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The October General Meeting of the Institute was held in Kelvin House, Johannesburg, on Wednesday, 21st October, 1970, at 4.30 p.m. V. C. Robinson (President) was in the chair. There were also present 25 Fellows, including J. K. E. Douglas, Prof D. D. Howat, D. G. Maxwell, Dr R. E. Robinson, P. A. von Wielligh (Council Members). D. Ayres, G. Burrow, E. H. D. Carman, D. L. Carson, M. E. E. Douglas, S. A. Finney, W. R. Flook, A. J. Freemantle, W. A. Gilbert, E. B. Gordon, B. W. Gray, J. M. Jacobs, P. H. Kitto, C. H. Kruger, Dr P. J. D. Lloyd, D. G. Malan, W. Pilkington, W. G. Pyne-Mercier, K. S. Rae, W. T. Ruhmer, D. J. Tutt and D. T. Watt. Seven Members, including E. J. Dominy, S. I. du Preez, L. V. Grobler, D. R. Lings, G. D. Louw, J. S. A. Oelofse and O. B. Prentis. Fifteen Visitors, including J. R. Coppin, Dr A. Faure, P. E. Franzl, G. P. Hart, D. van Heerden, A. W. Hunt, A. R. F. MacDonald, B. G. Meyburgh, P. H. Radcliffe, J. M. Shirley, T. H. Tunley, A. D. Vellema and R. E. Wheeler. Secretary, D. C. Visser. Total present: 49. OBITUARIES The President: "It is my sad duty to announce the death of the following: Sir George Arthur Davenport, Honorary Life Fellow, who joined the Institute in 1930 and passed away on 17th September, 1970. The late Sir George was also, for many years, our corresponding member for Rhodesia. Andrew Malcolm Carmichael, Associate, who joined the Institute in 1944 and passed away on 22nd August, 1970. Cyril John Douglas Veal, Life Fellow, who joined the Institute in 1929 and passed away on 27th August, 1970. As a mark of respect to the memory of the deceased and in sympathy with the bereaved I would ask you all to rise and observe a few moments' silence." CONFIRMATION OF MINUTES The President: "May we confirm the minutes of the Annual General Meeting held on 26th August, 1970, and the minutes of the monthly general meetings which were held on the 20th of May and the 17th of June, 1970, as published in the August Journal." Agreed. MEMBERSHIP The President: "I have much pleasure in announcing that the names of the undermentioned candidates, having been published in accordance with By-Law 5.2.2., Council has elected them to membership of the Institute in the following grades: Members: Nikolaos Lalakakis, Gordon Phillips Rundle. Associates: Henry du Preez, James Robert Forbes, Johannes Stephanus Albertus Oelofse, Casper Vorster van Heerden. Graduates: Michael Harold Crosbie, Graham Robert Wallis Walker, Gary Walker Braithwaite. Students: Mohammad Ali Kazemzadeh, Gerhardus Petrus Benade. APPLICATIONS FOR TRANSFER From Graduate to Member: James Wormald. From Student to Graduate: Peter John Cook, Pieter Willem Greeff. "I welcome the newly elected members to the Institute and congratulate the members who have been transferred to a higher grade." PAPER FOR PRESENTATION The President: "This paper is entitled 'The Design, Erection and Operation of a Purlex Plant at Buffelsfontein Gold Mining Company Limited'. It is presented to the Institute by Mr B. G. Meyburgh, a visitor to our Institute. He is a graduate of the University of the Orange Free State and is the Uranium Plant Superintendent at Buffelsfontein and he, therefore, is in a very strong position to describe this very excellent job which is being done as he has been associated with this plant from the inception." After the presentation of the paper the President said: "Gentlemen, the paper you've heard from Mr Meyburgh is a very concise and interesting account of an important piece of work, and I think the title is so completely descriptive of the subject, which is admirably set out in the paper which you have heard. You probably haven't all had the opportunity of reading it, but you very soon will. I found it interesting to note that the results predicted were surpassed in the operation of the plant to date. The actual results obtained are significantly good, I think. Any process which, in this country, increases production and decreases costs, is to be welcomed, particularly when it is so necessary for South Africa almost to bend over backwards to utilise every avenue available in order to increase the scope of the production for overseas' markets, of her metallurgical and mineral potential. In lighter vein-and there is no reason why we should always be so serious-I am glad to see that, in a scientific journal like this, such words as the American word 'crud' which I have been picked out about so often, because my grandchildren use it, is now given an aura of respectability. Thank you very much, Mr Meyburgh, for an interesting paper. We have a long list of contributors, and I am not going to waste any more time. I am going to call on Mr Tunley of the N.I.M. for the first contribution." T. H. Tunley, P. de Bruyn (read by A. D. Vellema), E. J. Dominy, E. H. D. Carman, A. R. F. MacDonald D. C. Streicher (read by P. H. Radcliff), Dr A. Faure and Dr P. J. D. Lloyd then contributed to the discussion. (This discussion will appear in a later issue of the Journal.) The President: "I wish to thank members and visitors for their attendance, and now declare the meeting closed." The meeting closed at 6.05 p.m.

By S. Schutte, J. Pelders

Worker participation in equipment development can result in improved user acceptance and product quality. This paper focuses on worker engagement in equipment development processes in the South African minerals sector. Qualitative data was gathered during interviews with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and industry experts. A lack of inclusion in equipment design from workers from all organizational levels in mines was reported. Meanwhile, the historical context and workplace culture of the mining industry (including leadership, trust, training, performance, and remuneration factors) were evident barriers to the implementation of new technology. Worker engagement processes should include securing management commitment, creating multidisciplinary teams, effective facilitation, shared understanding of needs, training and development, and iterative design. Human-centred design approaches and independent platforms for engagement on equipment design requirements are recommended.

Feb 2, 2021

By Q. Cui, B. Z. Zhou, Z. G. Song, Y. G. Zhu, G. B. Zheng

The complex refractory Cu-Pb-Zn polymetallic ore in Xinjiang, China is a massive sulphide ore with complex mineral components. In the past two years, the ore mineralogy has changed, resulting in a decline in metallurgy, with too much zinc reporting to the lead and copper concentrates. A detailed mineralogical study indicating the presence of secondary copper minerals, which could be activating the sphalerite early in the present circuit, was used to develop a novel reagent and flotation flowsheet termed “Pb-Cu co-flotation, Cu intensified flotation, Zn flotation”. It was tested and found to significantly contribute to improving the flotation performance of the ore. In the Pb-Cu co-flotation circuit, successful depression of pyrite and sphalerite was achieved using a BK612- Na2S based depressant system. Most of the galena and some of the Cu bearing minerals with excellent floatability were collected with the use of the selective collector BK906. The rest of Cu bearing minerals were floated in a copper Z200 circuit using a BK537-lime-zinc sulphate based depressant scheme. Zinc flotation from the copper tailing was performed in a SIBX circuit using lime as a pyrite depressant. Using the proposed flowsheet, overall Pb, Cu, and Zn recovery increased significantly to 88%, 87%, and 90% respectively. Keywords: Complex polymetallic ore, Cu-Pb-Zn, Pb-Cu co-flotation, particle size

Jan 1, 2020

By J. H. deur Potgieter

This paper, 'A review of the biological treatment of cyanide-bearing waste water' discusses the necessity for the treatment of cyanide-bearing waste water with a view to the avoidance of environmental pollution, and the limitations of the available chemical and physical processes are referred to briefly. The sources of cyanide-bearing waste waters are mentioned. The mechanisms of production and utilization of cyanide by fungi and bacteria are discussed. The work done in connection with the biological removal and destruction of cyanide is summarized, the successes achieved are described, and the relevant processes are listed. In conclusion, some advantages of biological processes for the removal of cyanide are mentioned.

Jan 1, 1991

By R. H. Matjie, J. R. Bunt, A. C. Collins, J. C. van Dyk, C. A. Strydom

South African coal discards derived from feed coal for thermoprocesses pose human health and environmental problems and incur high disposal costs. These issues need to be resolved. Coal fines and a coal fines/ K2CO3 blend were combusted at 700°C in a laboratory rotary kiln to produce ashes containing metakaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO2) and illite/muscovite/orthoclase amorphous materials. The blend ash and coal fines ash, containing 18% K2O and <1% K2O respectively, were leached with water and with 1 M and 8 M NaOH at 80°C for 4 hours using a solid to liquid ratio of 1:5. The 8 M NaOH leach yielded 17% sodalite (Na8Si6Al6O24(OH)2) formation through SiO32-, Al(OH)4-, and Na+ precipitation in the leached ashes. The 1 M NaOH leach yielded no sodalite. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the original ashes and leached ashes showed low Al and Si dissolution efficiencies due to the sodalite formation. Sequential NaOH leaching resulted in the highest potassium dissolution efficiency of 89% for the ashes of fines/K2CO3 blend and 59% for the fines. It may be possible to increase the ash-derived zeolite concentration by using even higher NaOH concentrations (12–20 M NaOH) during leaching. Sodalite derived from coal ash could possibly be utilized for water purification in industrial applications, or as molecule separators. The potassium-containing liquid could be used in fertilizer manufacture.

Mar 30, 2023

By H. Wagner

During the last few years a large number of pillars in different mines were investigated. Pillar conditions were evaluated using subjective, empirical, geophysical and numerical methods. A critical comparison of the different methods showed some interesting coherence. This paper concentrates on experiences using the p-wave velocities as an indicator of pillar conditions. Während den letzten Jahren wurde eine große Anzahl von Bergfesten in verschiedenen Bergwerken auf ihren Zustand hin untersucht. Hierzu wurden subjektive, empirische, geophysikalische sowie numerische Methoden angewandt. Dieser Vortrag beschäftigt sich mit den Erfahrungen beim Einsatz der p-Wellengeschwindigkeit zur Beschreibung des Festenzustandes. Le condition géotechnique d’une grand nombre des piliers des mines souterraines différentes sont examinées ces dernières années. On a appliqué des méthodes subjectives, empiriques, géophysiques et numériques. Ce rapport occupe aux expériences avec l’application de la vélocité des ondes de compression pour tracer le condition des piliers.

Jan 1, 2003

By M. Fener, S. Kahraman, O. Gunaydin, M. Alber

Falling into the weak rocks category, fault breccias have extremely poor engineering properties. These pebbles typically cause issues with slopes, subterranean construction, and building projects. Professionals will benefit from the creation of some predictive models for fault breccia triaxial strength, as smooth specimen preparation is typically challenging and timeconsuming. The purpose of this study is to develop some predictive models for the differential stress (Δσ) based on physical and textural properties. Artificial neural networks were used to analyse data related to Misis fault breccia. Initially, models with moderate (noticeable, but not good) correlation coefficients were created using multiple regression analysis. After that, the regression models and three distinct artificial neuron network models were contrasted. Regression models are weaker and less trustworthy than artificial neuron network models, as demonstrated by this comparison. Pointed out is the practicality and ease of use of the artificial neuron network model with S-wave velocity and volumetric block proportion. Ultimately, it can be concluded that artificial neuron networks analysis provides a reliable indirect method for predicting the differential stress of Misis fault breccia.

Sep 1, 2025

By M. C. Holton

South Africa has the world?s largest in situ deposits of platinum group metals, but economically exploitable resources are shrinking due to escalating costs and technical challenges. The South African National Research and Development Strategy comments that an increase in the knowledge intensity of the resource-based sectors is required to turn these resources to account. Highly trained human resources, continuous improvement, technological innovation, and smart acquisition of know-how will become the major differentiators in the global mining market. Mechanization and, ultimately, automation in mining have the potential to reverse the negative mining trend and resolve safety and other challenges. However, the adoption rate of mechanized mining in platinum (and hard-rock gold) has been slow for various reasons. Changing systems from conventional drill?and-blast to continuous mechanized mining is a big step-change endeavour. The problem of transformation is discussed, and the discipline of systems engineering is examined because of its successful application in aerospace and defence.

Jan 1, 2012

By H. von Blottnitz, B. E. Isheloke

Mining is a significant economic activity in most Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and mineral beneficiation has been identified, and controversially discussed as one of the possibilities for industrialisation. With many member countries being economically too small to muster the human and financial resources which beneficiation requires, the recently adopted Regional Mining Vision (RMV) envisages interventions at a regional level. An opportunity arose to ask industry role players to what extent the SADC appears to support regional beneficiation policy interventions undertaken by member countries, and what the challenges are in undertaking beneficiation regionally, as a complement to, or substitute for country-specific beneficiation policies. Twenty-five semistructured interviews were conducted with experts from SADC member countries during the 2019 Mining Indaba. Participants were divided on whether beneficiation should be carried out nationally or in the SADC region. While beneficiation could support value-keeping, key challenges were found to be infrastructure development (i.e. energy, water), scarce skills, access to technology and related costs, but also lack of free trade and movement. We submit that a more integrated beneficiation strategy for the SADC region, as is being developed through the RMV, would indeed be relevant in the future. Keywords: Mineral beneficiation, regional integration, beneficiation policy interventions, African mining vision, mining, SADC

Jan 1, 2020

On behalf of the Council and staff of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, it is my privilege to wish all members and subscribers a very Happy Christmas and a Prosperous New Year.

Jan 1, 1988

By A. Adeli, A. V. Metcalfe, E. Addo, E. Sepulveda

"The accurate modelling of geometallurgical data can significantly improve decision-making and help optimize mining operations. This case study compares models for predicting copper recovery from three indirect test measurements that are typically available, to avoid the cost of direct measurement of recovery. Geometallurgical data from 930 drill core samples, with an average length of 19 m, from an orebody in South America have been analysed. The data includes copper recovery and the results of three other tests: Bond mill index test; resistance to abrasion and breakage index; and semi-autogenous grinding power index test. A genetic algorithm is used to impute missing data at some locations so as to make use of all 930 samples. The distribution of the variables is modelled with D-vine copula and predictions of copper recovery are compared with those from regressions fitted by ordinary least squares and generalized least squares. The D-vine copula model had the least mean absolute error. IntroductionIn this paper we compare the use of D-vine copula, generalized least squares (GLS), and ordinary least squares (OLS) for modelling geometallurgical data from an orebody in South America. The first objective is to construct models for predicting copper recovery (Rec) from the Bond mill index test (BWi); resistance to abrasion and breakage index (A*b); and semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) power index test (Spi). This involves fitting a D-vine copula and regression models fitted by OLS and GLS. The second objective is to investigate the performance of the fitted models for predicting Rec (Willmott and Matsuura 2005).Traditional resource model approaches either ignore the mineral processing characteristics of extracted tonnages or treat processing as an independent component of a mining operation. The net present value (or any other objective) can be truly optimized only by considering the mining operation as an integrated system in which net value is defined as the end-product that the company sells. This approach requires the resource model to be extended to include all relevant rock properties and processing responses."

Mar 1, 2019

The September General Meeting of the Institute was held in Kelvin House, Johannesburg, on 16th September, 1970, at 3.00 p.m. Mr V. C. Robinson (President) was in the Chair. There were also present one hundred and eighteen Fellows, including Dr J. M. Bereza, H. P. Carlisle, R. J. C. Goode, Dr J. P. Hugo, P. Lambooy, Prof R. P. Plewman, W. W. Malan, Dr J. T. McIntyre, Dr M. D. G. Salamon, L. W. P. Van den Bosch, P. A. von Wielligh (Council Members), A. Bain, G. P. Bennet, D. L. Carson, G. L. H. Diering, M. E. E. Douglas, F. A. B. Fouche, R. Fourie, A. R. C. Fowler, E. B. Gordon, J. S. Hay, G. H. Henderson, S. D. Hill, A. C. Hofmeyr, J. M. Jacobs, A. F. Lee, D. G. Malan, L. J. Prince, W. G. Pyne-Mercier, A. H. Mokken, Dr W. S. Rapson, R. R. Richardson, H. V. Solomon, C. G. Sowry, G. G. Stanley, G. R. Still, D. L. Starkey, D. L. Taylor, E. W. Thiel, I. E. Van Aswegan, M. van Ryneve1d Steyn, N. B. Vinson, H. Wheeler, Dr A. Whillier, R. A .Wilson, C. F. Ziervogel. Forty-two Members including R. C. Bertram, F. Collier, G. C. Currie, O. Davel, J. M. Gosnell, A. Hazell, Dr N. C. Joughin, F. Kleinschmidt, D. Love, R. B. Macgillivray, D. Mather, R. D. R. Munro, R. S. Pearson, J. J. Peisl, T. J. Pole, A. J. Rossouw, R. G. B. Skirving, G. S. Schwartz, K. Stee1e, H. A. G. Slater, A. Taylor, B. A. Thomas, P. L. Vaughan, D. T. Watt, W. Wilson. Nineteen Associates including R. K. Briggs, S. I. Du Preez, P. G. Gaylard, P. H. Hartslief, W. M. Mackay, A. D. Ross. Three Students: V. S. Care, R. J. Drummond, P. J. Pretorius. Thirty-one Visitors including C. P. S. Barnard, D. W. Bosch, M. Bain G. L. Brown, G. D. Behrens, C. Coetzer, D. M. Gilbart-Smith, R. L. Man, Dr G. J. Stander, M. W. L. Steinobel, R. H. E. Thorpe, T. D. van Wyk, P. H. van Zyl, E. Vereecken, J. J. H. Viljoen. Secretary, D. C. Visser. Total present: 215. OBITUARIES The President: "It is my sad duty to announce the death of the following: Bruce Donaldson Crawford, Fellow, who joined the Institute in 1951 and passed away on 29th April, 1970. Donald Joseph Powrie, Life Fellow, who joined the Institute in 1935 and passed away on 22nd July, 1970. As a mark of respect to the memory of the deceased and in sympathy with the bereaved I would ask you all to rise and observe a few moments&apos; silence." MEMBERSHIP The President: "I have much pleasure in announcing that the names of the under-mentioned candidates, having been published in accordance with By-Law 5.2.2, Council has elected them to membership of the Institute in the following grades: Associate: WiIliam Norman Carter. Students: Roman Michael Dabrowski, Sean George Dean Eaton, Alan Philip Stonham Howard, Anton du Preez Roos, Richard Harold Tourle. MEMBERS TRANSFERRED TO A HIGHER GRADE From Graduate to Member: Terrance Alexander Ward. From Associate to Member: Bernard Andre Thomas. "I welcome the newly elected members to the Institute and congratulate the members who had been transferred to a higher grade." CO-OPTION The President: "I wish to advise members that, in terms of clause 3.9 of the Constitution, Mc. H. P. Carlisle had been co-opted to serve on Council." PAPERS FOR PRESENTATION The President: "We have two papers today, and I am first going to call on Dr Stander the Head of the Water Division of the C.S.I.R., who IS well known to many of you for his work and talks on pollution, who has had more than a little to do with this industry, and who has been I would say, of the greatest possible assistance to the mining industry in overcoming the problems of pollution which are so prevalent in industry of this nature. He, Mr Henzen and Mr Funke have written this paper, &apos;The disposal of polluted effluents from mining, metallurgical and metal-finishing industries, their effects on receiving water and remedial measures.&apos; This is the Water Year, as you know, and it is most appropriate that we should have such an authority to talk to us on this very important topic. I now have much pleasure in asking Dr Stander to introduce his paper." After the presentation of the paper the President said, "Gentlemen, I am sure that you would like me on your behalf, to thank Dr Stander very sincerely for a paper which I think has enabled us to get a completely new slant on the Water Year. There are many people who have put their finger on this campaign and said, it is all a gimmick. There are others-I suppose notably some of the bridge clubs which operate on week-day afternoons in Parkview-who seem to think that this is a quick way of getting early rain. Of course, it is not. This is a most important paper which we have had given to us this afternoon. You probably found it here when you arrived and have not read it-I was very lucky to be able to read it last night, and there is an awful lot of meat in it. For as long as I have been associated with mining in any way, there has been a problem of polluted effluent-of effluents carrying a mineral load from mining, and I think Dr Stander is absolutely right-and, of course, the Commission is right when they say that this is not merely the problem of mine management or mine owners-this is a problem which affects every single human being in this country.

By J. K. Williams, M. P. Wells

"As part of the planning system at each division of Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines, Limited, the Mine Planning Department is required to produce a detailed production schedule for each shaft.Because of the difficulties in producing a schedule which satisfies all the mining constraints, and because of the large clerical effort involved, the full range of possible schedules can never be considered.It has been found possible to produce a schedule using linear programming which satisfies the majority of the many varied mining constraints. Computer programs have been written to enable the mine planning department to use this mathematical system without assistance.The system has a large degree of flexibility to enable the planner to include conditions which cannot be incorporated readily in the linear program. This system permits the more efficient production and evaluation of schedules and reduces the amount of clerical effort."

Jan 1, 2014

By L. Bloch

Most mine safety initiatives in South Africa are doomed to limited success because of one simple fact: they are a-historical and un-cultural and do not deal with the serious ?legacy issues? that still negatively impact on safety, production, and relationships. We in the SA mining industry continually use imported, foreign safety concepts and systems that will not work fully in a South African context. ?The 4th Wave: Culture-Based Behavioural Safety?, as developed by Lance Bloch, an international award-winning clinical psychologist with 12 years? experience in the mining industry - focused mostly on Platinum - is making waves. He has been very successful in creating people-centred, empowered, high-performance safety cultures wherever he has worked. Not only does the 4th Wave transform the corporate culture of a mine, improving safety and production and building an environment of Ubuntu, but it also uses people?s cultures as a means of winning hearts and minds in the battle for safe production. Powerful relationships are built through engagement at all levels, leading to all being focused on the best needs of the company and its constituents as a whole. The programmes are no less than nation-building - something most necessary in the industry, with the pressures from community, unions, the DMR, and politicians. This presentation will describe and discuss the 4th Wave as an advance on previous safety technology and programmes, as particularly relevant to platinum mining in South Africa today.

Jan 1, 2012

By E. M. Sacris

The semi-autogenous grinding mill is the bottleneck whenever treating hard and finely fragmented ore at Benguet Corporation&apos;s Kaline Concentrator. Low milling rates result from very high and fluctuating mill power draw. Attempts to use a mill horsepower control loop to regulate feed rate were unsuccessful because of operational upsets caused by fluctuations in feed rate on downstream operations. The objective of the computer control was to maximize tonnage throughput by stabilizing the power draw at a high but safe level without upsetting subsequent operations. The semi-autogenous mill is operated in closed circuit with a stationary screen. Instrumentation consists of a feed weightometer, a power transmitter to measure mill load, a headwater flowmeter and an ultrasonic level sensor to measure the mill discharge sump level. A 64 k-byte FOX-3 Foxboro computer processes field data from various sensors and manipulates the input control variables. These variables are the fresh feed rate and the headwater flowrate. Feed rate is controlled through a supervisor-type computer program aimed at maximizing and stabilizing power draw. The control scheme was according to how the operators responded during an operator-directed automatic control mode. Mill dilution is similarly controlled. Results achieved reflect a 3% increase in tonnage milled because of the reduction in control variability that ensued.

Jan 1, 1987

By M. A. Reuter, N. J. Bartie

Metals make modern societies function, and increasingly, various high purity precious and special metals endow sustainability-driving technologies with specific functionalities. These metals become heavily intertwined within products, complicating end-of-life treatment. To counteract the resulting downcycling and potential depletion of scarce resources, maximising both the quantities and qualities of materials recovered during primary extraction and recycling, processes should be a priority in the pursuit of sustainable circular economy. Adopting a process simulation approach; a digital twin for the life cycle of cadmium-telluride solar photovoltaic (CdTe PV) modules was created. The system comprises an integrated metallurgical production system that produces, among others, cadmium, tellurium, selenium, zinc, copper, and lead, all of which are required to manufacture PV modules. System-wide resource efficiency and environmental impacts are assessed using exergy analysis and life cycle assessment, respectively. Simulation of this large and complex product life cycle at a high level of detail allows for the evaluation of potential system-wide effects of various production, recycling and residue exchange scenarios aimed at maximising the sustainability of the entire system. It diminishes the need to make arbitrary choices about allocation methods for the distribution of environmental impacts in multipleoutput production systems. Furthermore, it demonstrates the key importance of metallurgy in achieving circular economy. Keywords: Circular economy, sustainability, simulation, metallurgy, CdTe photovoltaics, life cycle assessment

Jan 1, 2020

By G. Dhakal, J. -I. Kodama, K. Neaupane, T. Yoneda

ABSTRACT Durability tests and evaluation of sub-zero temperature effects to some argillaceous clastic rocks were carried out. Welded tuff, limestone, sandstone and schist samples collected from different parts of Japan were tested and results are presented. Schist and dolomite from Ganesh Himal area along the higher Himalayas of Nepal were also tested, and the results are compared. The slaking tests were performed on all samples in pure water. The results reveal that the slaking index of schist from Japan is lower than that of schist from Nepal. Regarding carbonate rocks, the slaking index of limestone from Japan is higher than that of dolomite from Nepal. A tendency of decrease in slake durability with an increase in porosity is also observed. Freezing and thawing experiments conducted on welded tuff and schist reveal that crack initiates earlier but extends slower in schist than in welded tuff. It is also observed from the freeze-thaw experiment that the welded tuff deteriorates and wears faster than the schist. However, sandstone remains relatively intact for a long run of freeze-thaw cycles. Zusammenfassung Beständigkeitstests sowie die Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Minusgraden auf Tonschiefer Trümmergestein wurden durchgeführt. Dabei wurden geschweißter Tuff, Kalkstein, Sandstein und Schiefer aus verschiedenen Gebieten Japans sowie Schiefer und Dolomitgestein aus dem Ganesh Himal Gebiet, dem höheren Himalaya Nepals, untersucht und die Resultate verglichen. Für alle diese Gesteine wurden Slaking-Tests in reinem Wasser vorgenommen. Die Resultate zeigen, dass das Slaking von Schiefer aus Japan höher als das von Schiefer aus Nepal war, wohingegen bei kalkhaltigem Gestein das Slaking von Kalkstein aus Japan niedriger als das von Dolomitgestein aus Nepal ausfiel. Es wurde dabei auch eine Tendenz zur Löschbeständigkeitsverringerung bei gleichzeitig erhöhter Porosität beobachtet. Gefrier- und Tautests an geschweißtem Tuff und japanischem Schiefer zeigten, dass Risse in Schiefer schneller auftraten, aber sich langsamer ausweiteten als in geschweißtem Tuff. Bei Gefrier- und Tautests wurde ebenfalls beobachtet, dass geschweißter Tuff schneller verfällt und verschleißt als Schiefer. Sandstein hingegen blieb über lange Tau- und Gefrierzyklen intakt Résumé Des tests de solidités et l’évaluation de l’effet des températures en dessous de zéro sur les rocs argileux ont été effectués. Les rocs d’origine volcanique (cendre), les rocs calcaires, sableux et les schistes de différentes régions du Japon, ont été étudiés. Les schistes et les dolomites de la région de Ganesh Himal le long du haut Himalaya (Népal) ont été étudiés et comparés à ceux du Japon. Les tests de désintégration sur les rocs ont été effectués dans l’eau pure. Les résultats montrent que l’index de désintégration des schistes du Japon est inférieur aux schistes du Népal. En ce qui concerne les rocs carbonyles, l’index de désintégration des rocs calcaires du Japon est supérieur à ceux des dolomites du Népal. Une décroissance de la résistance à la durabilité est observée avec une plus grande porosité des rocs. Les tests de congélation-décongelation sur les schistes et les rocs d’origine volcanique (cendre) du Japon montrent une apparition précoce des fissures mais l’expansion des fissures est plus rapide dans les rocs volcaniques. Des tests similaires montrent que les rocs volcaniques (cendre) se désagrégent plus rapidement que les schistes. Cependant, les rocs sableux restent intacts après plusieurs cycles de congélation-décongélation.

Jan 1, 2003

By H. -U. Lim, C. -H. Kim

The sixth underground pumped powerhouse cavern is under construction now in Korea. For the stability analysis of the five underground powerhouses, finite element method was used. For this analysis, in-situ rock stresses were measured by overcoring method and horizontal to vertical stress ratio was calculated 1.07-1.32 at four sites. Rock mass strength and elasticity were assumed from intact rock properties. The ratio of elasticity of rock mass was 0.16-0.55 of intact rock core elasticity. In general, elasto-plasticity with Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion was applied and the input cohesion and internal friction angle were approximately 0.12-0.22, 0.6-0.87 of intact rock strength parameters, respectively. Der sechste Untergrund-gepumpt-Powerhouse-Cavern ist jetzt im Bau in Korea. Für die vergan-gene Stabilitätsanalyse des fünf unterirdischen Powerhouses in Gebrauch wurde ein begrenztess Elementsmethode benutzt. Für die Analyse wurden In-Situ Felsenspannungen von overcoring Methode gemessen und Horizontale zu senkrechtem Spannungsverhältnis waren als 1.07-1.32 an vier Stellen kalkuliert. Felsenmassenkraft und Elastizität wurden von unversehrtem Felsenei-gentümern angenommen. Das Verhältnis der Elastizität von Felsenmasse war 0.16-0.55 von un-versehrter Felsenkernelastizität. Im allgemeinen wurde Elasto-Plasticity mit Ausfallskriterium des Mohr-Coulombs verwendet. Die Eingabebindekraft und die innere Reibungswinkel waren unge-fähr 0.12-0.22, 0.6-0.87 von unversehrtem Felsenkraftsparametern, jeweilig. En Coree, la sixieme centrale souterraine de la pompe d&apos;accumulation dans la caverne est en construction. La methode d&apos;element fini a ete utilisee pour analyser la stabilite de cinq dernieres centrales en service. Dans cette analyse, la reaction de la roche sur place etait mesuree par la methode d&apos;overcoring et celle du rapport horizontal-vertical etait calculee de 1.07-1.32 en quatre places. L&apos;intensite et l&apos;elasticite de la masse de roche ont ete estimees de la roche intacte. Quant a l&apos;elastic-ite, sa masse de roche etait 0.16-0.55 fois que celle de la roche intacte. En general, elasto-plasticite avec le critere de defaut Mohr-Coulomb etait utilisee et sa cohesion d&apos;energie et son angle de friction interieure etaient supposees respectivement 0.12-0.22, 0.6-0.87 fois que la parametre de l&apos;intensite de roche intacte.

Jan 1, 2003

By Y. Yang, M. Zhang, X. Xia, S Shi, Z. Shen

A stepwise arrangement of flotation cells is the most common layout of a flotation circuit in the mineral processing industry. In such a design, slurry flows from upstream to downstream by means of gravity, and the middling products are returned to previous stages by pumps. This paper will introduce an alternative solution in which the forced-air and slurry-induced flotation cells are adopted so that all the flotation cells can be placed on the same horizontal platform and no pumps will be needed for middling product transferring. The technology of the forced-air and slurry-induced flotation cell will be described in detail, including unique features, the working principle and the related fundamental problems. The comparison of capital investment, operating cost and metallurgical performance will be made between the conventional stepwise arrangement and the samelevel arrangement technology based on industrial practice. Keywords: Forced-air and slurry-induced flotation cell, same-level arrangement, stepwise

Jan 1, 2020

By M. Mbonami, R. Pretorius, J. Miller, P. Kyony, B. Nel, N. Mautsa

Challenges due to the formation of stable froth in acid leach systems is common at many copper and Ccbalt producers. Stable froth affects downstream process, critical equipment, and operational parameters. In severe cases the froth present safety and environmental risks and increased operational costs. Solids reports in the pregnant leach solution, accumulates, and clogs launders resulting in a potential costly safety and environmental risk. Solvent extraction is operationally affected by crud formation, organic solvent and extractant losses, reduced mass transfer due to the solids carried downstream. This article reviews the generally inadequate mechanical and hydraulic solutions of froth elimination employed over the years. The recent introduction of a chemically based solution able to eliminate froth problems that can potentially turn around the situation for those who adopt the technology.

Jan 1, 2023