Search Documents

By William D. Swank, Prabhat K. Tripathy, Tedd E. Lister, Eric S. Peterson, Delon C. Haggerd

More than half of the primary neodymium, produced directly from ores, is being used to manufacture neo magnets. Neodymium, being a critical element in supply, has attracted considerable interest worldwide to recover this metal from a variety of waste streams. From among different recycling processes, hydriding-dehydriding can prove to be highly effective in recycling discarded neo magnets present in consumer electronics. In the present study, manually removed magnets from discarded Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) were subjected to the hydriding-dehydriding process in order to evaluate the resultant products for the re-fabrication of the magnets. The paper describes the effect of experimental parameters on both the hydriding and dehydriding processes as applied to different magnet chemistries.

Jan 1, 2014

By H. Jung

The microstructures and grain sizes of nanocrystalline Co and Co-1.1 wt % P alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The corrosion properties of as-deposited and annealed Co-l.l wt % P alloys and pure nanocrystalline Co were studied in a deaerated 0.1M H2SO4 solution using electrochemical measurements and XPS surface analysis. Potentiodynamic polarization testing and impedance measurements revealed that an addition of P to pure nanocrystalline Co improved the anodic-corrosion resistance, however, this enhanced corrosion resistance was compromised by the heat treatment process at 350 and 800°C. The corroded surface of annealed nanocrystalline Co-1.1 wt % P at 350°C exhibited a more porous P-enriched layer compared with the as-deposited case. A sample annealed at 800°C corroded uniformly showing second-phase precipitates. The enhanced corrosion resistance of as-deposited nanocrystalline Co-1.1 wt % P was attributed to the elemental P on the surface that acted to hinder the anodic dissolution kinetics of surface Co following an initial selective dissolution of Co. However, at a higher anodic overpotential region, the superior corrosion resistance of Co-l.l wt% P alloys did not last because of the formation of a non-protective surface film consisting of mainly hypophosphite and phosphate as well as elemental P.

Jan 1, 2005

By E. Topuz, C. Duan

"INTRODUCTIONOperations research (OR) applications have experienced a substantial growth within the mining industry during the last three decades. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of the results of a comprehensive survey of the application of various OR techniques to the major mining activities. It is hoped. through this sur vey , that the most widely used OR approaches, the important areas of application, and future trends have been identified.This survey included more than 500 articles published in this field in English since the late 1950s. Most of the relevant literature was found in mining publications, but, in terms of quality and originality, important applications were also found in literature not related to the mining industry. The sources constituted periodicals, proceedings research reports, and a few books. A listing of selected publications from which three or more articles reviewed in this survey appear is given at the end. Operations Research MethodologiesOperations research is concerned with optimal decision making in, and modeling of, deterministic and probabilistic systems that originate in real-life situation s. One basic feature of the OR methodologies is the attempt to optimize certain design parameters, subject to a set of constraints. This distinction has been employed in the survey as a guideline for selection of the techniques covered under the title "" OR methodologies"". The methodologies thus encountered in the literature are listed below. In a few cases, simulation has not been considered because it is not an optimization method per se."

Jan 1, 1989

By D. A. Beck

The load-deformation response of discontinuous rock under static and dynamic loading conditions has been simulated using Explicit Finite Element models. The intent of the analysis was to investigate the effects of specimen size and confining stress on strength, dilation and comminution. The simulations allow the development of homogenised constitutive material properties for discontinuous rock masses using laboratory scale measurements and representative Discrete Fracture Networks (DFNs). A procedure for this is presented which includes a comparison of measured seismic response in a mine to the Dissipated Plastic Energy (DPE) that is released in the simulated rock masses. The models also show how confinement and scale affect the stress-strain and DPE response of the simulated rock specimens, reproducing a number of known rock phenomena that are often poorly captured in geotechnical modelling. A case study is presented showing a satisfactory match between the model-derived, homogenised material properties and values achieved by calibration of a mine-scale model where many thousands of seismic, displacement and damage measurements were available.

May 1, 2009

The cost benefits of controlling dilution of extracted ore have been very well understood by miners and mining professionals for many years. However, as we strive towards more mechanization, the dilution factor has been compromised in order to fit ?equipment? that is better suited to provide improved safety and productivity. Alternately, the drilling and ground support is accomplished by handheld drilling. In 2007, a short study, commissioned by CAMIRO (Canadian Mining Industry Research Organization) on the safety of hand held drilling vs. mechanized drilling, concluded that the risk of injury with handheld drills was seven times greater than with mechanized drills. Armed with this data, MEDATech Engineering proposed to the CAMIRO group to fund development of a ?MICRO Bolter?.

May 1, 2009

By Neillm Alastair S.

"This paper looks at what has happened in the past decade in the rare earth industry, particularly for those companies outside China trying to develop alternative projects to the Chinese dominated supply chain. The rare earth industry has gone through a metamorphosis over the past decade. The industry was basically unknown outside China until overnight it became the next hot topic on the financial streets of Canada and Australia. Suddenly various junior miners shifted from uranium and other out-of-favor commodities to rare earths as funds were easy to access from an investment community that did not understand the complexities of the space. The initial funding was done on traditional junior mining metrics of grade and deposit size. This has morphed over time to:1) Lights versus heavies2) Making a concentrate3) The importance of separation4) Off-take agreementsAt the peak of the market frenzy certain flagship operations were built using the “Not Made in China” moniker. Unfortunately certain errors were made during implementation, which are finally coming to the surface and making the rest of the pack wondering what will happen next. A review and update of some of the mistakes made and lessons learned will be discussed.BACKGROUNDAbout ten years ago awareness started to form around the rare earth industry and various groups recognized that because of the closure of Molycorp, Mountain Pass, and the dominance of China, there was a risk of uncertainty of reliable supply. This was not news for those active in the industry like Rhodia (now Solvay), the Japanese, South Koreans and other key consumers but to others it was like a light went on and rare earths became the new “.com” trend for investment banks, investors and some mining companies looking for the next hot topic.In the late 1990’s Molycorp accounted for around 20-25% of the world’s supply of rare earths, mostly lights (La, Ce, Pr and Nd), with small amounts of heavies from other sources. Then environmental issues forced the closure of the operation at Mountain Pass. Within six months China had increased production to plug the gap in supply. Around that time China was developing a strategy to leverage their position in rare earths and implemented a series of regulations to increase the value added component of rare earths inside China."

Jan 1, 2016

By Anthony J. Deevy

"The Magino gold mine is located 45 km northeast of Wawa, Ontario. There was limited gold production in the late thirties. The present operation was officially opened in October 1988 and produced gold until September 1992. It was a 635 tonnes per day, decline-accessed mine, with ore coming from several small blast hole and shrinkage stopes.The host for the gold is the Webb Lake granodiorite stock which was intruded into the Goudreau Lake Deformation Zone. This east-northeast-striking deformation zone overprints the generally east-west- striking isoclinally folded metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, which make up the east end of the Michipicoten greenstone belt. The ore-shoots are controlled by dextral delatancy associated with the Goudreau Lake Deformation Zone. Shearing, bleaching and silicification accompanied the gold emplacement. IntroductionThe following is a general information paper on the Magino gold mine which is located 45 km- northeast of Wawa toward the east end of the Michipicoten greenstone belt. This paper summarizes the discovery, exploration and development history of the deposit. The geological characteristics are described, including regional geological setting, local mine geology, mineralization, alteration and structural history. The mining methods and the contribution of the geological staff to the successful development and mining of the gold deposit are also mentioned."

Jan 1, 1994

By R. Prioul, J. Kear, D. Chuprakov, A. P. Bunger

"Hydraulic fracture (HF) growth through naturally fractured rocks challenges the development of accurate predictive HF models. The authors present laboratory experiments differentiating behaviours associated with orthogonal and oblique intersections between HFs and natural fractures (NFs). HFs were created in sandstone and crystalline (gabbro) rock specimens, impinging orthogonally or obliquely on an unbonded machined frictional interface. Ultrasound monitoring was used to observe the rate of propagation through the interface. A contrast was observed between direct and offset crossing for orthogonal and oblique intersection, respectively. The stresses required to promote crossing depended on the intersection angle between HFs and NFs.RÉSUMÉ La propagation des fractures hydrauliques (FH) dans les roches naturellement fracturées pose un défi pour le développement de modèles prédictifs. Nous présentons des essais en laboratoire qui différencient les comportements associés aux intersections orthogonales et obliques entre les FH et les fractures naturelles. Des FH ont été créées dans des spécimens de grès et de roches cristallines (gabbro), heurtés de manière orthogonale ou oblique sur une interface machinée, non liée, de frottement. Un suivi par ultrasons a servi à observer le taux de propagation à travers l’interface. Un contraste a été observé entre un croisement direct et un croisement indirect des intersections respectivement orthogonales et obliques. Les contraintes requises pour promouvoir le croisement variaient selon l’angle d’intersection entre les FH et les fractures naturelles."

Jan 1, 2016

By C. J. Newman, D. J. Kemp, R. M. Sweetin

"The smelter is described by area; feed preparation, continuous furnace line, gas handling and auxiliary systems, blister refining, Hazelett casting of thin anodes, and scrap remelting. Early smelter campaign data is presented and compared to design. Some modifications to the basic design of the furnaces and gas trains are indicated, with their respective impacts on improving smelter performance.Plant compactness, the use of jumbo tanks, and a highly automated electrode handling system are featured in the refinery description, with brief coverage of the liberator and slimes leaching sections. Early experience in refining thin regular Hazelett anodes, and submersible pump recovery of raw slimes are relayed, together with automatic stripping from titanium blanks.Refinery tonnages and operating parameters are given showing the relatively trouble-free attainment of refinery design performance.IntroductionPrevious papers and articles ( 1), (2) ,(3 ) have described the metallurgical facilities serving the copper-zinc-silver Kidd Creek orebody located near Timmins, Ontario. For convenience a brief review of their mid-1983 operating status is presented.The concentrator, originally designed for 9,000 short tons, was commissioned in late 1966. It can now comfortably process over 13,000 metric tonnes per day largely as a result of the addition of a fourth circuit in 1978."

Jan 1, 1984

By Eugene F. Mehr, Dennis C. Martin

"Development of the final slope for the 340 m (1200 ft) high hanging wall at Cassiar Mine precipitated an area of deep seated instability involving an estimated 17.6 million tonnes. The deformation mechanisms involved squeezing of soft deformable serpentinite rocks in the toe which caused planar sliding and graben toppling of the stronger sedimentary rocks in the middle and upper sections of the slope. Although movement rates up to 150mm/day were recorded, by understanding the controls on failure, the mine was able to install a suitable monitoring system and complete the open pit with only minor loss of the mineable ore. Accelerated mining was required in the last full year of operation. This paper describes the deformation behaviour, failure mechanisms and back analysis results for the failure. The monitoring systems and operational aspects related to the failure are also presented.IntroductionCassiar Mine is located in steep mountainous terrain in northern British Columbia approximately 1200 km north of Vancouver (Fig. I). During the final mining phase of the open pit, instability developed in the approximately 340 m high hanging wall (east wall) slope. A unique graben toppling mechanism was identified based on detailed assessment of slope monitoring data and visual observations. Comprehensive slope monitoring enabled mining to continue even though movement rates as high as 150 mm/day were being recorded. Three-dimensional limit equilibrium back analyses and numerical modelling have been used to assess the various controls on the slope movements and to understand the failure mechanism."

Jan 1, 1993

?Bank Lending to the Mining Sector affected by 2 broad factors since Mid 2008: 1. Economic Downturn (?the Real Economy?) for mining companies directly reflected in lower metal prices (current and forecasted). In the case of gold companies, minimal effect. 2. Financial Crisis (?the Credit Crunch?) as it has affected the lending activities of those banks active in the mining sector.

May 1, 2009

By John D. Smith, Robert J. Mitchell

"There is a world-wide trend toward underground bulk mining methods employing hydraulically placed backfill. This trend is recent and therefore there is little in the literature to assist an operator in the design of backfill properties, the design of drainage facilities, the calculation of the operating forces on a bulkhead, and the control procedures considered necessary before, during and after pouring. This paper presents recommended procedures that are based on over to years of experience in the various aspects of backfilling large openings. Free-draining timber or concrete block bulkheads are shown to be a viable alternative to massive reinforced concrete bulkheads for the containment of backfill pours. Hydrostatic pressures cannot develop in backfills provided adquate drainage facilities are installed.IntroductionThe increasingly adverse relationship between mining costs and mineral values has led mining companies to develop more productive, lower-cost, bulk mining methods. This has led to the increasing use of large, more or less continuous, hydraulically placed backfill pours to enable the recovery of a higher proportion of pillar ore. The success of any bulk mining method depends on the degree of stability maintained during the stoping operations with reference to the mining rate, the performance of the backfill with respect to the per cent extraction of pillar ore, and the control of the mine structure with respect to safety and productivity. One such method has been previously described(I) where a steeply dipping orebody is being mined with a sub-level method that employs large, hydraulically placed tailings pours for delayed pillar recovery. The paper describes the rock mechanics analysis undertaken to establish the stope and pillar geometry and the approach taken to establish backfill strength requirements to prevent dilution during pillar recovery. Production with this method started in 1970 and because few, if any, large bulk pours had previously been used in- this way (judging by the lack of information in the literature), design data and criteria were needed for several aspects of the work. Methods to establish backfill quantities and pertinent ""in-place"" fill properties are described in 2, 3 and 4 in the list of references. Results of field measurements taken to establish fill pressures for bulkhead design purposes are described in 5 and 6. Laboratory large-scale model tests undertaken to confirm a fill strength design equation, which takes into account fill arching, have recently been completed. A paper describing these tests and the results will be forthcoming in the near future."

Jan 1, 1982

By Eiichi Sato, Koichi Kitazono, Hiroshi Masuda, Kenta Higane

"The present study investigated the low-temperature creep mechanisms in ultrafine-grained (UFG) aluminum manufactured by accumulative roll bonding. UFG aluminum with grain size 0.39 µm showed steady state creep even at room temperature under low stresses as confirmed by the creep curves in the strain rate–strain plot. The low-temperature behavior was divided into four regions by three distinctive stresses, sI, sII and sIII: sI (=45 MPa) is denoted as the micro-yielding stress with which dislocations start movement, sII (=85 MPa) the dislocation-multiplication stress above which dislocations multiply with creep deformation, and sIII (=171 MPa) the conventional yield stress above which macroscopic plastic strain is generated. During low-temperature creep, below sI, negligible plastic strain is generated. Between sI and sII, creep deformation with stress exponent 2.5 occurred, which is accommodated by dislocation absorption into grain boundary and grain boundary sliding, similarly to the low-temperature creep of HCP metals. Between sII and sIII, creep deformation with stress exponent 7.0 occurred, whose mechanism is similar to the low-temperature creep of coarse-grained aluminum. Above sIII, power-law breakdown occurred.INTRODUCTIONIt is well understood that the creep deformation brings about at high homologous temperatures (T/Tm) of >0.4, where Tmis the melting point, with diffusion processes. Recently, the importance of aluminum is increasing for cryogenic temperature parts such as a metallic liner or a cap in high pressure-hydrogen vessels, and the presence of creep behavior in aluminum at room temperature has become recognized (Matsunaga, 2013;Kassner, 2015).In HCP metals and alloys, especially intitanium, steady-state creep behavior appears at room temperature with apparent activation energy of1/10 of that for self-diffusion(Neeraj, 2000; Matsunaga, 2009).On the other hand, Kassner (2015) claims that aluminum shows creep behavior at room temperature with apparent activation energy of 4/5of that forself-diffusion, but never reaches the steady state. We should note that it is derived from the data obtained from short-term creep tests of few hour, and Matsunaga (2013) already claimed the presence of steady state in room temperature creep in aluminum with activation energy of 1/5of that for self-diffusion.The mechanisms for low temperature creep are considered different between HCP and FCC metals: in HCP metals, grain boundary sliding is observed and is thought to accommodate piled-up dislocations at grain boundaries through absorbing them. The so-called slip-induced grain boundary sliding occurs with low number of activated slip systems(Matsunaga,2009).On the other hand, in FCC metals, many activated slip systems bring about work hardening with dislocation cell structure formation. In the initial stage of creep, it results in primary creep (Kassner, 2015), but Matsunaga (2013) claimed that once the annihilating of a cross-slipped dislocation to another reaches balance, steady state is established. It has been, however, strongly required to show more convincing experimental verification for the presence of steady state in FCC metals at low temperature."

Jan 1, 2018

By Michel Chouteau

"A very conductive zone was revealed in 1977 and 1978 by magnetotelluric (MT) measurements carried out near Ste-Mathilde, 6 km northeast of La Malbaie . In order to identify the structure causing the anomaly, thirty-five MT soundings were recorded in 1980 and 1981 on and around the conductor within a radius of4 km. Results confirmed that the conductor is of limited extent (less than 2 km by 0.4 km). The proposed model is a highly conductive vertical slab, the top of which is within 200 m from the surface. At a depth of approximately 825 m this structure joins a conductive layer which extends to the northwest but not to the southeast. The large conductivities and the depths involved can only be explain ed by a fractured zone flooded with electrolytic solutions, by graphite veins or by metallic mineralization (sulphides). The former seems to be the most likely hypothesis because an EW fault running across this zone could have allowed percolation of water and the leaching of disseminated pyrite out of a mylolisthenite filling the fault.IntroductionLa Malbaie is located 130 km northeast of Quebec City on th e North Shore o f the St. Lawrence River (Fig. I). Four major groups o f rocks have been mapped in this area: charnockitic rocks to the west , granitic rocks in the north east and southeast, gneiss and pegmatites northwest and south of La Malbaie , and Paleozoic sediments in the Clermont-La Malbaie Valley and along the shore of the St. Lawrence River (Rondot, 1966). Two major features dominate the structure of the region: Logan ' s line , a major thrust fault beneath the St. Lawrence which separates the Grenville Province to the north from the Appalachian regime to the south, and the Charlevoix Crater , a large Paleozoic impact crater that created an almost perfect annula r structure centred on Mont des Eboulements (Rondot, 1970). Ste-Mathilde is a village lying 6 km northeast of La Malbaie, just outside the ring-like graben zone caused by readjustments after meteorite impact. The survey area spreads over a granite body which is more than 2 km long and 0.6 km wide, surrounded by a wide migmatite zone which is injected by many bodies of pegmatite, the latter likely related to the granite body (Fig. 2). A zone of leptynites lies west of the area. An east-west trending fault (FA1) related to the Charlevoix Crater runs mid -way across the survey area; a second parallel fault (FA2) south of FAI separates the gneissic rocks from the Paleozoic sediments. The overburden is usually thin with outcrops frequently encountered except for the centre of the survey are a where 10 m of glacial sediments are expected (E. Gaucher, 1982, personal communication)."

Jan 1, 1985

By D. H. Wilton, C. I. Godwin, A. J. Sinclair

"A computer-based drill core logging system used to examine computer-based drill core logging system used to examine copper mineralization hosted in volcaniclastic rocks at the Sustut deposit, in north-central British Columbia, has many advantages over conventional logging. A relatively simple format for recording geological information allows complex, but significant, geologic parameters to be recorded consistently, accurately and quickly. This allows graphical presentations and statistical interpretation of the data that lead to rapid and detailed analyses of the control and distribution of copper mineralization at the Sustut deposit.Ore mineralization is concentrated in lens-shaped bodies and is zoned from native copper cores through chalcocite, bornite and chalcopyrite to a margin containing pyrite. Chalcocite, the principal mineral, occurs mainly in volcaniclastic agglomerate characterized by a specific grain size, a narrow range of matrix and fragment proportions, and a specific sorting.IntroductionWe report here a case history of the practical application of a detailed computer-based drill core logging system applied to the Sustut copper deposit of Falconbridge Nickel Mines Ltd. The Sustut deposit, containing a few tens of millions of tons of ore grading slightly more than one per cent copper (Church, 1975), is in north-central British Columbia about 875 km north of Vancouver. The deposit is contained in volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks of the Upper Triassic Moosevale Formation, which is within the upper part of the Takla Group (Monger and Church, 1977) of basic volcanic and associated sedimentary rocks. Takla rocks occur along the eastern fringe of the Intermontane Belt in the Canadian Cordillera (Sutherland Brown et al., 1971). The deposit consists of concentrations of copper sulphides, native copper and pyrite within pods and lenses parallel to bedding in the host sedimentary rocks. These sheet-like deposits exhibit a mineral zoning from pyrite at the fringes successively through chalcopyrite, bornite and chalcocite to native copper at the core (Wilton, 1978; Wilton and Sinclair, 1979)."

Jan 1, 1980

One Data Set for the Lifecycle Complete data captured at the logging stage benefits the entire life cycle Exploration Technical Studies Production and Milling Visible Light Spectrum Hyperspectral, put simply, is the interaction of light with matter based on the nature and chemical structure of the specimen. SpectrumWe develop the library to match the liberation size fraction Analyses every 1mm2 1 meter of NQ core = 35 000 analysis data Crystal size detection : 0.1 micron

May 1, 2013

Electric Vehicle Controllers Ltd. ?EVC started in 1981 ?Underground electric locomotive drive systems ?Developed tandem load sharing system and radio ELOS controls ?Locomotive autonomy systems ?Entered space technology development in 1999 with NORCAT to develop Mars drill for CSA ?Commercial distributor for drilling systems, lunar physical simulants, electric mobility systems and lunar mining technologies

May 1, 2009

By E. Barsky

"Theoretical notions of mass transfer processes in cascade separation of bulk materials have not been adequately developed as yet (Barsky M.D. 1980). In this paper we have derived linear difference equation of the second order for a cascade with initial feeding top any stage proceeding from mass exchange regularities. The solution of these equations has allowed us to determine quantitative dependences of the material distribution over the cascade stages, which serve the basis of the method of predictive estimate of the process results. We have also examined the model of the material distribution coefficient formation at individual cascade stages.We have checked the adequacy of this model to experimental data. It is noteworthy that the obtained theoretical results are phenomenological, i.e. they can be applied to the processes of separation of different physical nature, e.g. of isotopes, liquid media, gases, etc.INTRODUCTIONRecently, the processes of cascade separation of bulk materials have found broad application in various industries. They ensure a high separation efficiency and high-quality composition of final products. Although specialized literature gives serious attention to cascade processes [1], their theory is not sufficiently developed yet. To achieve optimal organization of this process, we examine mass transfer in a cascade gravitational classifier with stages of identical design."

Jan 1, 2016

By Z. X. Cui, X. D. Ma, L. Contreras, X. Jiang

The bath smelting process is one of the key techniques applied in the current copper smelting production, which includes bottom-blown and side-blown furnaces differently from the direction of gas injection. Liquid matte and slag form the bath in the smelting furnace. To better understand the fluid dynamic of the bath and further optimise the operational efficiencies in the smelting furnace, physical simulation of the bath in the horizontal cylindrical reactor was investigated. The mixing behaviour and wave motion of the bath in the bottom-blown and side-blown furnaces have been studied systematically. The mixing time is reduced with increasing gas flowrate and height of the lower layer, while it increases significantly with increasing the height of the upper layer. The wave motion in the furnaces can be suppressed with the presence of the upper layer, but the bath with a lower density generates higher wave amplitude. Overall, in comparison to bottom-blown mixing, side-blown mixing shows better mixing efficiency and lower wave amplitude. In addition, the plume eye and splash phenomena occurred in the bottom-blown furnace have also been studied. INTRODUCTION The bath smelting process is one of the principal techniques used in the current copper making industry. The bath smelting techniques have some advantages of high smelting efficiencies, low capital costs, low energy consumptions and reduced dust generations. From the direction of gas injection, the bath smelting techniques can be classified into five general types: (1) top-submerged blown, e.g. Ausmelt and Isasmelt; (2) top-suspended blown, such as Mitsubishi smelting; (3) top direct-to-copper smelting, such as Outokumpu smelting; (4) submerged side-blown, such as Noranda and Teniente smelting; (5) bottom-blown, such as Dongying Fangyuan bottom-blown copper smelting furnace (Schlesinger et al., 2002; Zhao, Cui, & Wang, 2013; Perez-Tello et al., 2018). In many metallurgical processes involving bath smelting situations, the objectives of agitation are to accelerate the bath homogenization inside the bath which makes a significant contribution to process efficiency and product quality. Extensive mixing studies have been performed for ladle refining and tundish associated to steelmaking processes through water physical models. Mixing time is the parameter used to quantify the efficiency of mixing in the liquid bath and the first empirical equation predicting mixing time was proposed by Nakanishi, Fujii and Szekely (1975). Later on, more systematic studies have been carried out on ladle mixing and researchers realized that the geometry of the vessel could also have a significant impact on mixing (Khajaviand & Barati, 2010). However, the investigations using ladles which are vertical cylindrical vessels, cannot be directly used in the study of mixing behaviour in horizontal cylindrical reactors. Understanding the fluid dynamics inside horizontal cylindrical bath smelter is useful from the industrial perspective. Recently fluid dynamics of horizontal cylindrical smelter related to copper smelting have been studied by the authors’ group (Shui et al., 2015a, 2015b, 2018a; 2018b; Xu et al., 2018, 2019).

Jan 1, 2019

By John C. Taylor

"The non-ferrous pyrometallurgical industry has been under extreme pressure since 1980 and significant changes are taking place, principally in the copper, nickel and lead industries. This paper reviews some of these changes, particularly with respect to smelter capacity, major technical trends, and the industry's response to increased energy costs and environmental constraints.The Canadian metal mineral production for 1985 has been estimated at a value of over $8 billion, of which half is derived from copper, nickel, lead and zinc production. It is in our national interest that the Canadian industry remain competitive in the world market and continue its traditional contribution to the Canadian economy. IntroductionPyrometallurgy by definition requires energy, usually in the form of fuel, and produces process gas streams which can no longer be discharged directly to atmosphere in most countries. While the industry has been under varying degrees of pressure over the past fifteen years, it is just since the early 1980s that major changes have taken place, due, to a large extent, to an oversupply on the primary metal markets and depressed prices. These factors, combined with a surge in the price of oil, have resulted in some trends developing which must be recognized by those in the industry who plan to be in operation and competitive in the next decade.Although the value of Canada's mineral production, in terms of constant dollars, has decreased by more than 35% over the period from 1980 to 1985, the bulk of this production is exported and the industry still makes a significant contribution to the Canadian economy."

Jan 1, 1988