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By O. U. Bradley

The methods of handling the oil output of the Mid-Continent fields are not unlike those practised in other oil fields of the United States, and it is not expected that this paper will present any entirely novel ideas. Some features of the practice of handling this oil may be of interest, however. Wooden Gaging Tanks Practically all of the oil sold to pipe line? and other purchasing agencies throughout the Mid-Continent field is gaged from wooden tanks. Steel gaging tanks are slowly coming into use, and are preferable in many ways—leakage and evaporation are reduced, and the strapping and recalculation of capacities are unnecessary. The wooden tanks are slightly coned to facilitate tightening the hoops. The sizes in common use are 250, 500, 800 and 1600 bbl. The number and the capacity of the gaging tanks upon any producing oil property depend upon its production, and the facilities for disposing of the output. The 1600-bbl. size was the most common in the Cushing field, particularly during the period of flush production. The tanks are distributed over the leased premises in groups of two, three, and four tanks each, and these are filled from flow tanks, or through direct pipe connections with the heads of the wells. Flow tanks are merely temporary reservoirs to facilitate the transfer of oil from the wells to the gaging tanks. They diminish fire risk, and are considered indispensable on small producing properties where water is pumped with the oil, as they permit the refuse and water to 'settle out before the production is run to the gaging tanks. strapping and Calculations After a gaging tank has been strapped (measured) and its contents computed, a deduction of 3 per cent. is made from its computed volume. The strapping of a tank requires four steps: (1) The outer circumferences

Jan 1, 1920

By Thomas R. Couzens

This chapter covers certain aspects of open pit production planning based on experience, pointing out approaches to planning that may help produce a realistic picture for evaluation and operation The subjects discussed are roads, preproduction stripping, dump planning, dewatering, the relationship of production planning to equipment selection, and computer methods for the short-range or operational pit planning process Actual determination of ore limits, pit design, and production schedules are covered in other chapters This discussion is somewhat general. Specific problems that occur in mine planning are extremely varied, and it is not possible to cover many of them in a chapter, therefore, only some of the principles that are important in the approach to open pit production planning problems will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1979

By R. S. McClellan

Western Talc Company, Inc., with headquarters in Los Angeles, Calif., has just completed an extensive modernization and expansion program at its talc mine near Tecopa, Calif., and at its talc and clay mills at Dunn Siding, Calif., the nearest rail shipping point to the mine. The basic objective of the program was to provide facilities necessary to produce 300 tpd of a wide range of ground talc and clay grades for the ceramic, paint, paper, rubber and other industries. In the planning of the program every effort was made to provide a system which would permit a high degree of quality control and uniformity of the finished products, along with efficient operation. Several years ago, R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. purchased Western Talc Co. after a comprehensive investigation of its properties, including an extensive diamond drilling campaign. Western Talc's properties embraced a number of claims in the Resting Springs mining district in the northern part of San Bernardino Co. and the southern part of Inyo Co., Calif., some seven miles southeast of the town of Tecopa. Operations by the original company were started on a small scale in 1913 and production from that date to the time of purchase of the company by Vanderbilt is estimated at 250,000 tons. The major part of this output was sold to the ceramic wall tile industry.

Jan 3, 1968

Discussion of the paper of Leonard Waldo, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1911, and printed in Bulletin No. 76, April, 1913, pp. 555 to 559. HERBERT HAAS, San Francisco, Cal. (communication to the Secretary*):-Referring to Leonard Waldo's paper on Temperature Conversion Tables, I believe the following formulas can be easily remembered, and by reference to the thermomter scales of Fahrenheit (F.), Celsius (C.), and Réaumur (R.), their derivation and relation are at once understood n° F. = 4/9 (n°-32) R. = (n°-32) C. n° C.=(9/5 n° + 32) F. = 4/5 n° R. n° R.=(9/4 n° + 32) F. = 5/4 n° C. As the freezing point of water is at 32° F., corresponding to 0° C. and 0° R., 32 must be deducted from the Fahrenheit degrees when these are converted into C. or R. degrees. Likewise, to C. or R. degrees converted into F. degrees 32 must be added. The fractions 4/9 and 5/9 and their reciprocals are obtained thus:

Jan 5, 1913

By Andrew W. Jenike

An efficient storage plant contains a known available volume of bulk solid, and feeds it at the required time, the prescribed rate and without degradation of the product. A storage bin may also perform other functions, such as blending different grades, degasifying aerated powders and isolating different gaseous media. A contact bed of particles flowing by gravity in counter-current with a gas or liquid may be used as a continuous reactor. In order to design an efficient storage plant or contact-bed reactor, it is necessary to be aware of the problems which can arise in flow and storage. The typical problems are no flow, erratic flow, flushing, insufficient flow, lack of designed capacity, segregation, degradation of the product and level control.

Jan 5, 1968

By Charles J. Speake, Dennis R. Haley, Thomas E. Finch

The tremendous interest in development of surface- mineable coal throughout the western US will bring with it a requirement for many manhours spent in mine planning and equipment selection. One problem in particular that engineers face during the planning stage is that of selecting a dragline with the proper reach capability. Reach, expressed in terms of operating radius and effective spoil radius, can be a major problem when mining deeper than originally planned, and aside from production requirements, the ability of a particular dragline to spoil across a strip is essential. Determination of dragline reach needed for a multiple-seam western coal operation can be simplified by use of an equation derived below that eliminates the need for tedious and repetitive calculations.

Jan 5, 1977

By S. P. Singh, V. J. Hucka

There are a number of problems associated with underground coal mining, but the most serious and important are often related to the ground control. The influence of the prevailing geological conditions and features on the stability of underground mining has been outlined in this paper. Special emphasis has been given to the importance of geological techniques in the evaluation of coal mine roof conpetency prior to and during the mining operations. In addition to this, typi- cal ground control problems owing to the geological abnormalities have been depicted by appropriate case histories from coal seams in the State of Utah. The interdependence between longwall design and road- way stability on the one hand and geologic features on the other hand are shown in this study.

Jan 1, 1983

By Y. H. Liu, G. W. Powell

Thin foils made from the gold-rich region of- short (0.15 mm)Au-Ag diffusion couples annealed at 880°C for 1 hr were examined in ax electron microscope and the structures were compared with that of pure gold subjected to identical heat treatments. The couples underwent Plastic deformation (bending) during the diffusional anneal. The foils prepared from the diffusion zone have a higher dislocation density and incidence of subboundaries than pure gold. The plastic bending of the couple can be interpreted in terms of the climb of edge dislocations, which are pavallel to the bend axis, along the direction of diffusion. THE interaction of lattice defects during interdiffu-sion between two metals has been considered by several investigators. In particular, da Silva and Mehl,1 Barnes,' and Bardeen and Herring3 have proposed models based on interactions between point and line defects to account for the Kirkendall effect (marker movement). Each of these models is based on dislocation climb, which can either add or remove lattice planes, induced by an under- or supersaturation of vacancies. A theoretical treatment of the nucleation and growth of voids by the condensation of vacancies has been presented by Seitz.4 Stresses can arise in a binary diffusion couple as a result of the vacancy flux and the gradient in the lattice parameter. rinkmman' has investigated the effects of diffusion-induced stresses on void formation; the results of his analysis suggest that voids can form and grow under the influence of these stresses in the absence of an excess vacancy concentration. The relationships between vacancy supersaturation and diffusion-induced stresses and void formation have been elucidated also by Balluffi and seigle6 who concluded that the stress generated by a vacancy supersaturation aids the growth of voids. Experimental evidence which indirectly shows that stresses are produced by chemical diffusion has been obtained by several researchers.2,7-9 This evidence consists in part of the observation by light microscopy of the formation of subgrains, a process characteristic of the high-temperature deformation of some metals during creep.'0 More striking, however, is the plastic bending of short (0.2 mm) Cu-Ni couples observed by Barnes2 and of boron-doped silicon crystals reported by Queisser.9 Diffusion-induced dislocations in iron and silicon have been investigated by Ainslie et a1.11and Schwutte and Queisser,12 respectively, the former using transmission electron microscopy and the latter an X-ray transmission technique. Matthews and Crawford13 observed the formation of boundaries by the climb of interfacial misfit dislocations in thin, vapor-deposited Au-Pd couples diffused in situ in an electron microscope. In order to obtain additional information on the phenomena associated with defect interaction and diffusion-induced stresses in binary couples, an electron transmission study of foils prepared from the diffusion zone of short Au-Ag couples was undertaken. The initial objective was to investigate the processes occurring at various points of the diffusion zone. Subsequent research demonstrated that foils could be prepared only from the gold-rich region of the diffusion zone using the technique described herein. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Preparation and Annealing of the Diffusion Couples. The couples were made from annealed, high-purity (99.999 pct). polycrvstalline gold and silver sheets (0.075 mm thick). Shall (0.075 by 5 by 17 mm) elec-tropolished coupons of gold and silver were pressure-bonded by heating the two metals in a graphite device to 770°C and holding at this temperature for approximately 30 min. The quality of the bond was ascertained by metallographic examination at 150 times. Each couple subsequently was annealed at 880°C for 1hr; under these conditions, the extreme portions of the

Jan 1, 1968

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1934

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1936

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1934

By John H. Smith

Because of increased pressure from federal and state regulatory agencies, most acid flows will require some sort of treatment prior to being discharged to receiving streams. In many industries, the volumes of liquors are large and their acid content varied. Development of a waste treatment process minimizing equipment cost and utilizing land efficiently is mandatory. Methods of acid neutralization with lime have been known for years, however, the volume and characteristics of the resultant precipitated solids can create a disposal problem. Also, when standard lime treatment is used, the settling characteristic of the precipitated solids is normally slow. In some instances, the necessity of added dissolved solids removal, such as iron, needing aeration, add to the problem of concentrating neutralized solids.

Jan 12, 1972

By J. H. Hollomon, L. D. Jaffe

The hardenability concept has become widely used during the last few years for the choice and substitution of steels. Before the work of Grossmann,1 the systems for predicting hardenability from chemical composition could be used only over a narrow range of composition. Grossmann introduced a comprehensive system, which has been effective in calculating the hardenability of most types of moderate or low-alloy steels. However, occasions often arise that require the calculation of the hardenability of high-alloy steels from their chemical compositions. Experimental determinations of the hardenabilities of such steels indicate that the Grossmann system predicts much greater hardenabilities than are realized. The fact that cases do arise in which the Grossmann method does not apply indicates that the fundamental hypothesis of the system may not be generally applicable. It seems advisable to re-examine not only Grossmann's system but also the concept of hardenability itself. Hardenability If steel parts are to possess a martensitic structure after quenching, they must first be austenitized and then cooled through the pearlite and bainite transformation ranges sufficiently rapidly to avoid the formation of pearlite, bainite, and pro-eutectoid products.* If, on cooling, these transformations are avoided, the resulting structure can consist only of martensite (and retained austenite). The hardenability of a steel is measured in terms of the severity of the cooling conditions necessary to avoid the pearlite and bainite transformations. The less rapid is the cooling necessary to prevent the formation of bainite and pearlite, the higher is the hardenability. The pearlite and bainite reactions appear to be differently affected by the alloying elements. Not only is this indicated by the published isothermal transformation data, but recent work by Zener2 affords a rational interpretation of the differing effects of the alloying elements. Manganese,3 for example, appears to decrease the rates of the pearlite and bainite transformations by equal percentages, while molybdenum45 is approximately 10,000 times more effective in retarding the pearlite than in retarding the bainite transformation, on the basis of isothermal measurements. In some steels, the formation of bainite restricts the formation of martensite while

Jan 1, 1947

By L. D. Jaffe, J. H. Hollomon

The hardenability concept has become widely used during the last few years for the choice and substitution of steels. Before the work of Grossmann,1 the systems for predicting hardenability from chemical composition could be used only over a narrow range of composition. Grossmann introduced a comprehensive system, which has been effective in calculating the hardenability of most types of moderate or low-alloy steels. However, occasions often arise that require the calculation of the hardenability of high-alloy steels from their chemical compositions. Experimental determinations of the hardenabilities of such steels indicate that the Grossmann system predicts much greater hardenabilities than are realized. The fact that cases do arise in which the Grossmann method does not apply indicates that the fundamental hypothesis of the system may not be generally applicable. It seems advisable to re-examine not only Grossmann's system but also the concept of hardenability itself. Hardenability If steel parts are to possess a martensitic structure after quenching, they must first be austenitized and then cooled through the pearlite and bainite transformation ranges sufficiently rapidly to avoid the formation of pearlite, bainite, and pro-eutectoid products.* If, on cooling, these transformations are avoided, the resulting structure can consist only of martensite (and retained austenite). The hardenability of a steel is measured in terms of the severity of the cooling conditions necessary to avoid the pearlite and bainite transformations. The less rapid is the cooling necessary to prevent the formation of bainite and pearlite, the higher is the hardenability. The pearlite and bainite reactions appear to be differently affected by the alloying elements. Not only is this indicated by the published isothermal transformation data, but recent work by Zener2 affords a rational interpretation of the differing effects of the alloying elements. Manganese,3 for example, appears to decrease the rates of the pearlite and bainite transformations by equal percentages, while molybdenum45 is approximately 10,000 times more effective in retarding the pearlite than in retarding the bainite transformation, on the basis of isothermal measurements. In some steels, the formation of bainite restricts the formation of martensite while

Jan 1, 1947

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1932

By J. C. Jaeger, G. A. Wiebols, N. G. W. Cook

It is usual practice in engineering to design a stable structure by ensuring that the stresses in the elements of the structure are always less than their strength, which may be defined as the yield stress, the ultimate stress, or the fatigue stress, according to the type of the load. Such restrictive design is not practical in the design of underground excavations since the rock surrounding such structures is usually failed, but only occasionally does this give rise to instability of the structure. Thus, while the usual criterion for the design of a stable structure is certainly sufficient, it is not necessary for underground excavations. A proper understanding of the conditions necessary for stability is vital to the useful application of rock mechanics knowledge to the design of underground structures. Most tests on the properties and strength of brittle rocks are disrupted at or near maximum load by the rapid release into the specimen of energy stored in the resilience of the testing machine. This is in contrast with a phenomenon, which may be observed frequently, where the rock immediately surrounding an excavation is both failed and subject to stress. By postulating a complete stress-strain curve for rock, it can be shown that failure is unstable or stable, depending upon whether the stress-strain curve of the rock lies inside or outside the stress-strain characteristics of the applied stress. Stability is, therefore, a function of the stiffness of the system applying the stress relative to that of the failing rock. Many workers have established that the strength of rock specimens under a lateral hydrostatic confining stress varies linearly with confining stress, in a way which may be expressed by the equation CT=Co+K[o]3

Jan 1, 1972

[Appalachian Petroleum Section: Chairman: Robert H. Edele, 1st V.C.: Robert Vutech, 2nd V.C.: Robert Tullis, Sec.-Treas.: Frederick T. Solomon. Meets last Tuesday of each month in Charleston, W. Va. Balcones Section: Chairman: Dr. Frank W. Jessen, 1st V.C.: Gilbert M. Andreen, 2nd V.C.: Lloyd N. Johnson, Seo.-Treas.: W. C. Vercellino. Big Horn Basin Subsection: Chairman: B. E. Yester, 1st V.C.: Robert J. Woodhall, 2nd V.C.: Herbert A. Koch, Secretary: Dean Costello, Treasurer: Thomas W. DeLong. Meets 2nd Wednesday; alternating between Cody and Worland. Billings Petroleum Section: Chairman: George O. Ellis, 1st V. C.: Robert L. Spottswood, 2nd V. C.: Robert M. Watkins, Sec-Treas.: Joseph H. Bato. Meets 5:30 p.m., 3rd Tuesday at Billings Press Club.]

Jan 1, 1961

Trans No. Place Date Vol. 1. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. May, '71 1 2. Bethlehem, Pa. Aug., '71 1 3. Troy, N. Nov., '71 1 4. Philadelphia, Pa. Feb., '72.. 1 5. New York, N. Y. May, '72 1 6. Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct., '72 1 7. Boston, Mass. Feb., '73 1 8. Philadelphia, Pa. May, '73 2 9. Easton, Pa. Oct., '73 2 10. New York N. Y. Feb., '74 2 11. St. Louis, Mo. May, '74 3 12. Hazleton, Pa. Oct., '74.. 3 13. New Haven, Conn. Feb., '75 3 14. Dover, N. J. May, '75 4 15. Cleveland, Ohio Oct., '75 4 16. Washington, D. C. Feb., '76 4 17. Philadelphia, Pa. June, '76 5 18. Philadelphia, Pa. Oct., '76 5

Jan 1, 1943

By David S. Cahn

Pilot-plant and laboratory tests were made on blends of steel plant flue dust and portland cement to determine whether the flue dust could be pelletized for use as a source of iron in dry process cement manufacture. Strength and setting time results showed that an acceptable agglomerate can be made with a Type II portland cement binder. Abrasion-resistant and well-sized pellets were made in a horizontal drum, using a simulated closed circuit, with a binder content of 7.5% and a moisture content below 15%. Pellet quality was found to be relatively insensitive to changes in binder concentration above 5%. Simulations of stockpiling and weathering indicate that little difficulty would be encountered with use of the flue dust pellets in cement plants.

Jan 1, 1972

By Cyril Stanley Smith

The method of thermal analysis, so important in the development of metallographie science, has of recent years been falling into disuse owing to the development of other physical methods which give result's easier of interpretation and which can be used for the study of either equilibrium or transitional conditions because they do not require a continuously changing temperature. Nevertheless thermal analysis remains useful in the study of reactions that take place rapidly, and the simplicity of the experimental technique and the general availability of the apparatus involved are point's in its favor. Theoretically, thermal analysis is capable of giving specific and latent hat measurements and therefore should permit the study of reactions on a more fundamental basis than any other method. It is, however,difficult or impossible to obtain quantitative heat measurements from cooling curves obtained in the usual way. Even if the furnace containing the sample is cooled or heated at a linear rate, or if a gradient furnaec is employed to maintain a constant rate over a large range of temperature, the heat flow from or to the specimen depends on its previous history, for the difference of temperature between the specimen and its surroundings varies. The emissivity of the specimen surface, moreover, is unlikely to be constant. The able mathematical analysis by Russrll,1 although it prevent,s misinterpretat,ion of data, has an effect rather the reverse of that intended, and leaves the reader doubtful of the possibility of ever obtaining quantitative results from thermal curves. Nothing can be done to apply thermal analysis t'o the study of equilibrium conditions of reactions that arc not completed at rates of temperature change above about 1° C;. per minute, and this unfortunatetly excludes most solid transformations in alloys.† For the determination of liquidus

Jan 1, 1940