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By Markssuel Teixeira Marvila

A incorporação de resíduos em materiais de construção, tais como em tijolos cerâmicos, é uma grande alternativa para o correto descarte de resíduos industriais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho é a avaliar a possibilidade da incorporação de resíduos provenientes da indústria de rochas ornamentais (calcário) em tijolos cerâmicos, uma vez que o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais desta classe de rochas e ainda não existem alternativas plausíveis para o descarte destes dejetos. Para realizar esse estudo foram confeccionados e queimados a 900ºC, corpos de prova contendo 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% de incorporação de calcário em massa cerâmica. Após período de secagem, os corpos de prova foram ensaiados para avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros: retração por secagem, absorção de água e resistência mecânica. Avaliando estas propriedades e comparando com os valores estipulados por norma, constata-se a possibilidade da incorporação de resíduo proveniente de rochas ornamentais em até 20% da massa cerâmica. Assim sendo, uma alternativa para o descarte destes rejeitos industriais estudados é incorporar em tijolos cerâmicos, devendo seu teor de incorporação ser limitado em 20% afim de não descumprir as exigências normativas.

Oct 30, 2017

By Ricardo Tadeu Meneses Sodré

Principalmente após a crise mundial de 2008, as grandes empresas brasileiras focaram na redução de custo como fator de sobrevivência, buscando manter, em contrapartida a produtividade e qualidade dos produtos. As normas brasileiras ABNT NBR ISO 55000/1/2, combinam atividades sistemáticas, coordenadas e práticas pelas quais uma organização gerencia de forma organizada e sustentável seus ativos tangíveis e intangíveis e sistemas, seu desempenho, bem como seus riscos e custos associados. A norma trata do ciclo completo do ativo, desde a concepção até o seu descarte. A implantação de uma norma deste porte requer compromisso de toda organização, principalmente da alta direção, no intuito de correlacionar os objetivos do negócio com as atividades de manutenção. O ponto principal é entender que a Manutenção é parte de um ciclo mais amplo que trata de todo o ciclo de vida do ativo, logo a Manutenção está contida dentro da Gestão de Ativos. O trabalho visa mostrar de maneira prática como a ArcelorMittal Tubarão está se estruturando para uma implantação futura da ABNT NBR ISO 5500X. Tal estruturação engloba atividades estratégicas, táticas e operacionais de alto nível visando à elevação da maturidade em Gestão de Ativos.

Aug 7, 2018

By Carlos Cristiano Carvalho Teixeira

No carregamento volumétrico de vagões, onde a variância de pesos carregados é relevante, ocorrem grandes limitações operacionais, que vão desde a percepção do volume em carregamento até a capacidade real de controle. Neste contexto, a diversidade de cenários é enorme: velocidades variadas (25% a 80% da capacidade), variação do minério, diferentes tipos de vagões, etc. Maximizar ou atingir o ponto ótimo com repetibilidade leva tempo e experiência. A solução considerou a aplicação intensa e avançada de instrumentação e recursos de automação, obtendo um resultado favorável de elevação da capacidade de controle sobre o peso em carregamento, nas diversas condições operacionais. A metodologia utilizada partiu de uma engenharia conceitual destacando o tratamento de riscos considerando as imprecisões e as técnicas avançadas de controle necessárias. Instrumentos e equipamentos também foram tratados dentro desses riscos, entre eles: balanças, radares 2D, identificação dos tipos de vagões, níveis dos silos, lasers para medições de precisão e para redundâncias, e ainda a simulação para testes do processo. Conclusão: 1. Maior capacidade de controle de peso carregado e menor variabilidade. 2. A imprevisibilidade na variação do material como desafio adicional para os automatismos. 3. Simuladores como diferencial na implantação da solução.

Aug 16, 2017

By Altemar Dettogne do Nascimento

O colamento de aço no molde (sticker) é uma anomalia de processo de lingotamento, que quando não detectado pelos modelos de prevenção de sticker, pode gerar breakout, o que significa perdas de produção significativas e aumentos de custos de manutenção para recuperação de componentes de segmentos e moldes, além dos riscos de segurança durante a limpeza do aço dentro da máquina e reprocessamento das placas para eliminação de defeitos superficiais. Outro aspecto a ser considerado é a ocorrência de falso alarme de sticker que também gera custos adicionais de produção, aumento de defeitos superficiais nas placas e powder slivers em laminado a quente devido a redução brusca da velocidade de lingotamento. Visando reduzir as ocorrências citadas acima e otimizar o processo de lingotamento, um novo sistema de detecção de sticker foi implantando, em AM Tubarão, nas 03 máquinas de lingotamento contínuo de placas, com uma configuração diferente da que que habitualmente é encontrada no mercado. O sistema é baseado em dois eixos: uma imagem termográfica do molde e um sistema de cálculo bastante avançado. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados deste processo e os ganhos obtidos quanto à redução de alarme falso de sticker.

Oct 30, 2017

By Marcelo Eduardo Rocha Gesualdi

A solução de eletrocentros aplicada a subestações elétricas dentro de uma planta industrial vem se consolidando no processo de mineração no Brasil em virtude de suas diversas vantagens de modularização, montagem e testes em fábrica, acelerando a instalação e energização das subestações em campo aonde os prazos de disponibilidade são sempre curtos para o início da operação da planta. Adicionalmente ao conceito de eletrocentros, a automação de subestações elétricas tem possibilitado através da utilização de redes de comunicação baseadas na norma IEC 61850 uma nova visão de integração dos diversos equipamentos, painéis elétricos e de automação que compõem as subestações dentro de uma plataforma integrada com a automação de processos da planta, disponibilizando um maior número de informações para o correto controle da subestação e gerenciamento de energia, bem como a redução significativa do cabeamento interno de controle e comando entre painéis facilitando ainda mais a modularização dos eletrocentros. Além das vantagens de montagem e comissionamento, o conjunto eletrocentro e sistema integrado de automação possibilita para a operação e a manutenção da planta consideráveis avanços através do gerenciamento remoto e integrado de informações, garantindo uma maior eficiência em seus respectivos processos.

Aug 16, 2017

By Wilker Fernando Matias Lemos

Diferentes equipamentos e processos de produção industrializados utilizam, em maior ou menor grau algum nível de automação e controle, aos quais é possível avaliar através de alguns inputs selecionados (sensores específicos, sequências de operação, temporizadores, memórias, etc.) se o equipamento ou processo encontra-se de fato em plena execução de seu trabalho ou função principal. O objetivo do projeto é "descobrir" o momento em que os equipamentos / processos não estão em operação plena e "automaticamente" modificar o estado de funcionamento de seus órgãos principais e/ou auxiliares como: motores e bombas, qualquer mecanismo de atuação direta, (por meio de redução de velocidade, carga e/ou desligamento controlado e outros) que não precisariam necessariamente estar a pleno funcionamento. O projeto visa à aplicação do funcionamento em modo "stand by" normalmente utilizado em equipamentos eletroeletrônicos a maquinas e processos industriais, possibilitando economia de energia e permitindo que voltem imediatamente à sua condição plena de funcionamento quando maior ritmo operacional for solicitado. O trabalho mostra em aplicações práticas a possibilidade de incluir a filosofia nos sistemas automatizados em diferentes setores da indústria, logo podendo trazer grandes benefícios através de ações estratégicas com baixo custo de implementação.

Jul 31, 2018

By Juliano Braz Possatti, José Fagundes Júnior

This project involved a teamwork including process control, maintenance and operation specialists, R&D and CTO experts to identify and actuate on each opportunity to increase charging temperature, furnace efficiency, decrease discharging temperature when possible, decrease FM and RM cycle time (mainly speed increase and interpass time decrease), tracking zones optimization, safe use of equipment power limits, safety interlocks revision and tune models for Mill Pacing Control and Slab Design.As result of these efforts, ArcelorMittal Tubarão HSM today occupies a prominent position among the best HSM of similar layout and produced mix of the group and worldwide. This paper will show the path which was followed by the AMT HSM team to achieve more than a 20% productivity increase resulting in a hot coils production per year more than 700 million tons higher.

Oct 1, 2019

By Sebastien Maillard, Stephane Georges, Thomas Vallee, Stanislas Mauuary

Steel strip manufacturing ever reinvents proposing new grades, requiring to tackle technical limitations of production systems. Primetals Technologies breaks through strip welding by expanding the welder LW21L “Asolid” technology used on low gauges for high-end market such as automotive CAL/CGL. Addressing the usual drawbacks in maintenance, operation and safety of current welding system based on mechanical cutting and CO2 laser welding, the newly developped LW21H “Asolid” technology processes thicker strips up to 7 mm with solid-state laser cutting and welding. This new welder is brought to reality through a scale 1:1 pilot developed, manufactured and tested in Primetals Technologies workshop.

Oct 1, 2019

By Jan Knobloch

Inter Stand Cooling (ISC) can increase productivity of a HSM and improve final mechanical properties of the strip. Constant Target Exit Temperature can be ensured for the whole strip length eliminating skid marks and other temperature oscillations of the transfer bar. The paper deals with advanced control module of ISC. Essential mathematical models of the control system is introduced and basic functionality is explained. Temperature model is based on FEM. Mechanical and thermal properties of the strip are calculated from chemical composition using neural network. Further on an experimental possibilities for investigation and design of ISC cooling headers will be shown. In conclusion practical experience with ISC on various HSM will be discussed.

Jul 30, 2018

By Paulo Masiero

Sintered titanium carbide has been extensively used since the early 1980s for demanding wear-resistant applications and, in particular, in environments characterized by high temperature and oxidation. Thanks to its physical characteristics, especially its low density, titanium carbide (TiC) has been successfully applied in the manufacture of cassette guide rollers for hot steel rolling. However, the peculiar characteristics of the sintered Ti carbides make it difficult their redressing and hence this has always represented the limit for a more extensive application. Very often iron based alloys are preferred even if, in general, they are less cost effective just because they are easier to be redressed by turning. The availability of a simple, compact, fully automatic and reasonably priced CNC machine; specialized in the grinding of guide rollers and able to operate accurately and efficiently -both in contour and in plunge- can definitively solve TiC’s redressing problems and render its use even more widespread and attractive.

Oct 30, 2017

By Alberto Pesamosca

The present work analyzes the latest results achieved in scrap based EAFs in terms of application of chemical energy, starting from the observation that the general trend is a reduction of oxygen utilization. Consequently a review is needed about criteria for evaluation of melting process efficiency and equipment design. If from one side the maximization of productivity remains one of the major goals, from the other side some aspects of present market situation, included price of raw materials, are requiring the maximization of process yield. Based on achieved performance figures of selected plants and theoretical considerations, the effect of chemical energy input intensity is analyzed focusing on transformation cost, productivity and total energy input. The effect of present practices with lower oxygen utilization is considered also in terms of global CO2 emissions. Finally, the latest Danieli concepts and technological tools for optimization of chemical input are presented.

Aug 17, 2017

By Antônio Aldenor Pinheiro Neto, Matheus de Lima Vieira

In mid-2015 the steel industry faced a strong crisis due to the weak performance of the Brazilian economy and the persistent entry of Chinese steel into Brazilian territory. This situation demanded that Brazilian steelmakers seek to develop products to meet new export markets. within the volume of exports possible are the rebars, where its applications are in the construction industry. One of the largest importers is Peru which has a large percentage of this export volume. This market demands as a priority requirement the surface quality of blue condition (low oxidation index) and mechanical properties normative.in order to meet the items required by the customer at a competitive cost, a vanadium microalloyed steel was applied to the hot rolling process without heat treatment after the last rolling pass. Where the great challenge was to achieve a high level of stretching without compromising the minimum limits of tensile strength. Assuming that the steel used is the correct one interventions were made on rolling parameters such as set-point temperature, residence time of pieces in the furnace, linear mass and rolling speed. All the changes made were based on statistical tools and practical tests. Finally, with the execution of actions generated from the statistical analyzes and tests it was possible to reduce process losses by 96%.

Oct 1, 2019

By Detlef Ehlert

Flexibility in terms of producing high sophisticated products with an exceptional wide range of properties and dimensions requires physical based process models for the generation of optimal set points. Therefore SMS applies since many years an integrated PSC® (pass schedule model), PCFC® (profile, contour and flatness model) and CSC (cooling section control) for the use in hot strip mills, CSP® plants and plate mills offering best possible product tolerances. Focus during the development of the model was made on the best possible physical description of the rolling process to minimize the need of complex adaptation algorithms. As an addition SMS has also developed a microstructure model to ensure the quality control with respect to mechanical properties and to save up the needs of taking samples. Beside of this the modular design of the Microstructure and Material Property Model (MPM) offers additional benefits to improve the accuracy of the other models, e. g. the recrystallization model in the finishing mill. Using the results of that model strain hardening or softening effects during rolling can be predicted and an optimum pass schedule can be calculated to avoid rolling stability problems related to phase transformation.

Aug 16, 2017

By Jan Krull

A high productive coke making process in connection with stringent emission control has clearly become a demand of plant operators and stakeholders. Further to this, availability, quality and coal costs are key concerns for the iron and steel industry in its efforts to optimize raw material cost. Today, the optimization of raw material cost in integrated steel works has further gained priority. Coking coal reflects up to 20% of the cost of steel. In top charged batteries coal preparation and blending is one of the concerns to lower coal cost by maximizing the percentage of non-coking coals in the blend. Stamp charging technology is technologically and economically an effective solution in the process of pre-carbonisation. Paul Wurth’s jumbo top charged oven as well as proven stamp charging technology have recently set new benchmarks in Europe, India and Brazil in terms of productivity, stability and emission control.

Aug 1, 2018

By Renan Bueno Wojciechowski, Yukio Shigaki

The quality of flat rolling process depends highly on multiple factors such as applied forces, materials involved for both strip and rolls, roll geometry and its positioning. To calculate the strip shape, a mathematical/numerical model can be applied, showing the final product and how the equipment behaves when changing some parameters. This is usually a time-consuming task for both user and computer, especially when it involves thin and hard strips. By coupling a quick rolling load calculation method as Bland-Ford and Finite Element Method (FEM) for roll stack deformation, it is possible to create an accurate and user-friendly rolling simulator. This paper presents the improvements done in the 3D FEM/multi-slab method and its actual capabilities by simulating two cases of a 6-High rolling mill. Different analysis in this equipment can be easily done in about 10 minutes by using the developed an electronic spreadsheet program interface and the folder generated with relevant results and logs. An operation manual and a commercial FE program plugins were made to aid construction of a completely new model. The code was created in a modularized way to assist the application of this simulator for other operational conditions.

Oct 1, 2019

By Humberto Tronconi Coelho

The use of friction dampers are wide proposed for a variety of mechanical systems for which it is not possible to apply viscoelastic materials, fluid based dampers or others viscous dampers. An important example is the application of friction dampers in aircraft engines to reduce the blades vibration amplitudes. In most cases, friction dampers have been studied in a passive way, however, a significant improvement can be achieved by controlling the normal force in the contact region. The aim of this paper is to study four control strategies for friction dampers based on three different hysteresis cycles. The first control strategy maximizes the energy removal in each harmonic oscillation cycle, by calculating the optimum normal force based on the last displacement peak. The second control strategy combines the first one with the maximum energy removal strategy used in the smart spring devices. Finally, is presented the strategy which homogenously modulates the friction force. Numerical studies were performed with these four strategies defining the performance metrics. The best control strategy was applied experimentally. The experimental test rig was fully identified and its parameters were used for numerical simulations. The obtained results have shown the good performance for the friction damper and selected strategy, also, the agreement between numerical and experimental results.

Jul 31, 2018

By Larissa Agrizzi Ronqueti

The effect of coiling temperature on selective oxidation behaviour of binary and ternary iron-based model alloys containing different contents of Si or Mn were investigated by SEM and SIMS. The experiments were carried out with a temperature ranging from 450 °C to 700 °C, under N2-5%H2 gas flow with a Dew Point of -3.3°C, for different durations. SEM images of binary iron-based model alloys revealed a decrease of grain boundary oxidation depth with increasing Silicon or Manganese content. At 530°C and 600°C SIMS results showed no Silicon diffusion toward surface, contrary to the results analyzed for Fe-x%Mn. Tests results and Wagner’s theory application (specific cases Fe-0.2%Si and Fe-0.5%Si) showed that grain boundary oxygen diffusion coefficient “DoGB” is almost 60 to 70 times faster than oxygen bulk diffusion coefficient. These results helped to broaden knowledge of single-element effects on grain boundary oxidation, in addition, will contribute of the future works in new steels with complex alloy compositions.

Aug 17, 2017

By Marco Castenetto

Some of the most significant Danieli innovations in the field of long products are the: i) The EWR® system, through automatic continuous head-to-tail flash welding of billets at reheating furnace exit side, enables uninterrupted production of the mill for endless rolling of straight bars, wire rod and bar in coils. The process is particularly beneficial to wire rod and bar-in-coil mills as it enables production of “customized-size coils” (any coil weight according to specific Customer request) and with extra-high final coil weight, even starting from low-weight billets; ii) The Spooler process is based on twistfree winding of hot-rolled rebars into highly-compact/ultra-heavy coils featuring a unique cobble-free un-coiling capability. This enables high-speed feeding of the downstream cold-processing lines with hot-rolled spooled coils coming directly from the rolling mill without the need of any traditional off-line operation (such as de-coiling, stretching & re-winding). The system results highly beneficial both to bar-in-coil producers and to the downstream lines operators. The latest step forward is the combined application of these two systems that has made it possible for endless rolling of spooled bar in coils, enabling to cumulate the benefits of the two processes, particularly as far as transformation costs are concerned.

Aug 16, 2017

By Rudolf Hubmer

In October 2013 JSW Steel decided to place an order to Primetals Technologies Austria (former Siemens VAI Metals Technologies) for the installation of a comprehensive Level 2 process optimization system for more than 20 existing production facilities of various suppliers. For SMS-I new L2 systems are provided for two hot metal pretreatment stations, three hot metal desulphurization stations, three ladle furnaces, two 1-strand slab casters, a ladle tracking system as well as a shop supervisory system. Additionally the existing L2 system for one 1-strand slab caster is being upgraded in the course of the project. In SMS-II new L2 systems for the 7 hot metal desulphurization stations, 4 ladle furnaces, 1 new RH vacuum degasser, ladle tracking system and a shop supervisory system are supplied. Despite of the challenging time schedule the commissioning of the single facilities started within less than 12 month after contract effectiveness. The installed Level 2 process optimization systems together with the achieved results are described in this paper.

Aug 16, 2017

By Levi de Oliveira Bueno

Constant stress testing was used for characterization of creep behavior of a 1Cr0.5Mo steel plate in the ex-service condition. The tests were performed on creep machines equipped with Andrade-Chalmers type profiles, high sensitivity SLVC transducer extensometry, high stability temperature controllers, and facilities for monitoring the creep curves with an automatic data logging system. Ten creep machines of this type were used in this research, in an experimental work that lasted for one year. Three temperature levels were selected: 538, 565 and 593°C, with stress in the range from 52 to 224 MPa producing rupture times varying from 5 to about 3950h. The creep curves were all followed with great scrutiny using data logger scanning rates which enabled storing thousands of readings in each case. The experimental analysis involved measurements of minimum creep rate, rupture time and final elongation at rupture. The data were analyzed according to the classical phenomenological / physical relations (Norton, Arrhenius, Zenner-Hollomon, Monkman-Grant) and also considering five traditional parameterization methodologies (Larson-Miller, Orr-Sherby-Dorn, Goldhoff-Sherby, Manson- Haferd and Manson-Succop). Comparisons are presented among the possibilities of data extrapolation from five different methodologies. Comparison is also made with creep results obtained on a similar plate of the same material in the virgin condition.

Aug 16, 2017