/2. 1/2. 1/2- z where z = 0.341 We have found eight other binary compounds which appear to be isostructural with Ti2Cu. All of them involve the combination of a titanium group element with a copper group element or a titanium group element with palladium. The compounds and their lattice parameters are given in Table I. The alloy samples were prepared by arc melting metals having a purity of 99.9 pct or better. They were homogenized for 72 hr at 900°C in evacuated capsules and quenched in tap water. Filings were prepared, and these were reannealed for 4 hr at 700°C, also in evacuated tubes. The lattice parameters were determined by a least squares Bnalysis of the back reflection lines of patterns made with cobalt radiation. It was not possible to make a precise determination of the lattice parameters of Zr2Au because the filings underwent rapid oxidation at room temperature. The evidence supporting the large tetragonal cell containing 6 atoms involves the presence of the reflections 002, 101, 004, 112, 114, 202, and other reflections with higher indices for which I = 3n. Three or more reflections corresponding to these indices, which cannot be indexed on the basis of a small body-centered tetragonal cell containing 2 atoms, are observed in the patterns of all of the compounds listed in Table I. They are strongest and most numerous when the components have large differences in their atomic scattering factors, as is the case in Ti2Pd, Zr2Cu, and Hf2Cu. The values of the z parameter should be regarded as approximate They were selected on the basis of the best agreement between the observed intensities of two pairs of closely spaced powder pattern lines (004): (112) and (114): (202) and the corresponding intensities calculated for several values of z. An ordering scheme was assumed in which titanium, zirconium, or hafnium atoms occupy the titanium positions of Ti2Cu, and copper, silver, palladium, or gold atoms occupy the copper positions. Calculated and observed intensities of the aforementioned lines and the other lines of the patterns are in satisfactory agreement, but a refinement of the z parameters and a final confirmation of the ordering arrangement must await a more detailed study. It is interesting to note that in transition metal systems at A2B stoichiometry the Si2Mo-type structure competes for stability with two other fre-

Jan 1, 1962

By F. S. McNicholas

IN the writer&apos;s opinion the term "block caving" has been rather loosely applied to a general principle of mining, and therefore detailed classification of caving methods and draw, together with the characteristics required for each method, will fill a desired need. Selection of caving method should be made only after a study of all governing conditions, such as size of orebody, lateral and vertical extent of ore-body, attitude, treatment demands, possible resultant pressures, and cost and profit comparison of methods. Successful caving methods can be classified under six main headings: (1) Full-protected block caving, (2) semi-protected block caving, (3) unprotected block caving, (4) full-panel caving, (5) half block-panel caving, (6) block-panel caving. The methods and factors governing choice of method are shown in Table I. Full-protected Block Caving Full-protected block caving consists of develop-ing, undercutting, and drawing to exhaustion a block of ore of predetermined size without coordination of mining or draw with adjoining areas. The block is mined and drawn as an independent unit (Fig. 1). Full-protected block caving demands that mining and draw cannot be done against unconsolidated capping in adjoining caved and exhausted blocks. Two sides of block are against solid. Caved capping must be allowed to consolidate for a suitable period, usually not less than one year. Pillars may be left in lieu of consolidated capping (Fig. 2). The advantages of full-protected block, caving are: (1) A definite area is developed, mined, and drawn as a unit so that all work may be completed, the block drawn to exhaustion in the minimum length of time, and the area then abandoned. (? Production is not restrained because of coordina1, on with adjoining areas. (3) Records of draw and caved reserve of ore are good. Upon abanwnment of the block, accountability for production is closed out with no carry-over to adjoining areas. The disadvantages of full-protected block caving are: (1) Side dilution from the draw adjacent to the consolidated capping may be serious, particularly where capping does not consolidate sufficiently in the allotted time. (2) Boundary weakening is needed on the solid sides of the block except in weak rocks. (3) Maximum cantilever and compression effect to aid caving and fragmentation may not be secured since the draw should proceed from the solid to the consolidated capping to minimize side dilution. However, undercutting from the loose (caved capping) to the solid with a slight initial draw in the same manner will develop cantilever effect. (4) A period of at least one year, more is usually desirable, must be allowed for caved capping ,to consolidate before mining the adjoining block, depending upon the characteristics of the capping. (5) Capping may not consolidate sufficiently in the time that can be allowed. Full-protected block caving is indicated where: (1) The ground is weak and heavy and workings

Jan 1, 1952

By F. H. Deily, L. W. Ledgerwood, J. E. Eckel

A new method for drilling the earth&apos;s formations has undergone extensive laboratory and shallow earth drilling experimentation. This method, pellet impact drilling, uses the energy of a large mass of high velocity steel spheres to break and crush the rock. Pellets are confined to a region close to the hole bottom. Motive fluid for transporting and recycling the pellets is supplied by a modified jet pump. The pellet drilling method has inherent advantages over conventional rotary drilling. First, only a nominal amount of weight need be applied to the hole bottom. Second, only a very small amount of torque is required for bit rotation. Third, means are available for continual replacement of the cutter medium. The experimental laboratory work and analytical procedures necessary for the design of a pellet drill bit are described. In the laboratory program approximately half the effort was devoted to the development of a better understanding of the physical process, and half to the empirical testing of new bit configurations. Factors such as pellet size and velocity, jet pump characteristics and modifications, and power distribution are discussed. The design and construction of a pellet impact bit for drilling a 9 in. hole with 1 1/4 in. steel pellets are described. Drilling performance in representative rocks, hydraulic operating characteristics, and metallurgical problems are discussed. INTRODUCTION This paper discusses an attempt to reduce drilling costs through the development of a drilling method basically different from rotary drilling. Publications on drilling research indicate that the major effort on the part of manufacturers and operators has been confined to research in rotary, or rotary-percussion drilling. This applied drilling research has produced significant gains in drilling rates and bit life, but thus far it has failed to achieve any major decrease in general drilling costs. From recent statistics released by Drilling Contractors, it can be shown that the total cost of drilling an "average" well in 1953 was about 2 1/4 times the corresponding cost in 1935. Analysis of the costs will show that they are not due to inefficient field operations; they are due instead to both an inflated economy and greater "average" well depths. Diligent work by the industry has reduced the backlog of potential economic improvements in rotary drilling to a group of rather marginal prospects. Increasing depths and poorer quality reservoirs at these depths continue to make the drilling cost problem more acute. Hence, the aim of the work reported here was to develop a new drilling method not limited by the inherent characteristics of rotary drilling and thus capable of attaining further significant reductions in drilling costs. The effort devoted to research on this proposed new drilling method was of considerable magnitude and represented .in excess of 37 man-years of research. The affiliates of Standard Oil Co. (N. I.) sponsored this development program which was conducted by the Drilling Methods Section of the Carter Research Laboratory in Tulsa, Okla. The purpose of this paper is to

Jan 1, 1957

By G. T. Higgins

PREVIOUS workers1,2 have found evidence of exaggerated grain growth or secondary recrystallization on annealing sponge zirconium at temperatures high in the a, phase field, but no details of the orientation relationship between the secondary grains and "as-recrystallized" matrix were reported. In other hexagonal metals, namely dilute Mg-A13 and Cd-zn4 alloys, secondary recrystallization has been observed in which the secondary grains are related to the primary recrystallized structure by rotations about the c axis. These rotations are thus comparable with the rotations about the (111) axis observed in the secondary recrystallization of fcc metals. In the current work secondary recrystallization has been observed on annealing iodide zirconium at 800°C and the associated changes in crystallographic texture have been examined. The material employed was arc-melted iodide zirconium of the following composition: Impurity O H Fe Hf Pb I Ni C1 A1 ppm by wt 130 5 230 98 23 28 200 39 30 This was received as 0.25-in. plate, and, prior to the annealing studies, was cold-rolled to 0.040 in. Specimens 1 in. sq were chemically polished and annealed for various times at 800°C in a vacuum better than 5x 10-6 Torr. For metallographic examination specimens were first chemically polished and then anodized8 to enhance contrast between the grains when examined under polarized light. Changes in crystallographic orientation associated with the development of secondary grains were followed by (1011) and (0002) pole-figure determinations using a conventional Schulz goniometer in reflection. Filtered Cr Ka radiation was employed and great care was taken to avoid spurious re- sults due to the close proximity of the Bragg angles for the (1011) and (0002) reflections. Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate the change in grain structure on annealing at 800°C. After 24 hr the structure has ceased to be equiaxed due to the development of certain grains in preference to others. It is notable that the secondary grains do not grow to the extent observed in sponge zirconium.1,2 This appears to be due in part to the fact that normal grain growth is inhibited in the less pure sponge zirconium, with the result that the driving force for secondary recrystallization remains high, while at the same time the number of grains able to develop in the presence of the impurities is also smaller. As a consequence, in sponge zirconium those grains that do develop preferentially are able to grow into the fine -grained matrix without impingement, while in iodide zirconium the preferential growth of many grains leads to early impingement. The pole figures determined for specimens annealed for 5 min and 24 hr at 800°C are illustrated respectively in Figs. 3 and 4. These indicate that the dominant feature of the initial recrystallized texture consists of basal planes at an angle of 321/2 deg to the sheet surface, with a (1120) axis lying parallel to the

Jan 1, 1967

By Takeyasu Ito, Mayumi Someno, Kazuhiro Goto

SINCE the pioneering work by Kiukkola and Wagner,1 many experiments have been reported on solid electrochemistry at elevated temperatures. However, the studies have been confined to experiments under isothermal conditions. One may conceive many situations under nonisothermal conditions. With two different temperatures T1, and T2 at the two electrodes, the electromotive force, E of a Galvanic cell will be expressed by the following equation under a steady state heat transfer in solid electrolytes of zirconia-lime and thoria-lime. E = ^ $ l&-dGO2+a(T2-Ti) [1] where tO2- is the transference number of oxygen ions in the electrolyte, Go, is the chemical potential of oxygen, and a is the coefficient of the thermoelec-tromotive force due to the temperature difference. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the coefficient of the thermoelectromotive force for zirconia-lime and thoria-lime under isobaric condition. The physical meaning of this coefficient is out of the scope of the present communication. The experimental cell assembly is schematically shown in Fig. 1. The zirconia-lime electrolyte tube and thoria-lime electrolyte tube were 8.0 mm OD and 5.0 ID, from commercial sources with chemical analyses of 94.8 wt pct ZrO2, 3.85 pct CaO, 0.83 pct SiO2, 0.25 pct TiO2, and 0.05 pct Fe2O3; and 95.0 pct ThO2, 4.0 pct CaO and rare earth metal oxides, respectively. The specific gravity was 5.5 g per cu cm for zirconia-lime and 9.8 g per cu cm for thoria-lime. Original powder size before shaping and sintering the tube was several microns for both electrolytes. The distance separating the two electrodes was 4.0 or 5.0 cm. Platinum wire of 0.5 mm diam was used for the electrodes. The temperature gradient was controlled by heating one electrode with a small heating coil of nichrome wire. The temperatures at the two electrodes were measured with two calibrated Pt-13 pct Rh:Pt thermocouples, directly contacting the two platinum electrodes. The atmosphere was either air or pure oxygen. The partial pressure of oxygen in air was considered equal at the vicinities of the two electrodes, with negligibly small thermal segregation in the gas phase. The difference of the chemical potential of oxygen was controlled only by the temperature difference at the two electrodes and not by the oxygen pressure difference. The temperature ranges were 600" to 1200°C for zirconia-lime and 850" to 1200°C for thoria-lime electrolytes. Fig. 2 shows the relation of the measured electromotive force and the difference of the oxygen chemical potential at the two electrodes for zirconia-lime and thoria-lime electrolytes. The electromotive forces in the figure were measured by a *0.05 mv potentiometer. The chemical potential difference was calculated by the following equations.&apos;

Jan 1, 1970

By J. H. Wernick, S. Geller

A number of new AB, compounds, in which A is a rare earth or yttrium atom and B is Al, Mn, Fe, Co, or Ni, having the cubic MgCu, structure (Laves phase) are reported. In most of the compounds, the interatomic distances are normal; the lanthanide contraction is observed. However, in the compounds CeB2, B = Fe, Co, Ni, Ce appears to have a valence substantially greater than three; in CeAl2, Ce appears to be trivalent. These results are interpreted as vesulting from an energetically more favorable situation for the 4f electron of Ce to be lost to the 3d band of Fe, Co, nnd Ni. Evidence for the existence of homogeneitj! ranges in these compounds is presented. THE purpose of this paper is to report on the crys-tallographic investigations of a large number of new compounds, Table I, with the MgCuz structure (cubic Laves phase). It is a part of a continuing study of the magnetic properties and structures of binary systems involving the rare earths. In a previous paper&apos; some of the magnetic properties of such systems were reported briefly. We have also reported2 a number of compounds of the CusCa type. The compounds were prepared by induction melting in Argon atmosphere of mixtures of stoichiomet-ric amounts of the constituent elements.* For most of the compounds fused alumina or silica crucibles were used as the containing vessel; graphite crucibles were used to prepare CeA12, NdAl2 and TbA12. X-ray powder photographs were taken with CrKa radiation and the use of Straumanis-type Norelco cameras of 114.6 mm diam. The compounds AB2 belong to space group Fd3m-Ol with 8A in a): (000; 01/2 &apos;/2;3) + 000-; b % XA and 16B in dl: (000; oVa %; 3) + 5/87; % %; 7e % Vs\£>. Because the intensities of the reflections on the powder photographs of the different compounds are similar, relative intensities were computed only for DyMnz for CrKa radiation, Table 11. In the calculation of intensities, the Thomas and umeda3 atomic scattering factors, corrected for dispersion,4 were used. The agreement between observed and calculated intensities leaves little doubt that DyMnz has the MgCuz structure. Crystallographic data for the ABz compounds are given in Table JII. Twelve of these compounds have been reported by other authors. A comparison of the published results with our work is given in Table W.* ers of elements of lower purity, to peritectic reactions in some cases, and to the presence of homogeneity ranges in these alloys, so that melting losses would still result in single phase alloys. The possibility of existence of homogeneity ranges in these compounds was investigated systematically only for GdMnz. At room temperature, the solid solution range is between

Jan 1, 1961

The Pinto Valley, Arizona, plant of Cities Service Company is one of the newest copper producers in the United States, having started production in 1975. It is located a few miles west of Miami, Arizona, on the site of the Castle Dome Mine, a World War II operation which was shut down and its mill later moved and renamed the Copper Cities plant. The Pinto Valley concentrator uses six 18 ft (5. 5 m) diameter by 21 ft (6.4 m) long, 4000 hp, single-stage ball mills, taking crushed ore from four 7 ft (2. 13 m) standard and eight 7 ft shorthead crushers. It has a design capacity of 40,000 stpd but has higher tonnage capability for an expanded concentrator. The copper porphyry-ore is mined by two 15 yd and one 20 yd shovels (11.5 and 15.3 cu m) and is transported to the primary crusher by 150-ton trucks. The dump pocket is relatively shallow (14 ft or 4. 27 m deep); and because of the width necessary for the 150-ton trucks, it was designed to use the ore itself instead of manganese steel as an abrasion- resistant lining, although a heavy steel cap protects the dump pocket top edge. The pocket has a capacity of 300 tons of ore. Water sprays under the dumping positions direct a fog toward the truck being dumped for excellent dust control. Breaking of oversize is done by a hydraulic impact breaker mounted on a hydraulically operated articulated arm situated at the side of the dump pocket. Again because of the shallow pocket, no splitter is used to protect the spider of the 60 in. by 89 in. Traylor gyratory crusher, which is equipped with a hydroset mechanism. Crushed ore at 8 in. (203 mm) drops into the 360 st surge chamber lined with AR plate and then is fed directly to the 60 in. (1.52 m) stock- pile conveyor by an 84 in. by 20 ft (2. 13 m by 6.1 m) four-speed apron feeder at a rate of up to 4000 stph. Early in 1977, Cities Service will replace the four -speed electric drive with a hydraulic pump and motor with infinitely variable speed. They are also studying the replacement of the apron feeder with an 8 ft wide (2.44 m) belt feeder similar to those at Similkameen and Palabora. Peak crushing capacity would then be increased to 5000 stph. The AR plate in the crushed ore pocket was installed in large, rectangular sheets which required much less embedded metal to hold it in place than would the more conventional, smaller arid square pieces of cast manganese steel. For duty in the crushed ore pocket, where wear is not severe, the AR plate is a satisfactory material. The new Palabora Figure-8 crusher also uses this design.

Jan 1, 1978

By H. R. Ogden, A. G. Imgram, D. N. Williams

The effects of composition on the mechanical properties and aging characteristics of several alloys in the Ti-V-Cr system, with and without aluminum modifications, were evaluated. Increasing the chromium, vandium, or aluminum content increased the strength of quenched structures with chromium being the most effective strengthener. Appreciable aging response was obtained with low chromium alloys, but high chromium alloys age softened rather than. hardened. High vanadium contents had a similar effect. Aluminum additions shifted the aging behavior toward that observed in lower chromium alloys, enabling high chromium alloys to be age hardened. DURING the course of titanium alloy development many a and a-ß alloys have been evolved to commercial status. However, only one all-ß alloy has achieved this same stature. This is the Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al alloy. It is characterized by a very sluggish ß-phase decomposition reaction such that very slow cooling rates can retain the 0 phase at room temperature. In addition, very high strength levels can be obtained by long-time aging treatments. Combinations of cold or warm working followed by aging produce even further improvements in strength. This paper describes the results of a research program in which the effects of composition on the mechanical properties and aging characteristics of several alloys in the Ti-V-Cr system, with and without aluminum modifications, were evaluated. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Electrolytically refined, high-purity titanium was used as the alloy base for these studies. Iodide chromium, electrolytically refined vanadium granules, and high-purity aluminum sheet were used as alloying additions. The compositions of interest were melted as 250-g ingots in a direct current arc melting furnace under a flowing atmosphere of argon. The ingots were hot forged to 3/4-in.-diam bars, vacuum annealed for 6 hr at 1800°F to reduce residual hydrogen content, and then hot swaged to 1/4-in.-diam rods. Fabrication history, and interstitial analyses after fabrication are given in Table I. All specimens to be heat treated were sealed in Vycor capsules under a partial pressure of argon. Samples used to define the ß transus were quenched from temperatures ranging from 1350° to 1100°F after holding at temperature for 15 min. Samples for aging studies were quenched from above the ß transus temperature and then aged for up to 64 hr at 750°F and for 100 hr at 850°, 900°, and 950°F. The effects of straining prior to aging were also investigated. The results of these studies were used to select the heat treatments for the tensile specimen blanks. Heat treatments of the tensile specimens are described in Table 11. Alloys were aged after solution heat treatment or after solution heat treatment and cold swaging to 50 pct reduction in area. Standard 0.125-in.-diam tensile specimens were machined from the heat-treated blanks. All tensile tests were performed in a Baldwin-Southwark uni-

Jan 1, 1963

By L. S. Chabot

The bibliography of mining methods in the past few years has contained many articles dealing with the use of the diamond drill for blasthole drilling. In the Canadian mines, this method has been used with great success in stoping at Noranda, Aldermac, Waite Amulet, East Malartic and Sladen Malartic mines in the Province of Quebec. It has also been used at the Dorchester and Beattie gold mines in Duparquet, Quebec. The method has found useful application at Copper Mountain mine, British Colombia, and at Flin Flon mine in Manitoba. In the United States, the diamond drill blasthole method has been used at Cornwall Iron Ore Mines in Pennsylvania and at the Republic Steel Corporation magnetite properties in the Port Henry district of northern New York. In the Lake Superior iron district, the method has been used at the Anvil-Palms mine of Pickands, Mather and Co. at Bessemer, Mich., and is also used at the Book mine of the North Range Mining Co. at Alpha, Mich. Other companies in the district have also experimented in some degree with the method at some of their properties. This Paper is being offered as a prelimi- nary report on the use of the diamond drill method of stoping at the Book mine. Sufficient work has been done with it to prove its worth and it is the purpose of the article to present some results, operational details, equipment ideas and recommendstions which we have found in its use at our mine. Location and Description The Book mine is situated about a mile north of the village of Alpha, in the NE-NE1/4 and the SE-NE1/4 of set 12-42-33, between the Dunn mine and the Balkan-~~d~~~ mine, and about four miles southwest of the village of Crystal Falls, on the menominee Range of Michigan, The property was found to have ore near surface in sufficient quantities for open-pit operations and stripping was begun in the latter part of 1942 to prepare it for ore production in 1943. During 1943, 288,447 tons of direct shipping ore were produced from the open pit and 382,933 tons in 1944 While the mine was being operated as an open pit some 350,000 tons of lean ore were stockpiled for later treatment. This material is beilng treated in a washing and jig plant and concentrates are produced during the shipping season. The ore bodies at the Book mine are characteristic of the Menominee Range. They are found on the flanks of sharply folded anticlines which have a fairly steep pitch to the northwest. The open-pit operatiOns in 1943 and 1944 revealed two of these anticlinal structures. A detailed study and classification of the old diamond drill records, coupled with the information of some new holes drilled, has established the

Jan 1, 1949

record with the Royal Flying Corps was considered a remarkable one, for he was at the front within two months of the date on which he was granted a commission, during which interval he took the prescribed technical course at Oxford, and aviation training at Netheravon and Bristol. On Sept. 14, 1916, he took his first flight over the German lines, when his engine stalled and he had to volplane down, fortunately landing on the French side of the lines. On Sept. 16, he went over the lines with six others, and not returning immediately with the others, was lost. He tried to make for the sea and come back following the course of a river, but when he did descend he found that he was 60 miles west of Paris and 100 miles south of his lines. He flew over to Paris and stayed there for the night, going back to his squadron the next morning. Then on Oct. 4, he was sent up at night for the first time, and in making a landing he passed the flares just as he struck the ground, which put him in total darkness. He struck something and his machine turned a complete somersault, which accident put him in the hospital for ten days. In December, 1916, he left the 21st Squadron and was transferred to the 24th, as the 21st was made an Artillery Squadron and he preferred to remain a fighting scout. In the same month, he was made Acting Flight Commander for about 6 weeks, and about April 3, 1917, his rank of Flight Commander was confirmed. The beginning of May he started to introduce a number of new machines for his squadron, these being of an entirely new type. On May 19, he was up with one of the machines in the evening, practising sharp turns and dives, when the wings suddenly crumpled up and he fell 700 ft., being killed instantly. He was buried in a French Cemetry at Monchy Lagache about 8 miles southeast of Perronne, and about 25 miles east of Amiens. Sergeant Herbert Moore Harbach Herbert Moore Harbach was born in Lebanon, Pa., Apr. 4, 1891, graduated from the Lebanon High School in 1911, and entered State College from which he received his degree of Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering in 1915. He was employed by the Lackawanna Iron Co., at Buffalo, W. Y., and was later transferred to their Lebanon plant to start up the newly erected benzol plant. He was later made foreman of the coke ovens, which position he held after it was bought by the Bethlehem Steel Co., and until he enlisted in the service of his country in September, 1917. He was stationed at Camp Meade, Md., until the spring of 1918, when he was transferred to the C. W.

Jan 1, 1920

By J. T. Norton, J. G. McMullin

An 1820°C isothermal cross section of the Ti-Ta-C ternary diagram was prepared from X-ray diffraction and metallographic data. No phases other than those appearing in the three binary diagrams were observed. At temperatures above the titanium transition temperature titanium and tantalum form a complete series of solid solutions containing up to 2 atomic pct C. The phases Tic and TaC also form a continuous series of solid solutions extending across the diagram. PREVIOUS work on this alloy system was very limited. Of the three binary constitution diagrams involved, only one, the Ta-C system was available in the literature. Preliminary data on the other two systems was received from the investigators during the course of the investigation and both have been published in recent months. It had been shown that Tic and TaC formed a continuous series of solid solutions, but the range of carbon content in this phase was not known. While Ta2C had been described, its solubility for or reactions with other carbides had not been reported. It was not known whether or not any ternary compounds occurred in the system. The present program was undertaken to determine experimentally the general form of the ternary diagram. It is hoped that the results will be of value in furthering the development of sintered carbide cutting materials and high temperature ceramets, many of which contain combinations of Tic and TaC. The Binary Systems Of the three binary diagrams involved only that of Ta-C was available at the time this project was started. The diagram of Ellinger¹ redrawn in Fig. 1, shows a hexagonal phase Ta2C having a very small composition range and a cubic TaC phase having a composition range of from 40 to 50 atomic pct C. The authors made a separate determination of the composition range of TaC using lattice constant values and found the range to extend from 40 to 49.7 atomic pct C in good agreement with Ellinger&apos;s diagram. Two determinations of the Ti-Ta system have appeared recently.2,3 These two diagrams are in good agreement and show that ß titanium and tantalum form a complete series of solid solutions. The Ti-C diagram by Cadoff and Nielsen4 shows a very limited solubility of carbon in both a and ß titanium. The single carbide formed persists over a wide range of carbon contents. Several values for the upper limit of carbon content of this phase have been reported."&apos; The highest value obtained in the M.I.T. Laboratory was 47.5 atomic pct C with a lattice constant of 4.328?.5 Fattinger7 describes a gas carburization method which he claims produces stoichiometric Tic although he does not present any data showing that he actually had 50 atomic pct combined carbon. Several complete analyses on

Jan 1, 1954

By John P. Dolan, Charles A. Einarsen, GiIman A. Hill

his paper discusses how the following formation characteristics can be determined mathematically from drill-stem test pressure charts: true formation pressures, effective permeability of the entire section tested, well productivities, wellbore damage, and possible detection of barriers (faults, pinchouts, etc.). This paper also presents a practical method for im-mediate determination of eflective permeability and well-bore damage from successful double shut-in pressure tests. A list of recommendations for improving the reliability of drill-stem rest pressures is also presented. INTRODUCTION A drill-stem test is a temporary completion designed to sample the formation fluid and to establish the possibility of commercial production. Early pressure recording devices were used merely to verify proper operation of the testing tool. Until recently the accuracy of the pressure gauges has been insufficient for any reliable quantitative use of the recorded pressures. In view of the need for more reliable formation evaluation and as a result of the recent interest in exploration work employing the concept of hydrodynamic en-trapment,1,2,3,4 better pressure recording gauges are now in use. These devices can record pressure within 1 per cent above 1,000 psig and can detect differential pressures as low as 1/2 psig. In addition to formation pressure, several other reservoir characteristics can be determined from DST charts; namely, well productivity, formation permeability, wellbore damage, and the possible existence of bar- riers (faults, pinchouts, changes in permeability, etc.). This paper presents a practical method to interpret DST pressure charts for formation pressures and many other reservoir properties, a method that has been developed in analyzing approximately 4,000 DST charts during the last five years. The techniques used are a composite of published articles on drill-stem testing5,6, together with well-known pressure build-up analysis methods. THEORY It has been shown7,8 that the following equation may be used for analysis of pressure build-up curves: Po - Pw = 162.6 qu/kh log ( to + ?/?) .....(1) When this equation is applied to the curves obtained in drill-stem testing, the assumptions and boundary con-ditions are more nearly realized than in conventional flow and build-up tests on producing wells. Zak and Griffen9 have recently discussed in detail the use of this equation in analyzing DST charts. One of the problems with DST curves is the lack of reservoir data for precise analysis. Therefore, it is necessary to develop empirical rules and field methods for analyzing DST charts in quantity. For this reason, the empirical methods presented in this paper have been developed, and their derivation is found in Appendices A and B. METHOD USED FOR ACCURATE READING OF DRILL-STEM TEST CHARTS In order to apply the pressure build-up theory to DST charts, it is necessary to obtain a digitized expression for the pressure and time data recorded by the pressure gauge. These data may be either provided by the service company or interpolated by projecting a

Jan 1, 1958

By T. P. Clendenin

THE northerly two thirds of Mexico falls into five main physiographic divisions, illustrated on the accompanying map. In form, these divisions are a series of strips, paralleling the northwest-southeast axis of the country.

Jan 10, 1951

By AIME AIME

Award of a Gold Medal : to the Institute. The Jury of Awards of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition has conferred a gold medal, the highest distinction within its power,. on the American Institute of Mining Engineers for the excellence of its publications during the past decade. ; A half-tone photographic reproduction of both sides of the medal is given in the accompanying illustration.

Jan 7, 1908

By J. M. Snook, F. C. Langenberg

FOR a better understanding of the melting and refining processes, the oxygen content of the steel bath should be determined. The oxygen content influences many process and product variables such as the efficiency of alloy recoveries, the ingot structure (through reaction with carbon in the steel), certain reaction rates, cleanliness (formation of indigenous oxide inclusions), and mechanical properties. Many methods of sampling liquid steel for oxygen have been devised. These methods can be divided into two main groups: 1) taking samples directly in the furnace or ladle;&apos;-&apos;0 2) removing the metal from the furnace or ladle in a sampling spoon and pouring it into a mold, or drawing the metal from the spoon into a sample holder.11-l4 The advantages and disadvantages of the two general sampling methods are presented in Table I. The bomb-sampling technique described by Huff, Bailey, and Richards8 has been used by the Crucible Steel Co. in certain research projects where oxygen contents were needed. It was recognized that a localized boiling condition could result when the mold is introduced into the steel bath, although the work of Gilbert and Bailey9 seems to indicate that the carbon boil occurring in the bomb-sampler cavity has a negligible effect on the oxygen content. In order to confirm the reported negligible effect of a carbon boil, additional work was done with adaptations of the conventional bomb sampler. The methods used are shown in Fig. 1 and are as follows: 1) Type A: aluminum wire (0.125-in. diam) coil in cavity; steel cap over mouth 2) Type B: aluminum cup in cavity; aluminum cap over mouth, 3) Type C: aluminum cup in cavity; steel cap over mouth, 4) Type D: fine aluminum wire (0.013-in. diam) in cavity; steel cap over mouth. The amount of aluminum wire in the Type A and D samples varied from 0.8 to 1.2 pct of the sample weight. The aluminum cups averaged 2.0 pct of the sample weight; the latter were used to ensure that the steel contacting the walls of the bomb cavity was fully killed. Samples were taken from plain carbon heats made in open-hearth furnaces. This grade of steel before silicon additions is essentially an Fe-C alloy and the effects of other alloying elements on the oxygen activity can be neglected. The results of sampling with the bomb samplers is shown in Fig. 2 where the percent oxygen is plotted against the percent carbon on log-log paper. Spoon sample results on the same grade of steel where the sample was killed in the spoon are shown in Fig. 3. The oxygen contents were determined by the vacuum fusion method. A comparison of Figs. 2 and 3 shows that the oxygen concentrations obtained with the spoon-sampling method (metal killed in the spoon after slag removed

Jan 1, 1960

By C. G. Massey, L. C. Acton

A first-class haulage level railroad was considered of prime importance during planning of San Manuel because successful operation of the mine would hinge heavily on the ability to move large tonnages of ore rapidly, safely and efficiently. These principles, plus certain techniques developed from experience on the 1475 level, are being employed in preparation of the 2075 level. At full production, twelve 23-ton trolley locomotives, each pulling fifteen 12-ton capacity ore cars, and fifteen 8-ton battery locomotives engaged in development, service and supply, will be in operation on the 2075 level 24 hours per day, seven days a week. More than 35,000 tons of ore will be transported every 24 hours. GENERAL DESCRIPTION The rail haulage system is designed to comfort- ably move twelve 180-ton payload trains per hour through the rotary dumps pulled by 23-ton trolley locomotives. The rail system is laid out as a simple double loop with one-way traffic of continuous haul as shown in the above diagram, and is comprised of about 30 miles of track on the 2075 level.

Jan 3, 1962