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By T. Geyer

The Carbon Disclosure Project (the pre-eminent global initiative for institutional investor collaboration on climate change) groups the business risks (and opportunities) related to climate change into four categories: 1. Regulatory risks from tightening legislation (and opportunities for companies that can make the carbon market work for them), e.g. rising costs for carbon and energy-intensive processes. 2. Competitive risks & opportunities generated by a possible decline in customer demand for carbon/energy intensive products (and opportunities from a consequent rise in demand for efficient / low carbon products). 3. Reputational risks from perceived inaction on climate change (and benefits to those perceived to be ?solutions providers?). 4. Physical risks from changes to climatic patterns, e.g. asset damage from extreme weather events; project delays; water scarcity; resource risks as certain crops become no longer viable in certain areas and new supply chains become necessary; and potential human and socio-political impacts. All of these are already having repercussions for businesses in certain sectors and geographies. The understanding of specific impacts of climate change is still evolving but it is clear that climate change will have a material impact on the value of many businesses, either directly or indirectly. Many commentators and analysts consider that rising energy costs are likely to represent the most direct and immediate investment risk that climate change and the resulting regulatory responses will create for business in the near term. However, it is already possible to identify numerous examples of competitive and reputational risks and opportunities that are leading to significant value creation or destruction in business: the success of the Toyota Prius; the rush by the UK?s leading supermarket retailers to ?green? their brands; and the surging fortunes of companies involved in the manufacture of renewable energy generation equipment, are all manifestations of this trend. In addition, the potential physical impacts of climate change are also making themselves felt in certain sectors: an example is the Australian wine industry, suffering after an extreme and prolonged period of drought. THE PROJECT This paper describes a project undertaken for a multinational mining company to examine the physical risks from climate change across its international business operations. The study addressed 163 components of the business and included operating sites (mines, smelters, and refineries), key transport routes (road and rail) and port links. The inclusion of the transport networks and ports is extremely important; key transport routes (e.g. a key railway link) may often be impacted (e.g. by flooding) far more than individual sites due to their large geographic exposure and multiple potential failure points. Extreme weather events causing loss of life and major economic damage continue to be front page news. According to the World Meteorological Organization, January to July 2007 ?was marked by record weather extremes in many regions across the world.? Inevitably, the associated phenomena are starting to impact business and investments, not so much as deal breakers, but in changing the parameters of risk management and the approaches required to devise mitigation measures. EXAMPLES OF EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS No one event can be presented as directly attributable evidence of climate change, however climate change projections suggest that the frequency and severity of many extreme weather events can be expected to increase in a warming world. In August 2003, a heat wave struck Europe, with temperatures as high as 42°C (108°F). As summer temperatures in much of northern Europe rarely exceed 30°C (86°F), the area was unprepared for the disaster, and many thousands of deaths occurred. In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic damage along the Gulf Coast of the United States, forcing the effective abandonment of south-eastern Louisiana (including New Orleans) for up to two months and damaging oil wells that resulted in increased oil prices. Katrina killed over 1,800 people and caused at least $75 billion in damages, making it one of the costliest natural disasters of all time. This was followed in September, by Hurricane Rita which left 119 people dead along the U.S. Gulf Coast, causing $9.4 billion in damage. In January 2006, hundreds of people were killed when Russia, Eastern Europe and Scandinavia experienced the coldest weather for decades. In summer 2007, dramatic floods in the south central region of England, UK left 350,000 people without drinking water and many without electricity. Transport infrastructure was severely disrupted; combined with floods which occurred earlier in the summer in Yorkshire (North England), the damage is estimated to total over £2 billion. ASSESSING RISKS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE To date, only a minority of companies have attempted to quantify the risks from climate change. However, investors are seeking greater disclosure of climate change related risks and opportunities and it is expected companies that can demonstrate they are prepared for climate change will attract higher market valuations. Climate Change Threats A variety of climate change threats were examined for their potential to have a potential measurable impact on the mining company?s business operations. Those considered most significant were included in the study and are shown in Table 1 (see Appendix A). Certain threats can be considered as being cyclical in nature and the future predictions may suggest a change in the frequency and severity of such events (e.g. storms/hurricanes, rainfall, drought). However other threats are associated with a gradual change over time (e.g. loss of glaciers, loss of permafrost, sea level rises). A slightly different approach is needed to address this differing nature of the threats, as described subsequently. Climatic Regions Much of the research and data associated with climate change is collected and reported on a regional basis. An example of the climate change impacts predicted for a number of climatic regions is shown in Table 2 (see Appendix A).

Jan 1, 2009

By Parry. V. F.

"INTRODUCTION Coal is a compressed mass of heterogeneous, macerated, metamorphosed plant remains that have collected in the earth's crust. Probably no two beds of coal have identical properties, and different parts of the same bed may vary considerably when measured by some of the many empirical tests that have been developed to classify or differentiate the properties of coal. Because of this great variability in properties, the commercial processing of coal to produce coke and byproducts has developed largely as an art based on experience, rather than as a science. Much empirical chemical research, however, has been and is being conducted on coal carbonization, and this work is of practical value in obtaining larger yields of gas and byproducts and in the improvement of the physical properties of the coke.Both ultimate and proximate analyses have been used for correlating purposes. 3/ In the United States the proximate analysis is used for the classification of coal according to rank and grade. The proximate analysis can be employed usefully in the coal—carbonization industry because separation of the combustible matter of coal into volatile matter and fixed carbon is, in fact, a small carbonization test conducted on 1 gram of coal heated in a platinum crucible.Small—Scale Laboratory Coking Tests,Many empirical tests have been devised for determining the coking properties and measuring the yield and quality of gas and byproducts obtainable from various coals. These tests, made on samples ranging from 25 grams (about 1 ounce) to 5 kilograms (11 pounds), furnish information that is roughly proportional in practical value to the size of the sample carbonized. However, the cost of the carbonization test also increases with the amount of the sample, so that for preliminary surveys of a number of coals, samples of 25 to 1,000 grams usually are employed."

Dec 1, 1939

The STATE MINERAL SUMMARIES publication provides estimated data and summaries of mineral activities at the State level for 1991. Most of the estimates are based on nine months data. Individual State summaries are published separately as State Mineral Industry Surveys and copies can be obtained from the appropriate State mineral officer or Bureau field office specified in each State summary.

Jan 1, 1992

By Gregg Hodges, Fred Schoenbrunn, Steve Slottee, Chad McCleary

"In December, 1999 Stillwater Mining Company (SMC) commissioned a new paste /cement backfill plant to supplement the existing sand backfill system for the cut and fill mining operation at it’s Nye, Montana mine. The new plant uses the Baker Process Deep Cone TM Paste Thickener to thicken the total concentrator tailings from 30% solids slurry to a 71% solids paste. This paper describes both general paste formation concepts and the evolution of the SMC paste plant operation from original design criteria, through problem solving and plant modifications, to the operation of the existing plant.Although the original process design was not effective for consistently producing and delivering acceptable paste to the stopes for backfill, SMC was able to make the mechanical and process modifications which allow the plant to now produce and deliver an acceptable product to the stopes. Ongoing test work is targeted at increasing the pumping range of the system, increasing the paste solids concentration from the Deep Cone Paste Thickener and reducing the operating and maintenance costs of the system.INTRODUCTIONThe authors would like to thank both Stillwater Mining Company (SMC) and Baker Process for their assistance in the preparation of this paper. Stillwater Mining Company chose not to participate directly in this paper due to time constraints, but was very helpful in answering questions concerning their approach to problem solving and specific details with regard to engineering criteria.This paper will begin with a general review of the technical and mechanical concepts in paste formation and then focus on the overall design, start-up and problem solving process for the paste backfill operation at SMC’s mine and concentrator near Nye, Montana."

Jan 1, 2001

By A. B. Cecala

Video technology coupled with datalogging exposure monitors have been used to evaluate worker exposure to different types of contaminants. However, previous application of this technology used a stationary video camera to record the worker?s activity while the worker wore some type of contaminant monitor. these techniques are not applicable to mobile workers in the mining industry because of their need to move around the operation while performing their duties. the Helmet-Cam is a recently developed exposure assessment tool that integrates a person-wearable video recorder with a datalogging dust monitor. these are worn by the miner in a backpack, safety belt or safety vest to identify areas or job tasks of elevated exposure. After a miner performs his or her job while wearing the unit, the video and dust exposure data filesare downloaded to a computer and then merged together through a NIOSH-developed computer software program called enhanced Video Analysis of Dust exposure (eVADe). by providing synchronized playback of the merged video footage and dust exposure data, the eVADe software allows for the assessment and identificationof key work areas and processes, as well as work tasks that significantlyimpact a worker?s personal respirable dust exposure. the Helmet-Cam technology has been tested at a number of metal/nonmetal mining operations and has proven to be a valuable assessment tool. mining companies wishing to use this technique can purchase a commercially available video camera and an instantaneous dust monitor to obtain the necessary data, and the NIOSH-developed eVADe software will be available for download at no cost on the NIOSH website.

Sep 1, 2013

The Nak?azdli First Nation and the municipality of Fort St. James are located in the Stuart Lake/Nak?al Bun area and are not unfamiliar to mining. These northern British Columbian communities have been associated with the historic Pinchi Lake Mercury mine and today are closely linked with British Columbia?s newest mine, the Mt. Milligan mine. Prior to the construction of Mt. Milligan, community health and social service providers were concerned about potential impacts that would occur from new mineral development activities. This concern has led to a partnership between the above communities and researchers with expertise in the area of mining and health. This paper describes: the current mining and health environment with a focus on British Columbia; mining trends in the Stuart Lake/Nak?al Bun area; the current community-based health research project funded by the Vancouver Foundation and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and; a suite of community-based health recommendations to mining companies on key issues to consider when developing projects near municipalities and Aboriginal communities in Canada, based upon one of the newest mines under development in Canada.

Aug 1, 2013

Ten years ago, only 3% of Consol's underground coal production resulted from using the longwall mining method. Today, that figure has grown to 45% and has helped the Pittsburgh-based concern fuel an upswing in productivity. The company reported that productivity at its underground mines, excluding labor strike periods, increased 24% between 1978 and 1981. Last year, an additional 8% increase was achieved. Efforts such as improved safety, training, engineering, and maintenance programs as well as the closing of unproductive mines has contributed to these gains, according to Joseph M. Richards, Consol's executive vice president of operations. But, Richards adds, a great part of the credit goes to longwall mining. What is Longwall Mining? To fully appreciate the advantages of longwall, one needs an understanding of how mining is done by other methods. For instance, in both conventional and continuous mining, rooms or tunnels are dug in the coal seam. Pillars of coal are left standing to support the roof as mining moves forward in the seam. In conventional mining, a slot is cut in the base of the seam and holes for blasting are drilled. After blasting, the coal is loaded. A more efficient method - continuous mining - uses a machine that combines cutting and loading. Longwall mining, by contrast, works backwards from the end of a panel. Two parallel sets of tunnels (development panels) are cut into a seam with continuous mining machines, then connected with a set of crosscuts at the far end. Min¬ing then proceeds back toward the entrance. Longwall mining employs some very productive machines. Large drum shearers, for example, run on a track along the length of the coal face for some 150-180 m (500-600 ft). The shearers cut the coal which falls onto a conveyor system or pan that also runs the entire length of the face. The longwall crew works under a roof of heavy steel supports called shields. As the coal is removed, shearers, pans, and shields are moved forward by hydraulic rams. The roof is allowed to collapse behind the shields. In addition to increasing production, longwall mining is considered to be safer because the miners work under strong steel shields. New designs have made them more rugged and maintenance free, as well as more stable on soft mine floors. Early roof supports, called chocks, had gaps in the roof canopies. The new roof shields now cover the entire working area and are better able to prevent roof material from falling into the working area, thereby improving safety and productivity. Longwall mining also results in a cleaner product in many mines. If the first layer of rock over the coal seam is thin, it might have to be removed with the coal in a room-and-pillar operation so a

Jan 11, 1983

By Fábio de São José

Sistemas de moagem são projetados baseando-se, entre outros parâmetros, no consumo de energia das rotas existentes. Consideram-se custos com energia um desafio para a indústria mineral, pois a maioria da energia disponível ao processo é inevitavelmente absorvida pelos equipamentos e somente uma menor porção é destinada à fragmentação desejada. Hoje, a maioria das teorias utilizadas na avaliação do desempenho energético parte dos estudos de pesquisadores como Fred Chester Bond. De acordo com Bond, Work Index (WI) é um parâmetro representativo da resistência à moagem do minério, servindo para medir o consumo de energia na fragmentação e para comparar o comportamento de diferentes minérios. Estudos recentes comprovam que o WI de materiais em mistura pode ser medido, geralmente, com alto desvio devido às diferenças existentes de moabilidade de cada tipologia. Este trabalho consistiu na determinação do WI de minério de zinco silicatado com elevações nos teores de esfalerita (ZnS) e galena (PbS), devido à avanços na lavra, minério composto unicamente por willemita e suas misturas. Valores encontrados mostraram que a presença significativa de minerais de classes distintas daquele predominante na frente de lavra pode influenciar na determinação de parâmetros importantes para o processamento mineral. Amostras foram fornecidas pela Votorantim Metais Zinco.

Aug 8, 2018

By Richard B. Stein

Section 25 has been assembled to give the geological, mining, or metallurgical engineer an overview of some of the important downstream operations that typically follow mining activities. This subject is obviously too broad and complex to be covered in detail within this Handbook. However, the engineer will be interested to learn about the basic fundamentals, and especially how they might affect the economics of the total project from prospecting and mining through to metals recovery and marketing. In this way, it is hoped that the engineer will have a better overall appreciation for the technical and commercial prospects of a mining and metal-producing project.

Jan 1, 2008

By Oliver C. Ralston

[This paper is an expanded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flotation and Agglomerate Tabling of Nonmetallic Minerals, " published in Transactions of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 691-726) and prepared a year previously. Revisions embodied herein brine the data up to January 1, 1938. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Oliver C. Ralston

[This paper is an expmded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flota- tion and Agglomerate Tabling of Honmetdlic Idinerds, " published in Trans- actions of the Canadian Ir-stitute of Iriining and !,letdlurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 6? 1-726) and al'enared a year pr~viousl:~. Revisions en'oodied herein brinc the &ta I:T to Jn?uac"g 1, 193;. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered. This paper is an expmded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flota- tion and Agglomerate Tabling of Honmetdlic Idinerds, " published in Trans- actions of the Canadian Ir-stitute of Iriining and !,letdlurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 6? 1-726) and al'enared a year pr~viousl:~. Revisions en'oodied herein brinc the &ta I:T to Jn?uac"g 1, 193;. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered.]

Jan 1, 1938

? Hollow Stem Auger ? Drill Bits ? Leads/Torque Arm ? Hydraulic Gearbox ? Hydraulic Power Unit ? Grout Pump ? Crawler Crane

Jan 1, 2002

By D Thomas

Geochemical data related to AMD for the West Coast and Southland regions have been collated into a relational database and GIS system. The types of information include; rock geochemical data, water chemistry data and aquatic macro-invertebrate abundance data. This information will be combined with eco-toxicology experiments to determine impact thresholds on aquatic ecosystems. Ultimately these datasets will be combined with remediation investigations to produce a Framework to assist decision making related to mine planning, consent and compliance.   Current geochemical research examines the controls on As concentrations downstream of gold mining areas and the variability of AMD from Brunner Coal Measure rocks. Assessment of factors that control the chemistry of Brunner Coal Measure AMD such as mine type, hydrogeology, geology, geochemistry and climate is in progress. Minerals that control the concentration of aluminium downstream of AMD point sources include alunite, jurbanite and various forms of Al(OH)3.

Jan 1, 2005

By Arne M. Myrvang

Rock stress measurements have been carried out by the Mining Department, the Norw. Institute of Technology (NTH) since 1964. Before that time rock stress measurements were carried out at a few locations by the Swedish professor Hast as early as 1958. From the very beginning the NTH engagement in the rock stress measuring field has been very practically aimed, and we have all the time enjoyed a very good cooperation with the Norwegian mining industry. At a very early stage the industry realized that proper measurements with proper equipment could be a very valuable practical tool. Hence the industry also was willing to grant considerable funds for the education of experts and development of measuring techniques. Since 1964 measurements have been carried out in the great majority of Norwegian mines. During the last years a large number of measurements have also been carried out in connection with hydro-electric power plants, road tunnels etc.

Jan 1, 1981

By P. R. Bradley

This paper is one of a series , dealing with mining methods and costs , sponsored and published by the U. S. Bureau of Mines . Papers of this series are written by engineers and executives of mining companies , at the solicitation of the Bureau , and in accordance with an outline prepared by Bureau engineers , for the purpose of securing uniform presentation and conformable data . The property of the Alaska Juneau Gold Mining Co. is situated near the city of Juneau , Alaska , in what is known as the Harris mining district . Wholesale mining operations have been adopted on a large scale and 10,000 to 11,000 tons per day of gold- bearing ore are mined and sent to concentrators near Juneau . In addition to gold , the ore yields 0.6 ounce of silver and 13.0 pounds of lead to each ounce of gold recovered .

Oct 1, 1929

By Jacob L. Brinkman, Catherine E. Johnson

Researchers are exploring the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to measure concentrations of gas emissions in situations where such measurements are otherwise extremely difficult to obtain, such as NO and NO2 (NOx) emissions from surface mine blasting. Recently, countries have imposed or are planning to impose surface blasting gas pollution regulations, which creates a need for an improved understanding of UAV-based gas measuring systems. The experiments detailed in this paper were performed to determine if airflow generated by the rotors, also known as downwash, unnaturally alters concentration measurements. Downwash turbulence could create locations of varying pressure, which could affect density-based concentrations as measured by some governing entities, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 

By CHONG WEI, TATYANA KATSAGA, DEREK APEL

This study provides an effective determination process of the interface microstructural parameters in the numerical modelling of the mechanical interaction between two different geomaterials involved with frictional-bonded interfaces, such as the interaction between backfill columns and the surrounding rocks, or the soil-structure interaction, by using the coupled finite-difference and discrete-element (FD-DE) method. Three-dimensional numerical direct shear tests were conducted on the coupled FD-DE model of the combined rock-cemented rockfill (R-CRF) specimens with the frictional-bonded interface. With the microstructural parameters determined, the macro-mechanical properties of the interface of the coupled model were calibrated to well fit with the theoretical values of the combined specimen under the direct shear condition assumed according to the Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion. Evident elastoplastic shear behaviour was observed on the interfaces, and excellent agreement was attained between the shapes of the theoretical and simulated shear stress-displacement curves of the coupled models at different servo-controlled normal stresses. Particulate-scale force chains inside the DE model of the CRF specimen were highly consistent with the force contour on the FD model of the rock specimen, demonstrating the shear stress evolution of the coupled model at different shear displacements. Parametric studies verified the effects of the deformation properties of the interface parallel bonds on the shape of shear stress-displacement curves of the coupled models. The test results validated the feasibility and rationality of the coupled FD-DE method for modelling the combined specimens with frictional-bonded interfaces or joints. Furthermore, this study provides valuable numerical modelling experience for investigating the shear behaviour at the interface between cemented backfill columns and surrounding walls by using the coupled FD-DE method.

Nov 2, 2021

[Pumps: oil-well: plunger: essential parts, G26, 130; 74, 828 improved type, 74, 846 leakage, 74, 837 operating cycle, 74, 833 Uren design, G26, 145 sucker-rod failures, G26, 136 sucker-rod stress, 74, 835 sucker rods, 74, 830, 832 tubing, 74, 833 tubing difficulties, G25, 138; 74, 836 Olivite, 73, 337 valve and seats, 74, 832 Punching: Monel metal, 78, 86 nickel, 78, 86 Punjab. See Indian Empire. PUPIN, M. L biography, M26, 113 John Fritz medalist, 1931, M81, 499 recipient of Washington Award, M28, 155 PURDY, R.: Discussions: on Relative Efficiencies of Domestic Fuels in Relation to Their Costs and Their Advantages 108, 353 on Uses on Coal in the Ceramic Industry, 108,389,398]

Jan 1, 1936

By F. Sillers, R. T. C. Rasmussen

"INTRODUCTION This is the fourth report of investigations dealing with the cooperative tests between the Bureau of Mines and industry on the use of electrolytic manganese in steelmaking. The first report dealt with the use of electrolytic manganese in the manufacture of stainless steel 3/ the second with its use in acid electric steel practice, 4/ and the third with its use in low-carbon basic open-hearth steelmaking. 2/ A résumé of those investigations E7 appeared in the magazine STEEL. 5/ The present report deals with the use of electrolytic manganese in the manufacture of four types of stainless steel and the new Timken 16-25-6 alloy. The Bureau of Mines supplied The Timken Roller Bearing Co. with 62,000 pounds of electrolytic manganese for use in the tests.The electrolytic manganese was produced at the Bureau of Mines pilot plant, Boulder City, Nev., by the process developed by the Bureau and described in Bulletin 463, Operation of Electrolytic Manganese Pilot Plant, Boulder City, Nev., by J. H. Jacobs. J. W. Hunter, W. H. Yarroll, P. E. Churchward, R. G. Knickerbocker, R. W. Lewis, H.A. Heller, and J. H. Linck. The workcarried out under the direction of R. S. Dean, formerly assistant director, Bureau of Mines, and R. G. Knickerbocker, formerly chief, metallurgical branch, as part of a long-range program involving the development, manufacture, and use of manganese from domestic ores. Preliminary arrangements for the plant tests were made by the late A. A. Dow. 7/"

Jun 1, 1947

By G. Lee, E. T. C. Spooner

"Molybdenum mineralization at Boss Mountain is hosted by the Triassic Takomkane quartz monzodiorite batholith and is associated with a Cretaceous monzogranite stock. Ore has been mined from a sheeted vein system that describes a partial annulus centred upon the apical region of the stock and from subvertical breccia pipes that emanate from the stock. Molybdenite precipitation is coincident with CO2 effervescence from a dilute (1.9 mole o/o NaC/ equivalent) hydrothermal fluid over a temperature range of 250°C to 370°C at a pressure of approximately 350 bars, interpreted to be greater than or equal to the lithostatic load and equivalent to a depth of 1.3 km or less.IntroductionThe chemical and thermal constraints on molybdenum transport and deposition to form molybdenum ore deposits are not well understood. To address this problem, the Boss Mountain mine in central British Columbia, operated by Noranda Mines Ltd., was chosen as a well-described (Soregaroli and Nelson, 1976), relatively small and simple example of a Cordilleran Mo~ deposit. It is situated on the northeast slope of Takornkane Mountain, 10 km west of the community of Hendrix Lake (N.T.S. 93A/2W; latitude 52°06'N, longtitude 120°56'W). Access is from 100 Mile House by nearly 90 km of road, the first 50 km of which are paved."

Jan 1, 1995