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By J. W. Sanger

The establishment of a central steam-heating system in Winnipeg and its inauguration in October, 1924, has attracted a considerable amount of attention. Not only does it excite the curiosity of the engineer, but it has stirred financial and civic bodies throughout Canada to such a degree that there is now a much keener general interest in this particular type of public utility than has been shown heretofore. This does not mean that we may expect a mushroom growth of central-heating systems in all our larger Canadian cities in the near future, but it does mean that the pioneer work which Winnipeg is now doing will undoubtedly be used to guide others in their judgment as to the feasibility of similar projects elsewhere. The success of the municipal hydro-electric system in Winnipeg, and the low rates for electricity resulting therefrom, was without a doubt the most important factor influencing the citizens of Winnipeg to venture into this new field. The events which led up to the central steam-heating proposal in Winnipeg are interesting.

Jan 1, 1926

By B. Ignasiak

Laboratory studies suggest that improvements of coke strength brought about by pre-heating caking coals before carbonization accrue from inadvertent oxidation rather than from other low-temperature changes in the coal mass. Controlled oxidation of highly caking coal, followed by laboratory carbonization, produces cokes which, in terms of a laboratory scale tumble test index, are equivalent to those obtained from prime metallurgical blends. Appropriately formulated blends of exhaustively oxidized and fresh caking coal similarly yield cokes with strength indices comparable to those of cokes made from the same coal after oxidation under optimum conditions.

Jan 1, 1979

By David E. Pearson

"There are many tests that can be used to characterize and classify coals, and describe their quality. One of the easier tests, and most versatile in its application, is petrography. Rank and coal type are precisely defined by petrographic evaluation, and in this paper they are compared with other definitions of rank and coal type. Brief descriptions are given of the various rank tests, and of rheological and coking tests used to describe coking-coal quality in Canada. Similarly, tests used to evaluate thermal coal quality are discussed. Finally, the use of these tests as parameters to classify Canadian coals is examined with reference to four coal classifications.Introduction Among all coals there are two independent variables that are required to evaluate coal quality. These are, coal rank and coal type (or composition), and although coal petrography can be used to precisely define them, other methods are often used to provide values that are, in fact, functions of rank and coal type. For example, volatile matter yield is used as a proxy for rank, and free swelling index is used as a proxy for coal type in the International Classification of Hard Coals by type. Currently, there are a number of methods in use in Canada to define rank. The approach taken here, (obviously the author's bias), is that Romax, the mean maximum reflectance of vitrinite, is both a quick and an accurate measure of rank. It is logical to compare the other techniques employed in the measurement of rank to this favoured method. Coal type is, in theory at least, simply a quantitative measure of the various varieties of coal. In practice, the microscopic entities are assigned to a Reactive or Inert category, and at that point objectivity fades from petrography. Despite this somewhat subjective approach, petrographic composition of coals remains an independent variable of such.importance that its place in the evaluation of coal is essential. In this paper, a variety of me.thods that are used to assess rank and coal type are reviewed and compared; the influence of these variables over other parameters that are used to determine the quality of metallurgical and thermal coals is examined, and their usefulness in coal classifications is discussed."

Jan 1, 1985

By M. Saghaeian, R. Hejazi, Fakoor Sanat Tehran Company, H. Abedini, M. Zare

"Dewatering of final tailings is one the biggest issues in iron ore processing plants. Because of the fine and hydrophilic particles in the iron ore tailings, dewatering of such material is difficult and, in most of the cases, needs to be processed using expensive and complicated equipment. In this study, a novel method based on classification of small and large particles has been proposed to improve the dewatering performance of iron ore tailings. In the proposed method, a hydrocyclone has first been used to separate the fine and coarse fraction of iron ore tailings. Then, the coarse fraction (hydrocyclone underflow) is easily dewatered by using vacuum belt filter. Then, the fine fraction (hydrocyclone overflow) is primarily dewatered by using a high rate thickener. Finally, the thickener underflow is added to the bed of solids on the same belt filter, which is used for dewatering of hydrocyclone underflow. The efficiency of this method has been compared with other solutions for tailings dewatering including changing vacuum filtration parameters, using fabric with larger pore size, and using pressure filtration, all through laboratory scale experiments on the tailings of an iron ore processing plant in Iran. The results indicated the superiority of this method compared to the other ones, which increased the specific filtration capacity of the tailings by around 46%.INTRODUCTIONWet beneficiation of minerals requires a substantial amount of water to enhance the efficiency of the process. Used water should be recovered at the end of process to minimize shipping costs, meet contract specifications, and reuse process water (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2006). Dewatering equipment is usually divided into sedimentation (thickening) and filtration (pressure and vacuum) equipment, the choice of which depends on particle size, solid content of slurry, and material nature (Mular et al., 2002)."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. Rezazadeh Azar

Dump trucks are the main mean for hauling earth material within and outside of the construction and open-pit mining jobsites. The real-time monitoring of the material transportation trips is beneficial for proactive equipment management, volume estimation, and productivity measurement. The traditional manual observation is tedious, non-real-time, and expensive; therefore remote sensing technologies, namely GPS and RFID, have been employed for this reason. Ordinary construction videos are another costeffective alternative to monitor dirt loading and hauling operations in real-time. A vision-based system has been developed to recognize and count hauling trips. This system has three modules including object detection, tracking, and action recognition. This system processes videos taken from access roads in which it recognizes dump trucks and then tracks them throughout the viewfinder. The action recognition module is designed to reject false alarms and also terminate tracking. This way, the system is able to count the number of hauling trips and also record the time between each trip. Several state of the art computer vision algorithms were employed to develop this system. Some of these algorithms were modified using spatiotemporal information to minimize the inherent errors of the vision-based methods. The experimental results showed considerable performance of the system for practical application in the construction and mining sectors.

Aug 1, 2013

By M. Hardy

"The structural design of mine headframes is challenging due to the significant differences in the geometry, rigidity, and behaviour of these structures compared to conventional buildings. The differences are related to the main purpose of these structures, which is not human occupancy, but rather the support of hoisting equipment. The main objective of this paper is to present the seismic elastic behaviour of headframe structures in comparison with conventional buildings, which is the base case for the definition of seismic loads. This paper highlights the impact of backlegs on the dynamic behaviour of mine headframes, more specifically the resulting torsional sensitivity. INTRODUCTION The design of industrial structures is often governed by industrial processes rather than by architectural constraints. In ground-mounted hoisting plants, the structural configuration of headframes must allow clearances around conveyances and ropes while resisting the lateral loads associated with the hoisting equipment. Typically, these structures use backlegs to withstand the lateral loads, which leads to highly irregular structures with unconventional dynamic behaviour. The codes and standards applicable to the structural design of mine headframes in Canada are often incomplete or not adapted to the reality of practising engineers. This situation creates confusion, and engineers must look at various guidelines and international standards to support the engineering calculations required for the design of these structures. The loads resulting from the support of hoisting equipment, such as ropes and conveyances, are usually simple to calculate and are determined based on the information from manufacturer and industry related guidelines. Moreover, the loads associated with snow accumulation and wind are calculated applying the same methodology used for conventional buildings, without any major issues. On the other hand, the seismic loads are often difficult to calculate based on the methodology from the National Building Code of Canada due to the significant differences in the dynamic behaviour of the structures. The resulting structures may be either over-designed or worse, under-designed. Hence, there is a lack of uniformity in engineers’ designs. The latest edition of CSA S16-14 “Design of steel structures” includes Annex M (Informative) “Seismic design of industrial steel structures” to help designers close the gap between the requirements of traditional regulations and actual engineering practice."

Jan 1, 2019

By Luke Evans

What are Best Practices? What are Bad Practices? Who Uses Best Practices? Why Bother? Acceptability Guidelines Published Best Practices Published Bad Practices Additional Best Practices Some Best Practices for Low Grade Deposits Interpretation Guidelines Big Bear Gold Deposit Example Conclusions Questions

May 1, 2013

By D. C. Reid

This paper describes the latest results in research and development currently being undertaken by the CSIRO Mining Technology Group to advance the automation capability of continuous mining equipment in underground coal mining operations. This research delivers enabling technologies that are essential in achieving increased roadway development rates as well as providing a safer working environment for underground mine personnel. Details are presented on technical developments and results of large-scale above-ground experiments conducted under field-realistic conditions. These experiments demonstrate the performance of the ?self-steering? capability which will enable a continuous miner (CM) to automatically maintain a given mining heading and mining horizon under production conditions. A primary technical requirement of this automated functionality is the means to accurately determine both the location and orientation of the CM in real-time. Test results of a high performance navigation system utilising vehicle motion aiding technologies are presented. This system combines high performance inertial sensors, and custom-developed radar to achieve a navigation-grade guidance system. Comprehensive performance evaluation has been conducted using a scale skid-steer mobility platform operating autonomously through a typical roadway development mining pattern with a total path length of 2700 m and mission duration of 112 min. Results from this evaluation demonstrate that the sustained accuracy of the navigation system exceeds the original project expectations and is well suited to the requirements for this underground mining application. There are presently no known alternative methods for providing a practical and accurate three-dimensional guidance solution in this application. This achievement represents a significant milestone in delivering a step change improvement in underground coal mining roadway development.

Aug 1, 2013

By G. H. Blackwell, N. I. Norrish

"At most operating mines, geostatistical are reserve estimation methods have been implemented by head office or consulting groups . With recent advances in small computer technology it is now possible for a remotely-located mine department to independently implement a geostatistical package.This paper describes the evolution of geostatistical routines to calculate the mineral inventory for porphyry type copper/ molybdenum or similar are bodies. The problems encountered in down sizing the geostatistical routines to run using limited minesite computing facilities are discussed. The high quality of the results, in spite of some compromises to geostatistical theory, is emphasized.The first stage entailed the development of a mineral inventory based on diamond drill data. The difficulties in fitting variogram models to two metals, copper and molybdenum, and the shortcomings of the mineral inventory due to the mixing of lesser quality exploration data with data from more recent diamond drilling are discussed.To improve the ore reserve estimates for short-term planning, a mineral inventory was produced using both the diamond drill and production blast hole drilling data. This inventory, when compared to actual grades, was found to be quite satisfactory for short-term planning. The inventory also provided a reliable data base for long range pit design and financial planning. By regularly updating the mineral inventory, many of the uncertainties of mining a low-grade orebody were minimizedIntroductionThe comparatively low grades of many Canadian mineral deposit s, the escalation of mine operating costs, and the volatility of metal prices in recent years, has required improvements to both short- and long-term mine planning.One of the prerequisites to improved planning systems is the need for accurate grade prediction. This paper describes the on-site implementation of geostatistical techniques for grade estimation of a porphyry I vein type copper/molybdenum ore body ."

Jan 1, 1987

By Victor F. Hollister, Robert W. Hodder

"The petrology and mineralogy of porphyry copper deposits are thoroughly described in recent literature and cited as the definitive characteristics for this type of deposit. The magmatic-hydrothermal aspect of genesis is also dealt with in detail. However, descriptions of their internal structure and regional setting are not as rigorous, and the genesis of this structure is simply stated as the release of high fluid pressures in a cooling magma emplaced along large fault zones. Genetic relationships between internal structure, regional setting and the tectonic evolution of continents has been alluded to infrequently in the past, but can now be considered together within the developing concept of orogeny at the margins of drifting crustal plates.Tensional structures, on both local and regional scale, and a Triassic to Tertiary age are described for porphyry copper deposits. We contend that such structure and age are distinct and unifying characteristics for this type of deposit and are genetically related to major crustal movements. British Columbia has porphyry copper deposits contemporaneous with plutons 180 to 200 million years old and 40 to 60 million years old. The former age group correlates with early stages of the continent's westward drift, and the latter group with a change in tectonic style during late development of the Canadian Cordillera. Hence, one can in British Columbia reflect on the genesis of a deposit's structure in the broader context of tectonic evolution. Such consideration should lead to more definitive criteria for area selection in exploration."

Jan 1, 1972

By Alan E. Cameron

WE assemble again today in this comfortable, hospitable Inn to begin this, the 58th, Meeting of our Society. It is just a year ago when last we met but that year was, probably, the most portentious year in the whole history of mankind. In that year, the German 'Atlantic Wall' was broached, the Rhine was crossed, and Germany, as a Nation, has ceased to be. The agony of Europe is over; convalescence may be, probably will be, slow. But blood no longer flows in Europe. Time will heal the sores, cover the scars, regenerate the industries, rebuild the cities, and re-establish the people. True, the war of all wars is not yet over. True, a bloody conflict remains . But, the power of the United Nations now converges on one target. The rain of blood will be heavy. We can hope the storm will be short. The sun is on the horizon. The light of peace 1s in the sky. What of that Peace? Are we ready for it? Have we a 'sure foundation ' for our future world? Are the footings under that foundation broad and substantial? Can we look forward with confidence to a lasting peace and a fruitful life? The United Nations, even as this is being written, are in conference in San Francisco, placing the footings, rearing the foundations for a world edifice. There are bickerings; there are jealousies. The world is tired, and a tired family always squabbles. We can, we must, believe that the decisions they make, the edifices they rear, will be better than anything we each could effect separately. It will be a compromise, probably; it will carry things that will hurt us, just as it will carry things that will hurt others. We can, we must, believe that the good of the whole is a greater good than the good of the part. Each Nation within the United Nations must sacrifice something, each part of each Nation must sacrifice something, each individual within each part of each nation must contribute something, if the whole is to be wholesome. Sacrifice and contribution must be the order of the day if the New World we are about to build is to be worth while. What of Nova Scotia? The world has travelled far in the last year; how far has Nova Scotia gone? Canada has preparations for the Peace under way; what has Nova Scotia done? Is Nova Scotia preparing counter measures for the sacrifices it must make? Is each of us ready to contribute his share?

Jan 1, 1945

By W. G. Miller, J. D. Scott, D. C. Sego

ABSTRACT An overall study was conducted to evaluate the properties and processes influencing the rate and magnitude of consolidation for oil sands fine tailings produced using different extraction processes. As part of the overall study, a comprehensive description of physical and chemical characteristics of fine tailings generated by caustic and non-caustic processes was carried out. Ultimately, the influence of these fundamental properties on the compressibility, hydraulic conductivity and shear strength properties of the fine tailings was assessed. The characteristics of the fine tailings are presented in terms of index properties, mineralogy, specific surface area, water chemistry, liquid limits, particle size distribution and structure. A difference in water chemistry was concluded to be the cause of substantial differences in particle size distributions and degree of dispersion of the comparable caustic and non-caustic fine tailings. The degree of dispersion was consistent with predictions for dispersed clays established by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values for these materials. A linear variation of increasing dispersion with increasing SAR up to a SAR value of about 40 has been suggested, above which fine tailings are completely dispersed. The observed dispersed or flocculated structures (viewed using a scanning electron microscope) supported the predictions based on SAR values.

Jan 1, 2010

A brief description of the hydro-gen reduction of nickel from ammoniacal solutions by the Sherritt process is given, indicating how this procedure can now be used to coat a great number of materials -particularly powders -with nickel or cobalt, whereby so-called composite powders are produced. The technique for the production of composite powders is described, particularly with regard to the surface activation of noncatalytic powders, whereby it is possible to coat core powders uniformly with nickel or cobalt. The properties of some of the more interesting composite powders, such as Ni/ AI, Ni/WC, Co/WC, Ni/Graphite and i/P, are discussed as well as possible fields of application for these new products. INTRODUCTION DURING the last decade, no-table advances have been made in pressure hydrometallurgy, so that large quantities of three of the more com1r.on metals, copper, cobalt and nickel are now produced on a commercial scale by hydrometallurgical processes.

Jan 1, 1963

By G. Eaton

Safety management is an important mortal and business function in construction. Contractors have traditionally tracked and reported lagging indicators, e.g. fatalities and lost-time accident rates, to measure their safety performance and stay in compliance with relevant regulations. Over the last several decades, contractors became more proactive in their approach to safety and developed programs that track leading indicators, e.g. safety audits and safety climate. In particular, safety climate measures workers? perception of safety management and its effectiveness in the workplace. Past literatures indicated that, while some industrial construction contractors ignore safety climate measures, others are limited by a lack of a formal means to measure safety climate. In this study, a survey approach is used to measure an industrial construction contractor?s safety climate through three key areas: management commitment, job control, and general safety climate. As a pilot study, a total of 214 individuals at a fabrication facility participated in the survey to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed survey approach. This survey study also confirms that job control and management commitment have a positive correlation and that worker demographics have an effect on respondents? perceptions of management commitment.

Aug 1, 2013

By B. C. Tripathy, S. K. Padhy, R. K. Paramguru, Pinak Patnaik

"Cobalt is regarded as technology enabling metal among the less abundant metals found in the earth crust. Electrodeposition of the metal from aqueous sulphate solutions is the preferred technology for its commercial production. Certain additives are added in the electrolytic bath during electrodeposition for the production of uniform, smooth and bright deposits of cobalt metal with higher current efficiencies and lower energy consumptions. A detailed investigation has been carried out to determine the effect of additive Sodium octyl sulphate (SOS) on the electrodeposition of cobalt. The results indicated that the additive apart from increasing the current efficiency enhanced the quality of cobalt electrodeposits. A maximum current efficiency of 98.4% was achieved at 10 mg/L SOS. The presence of SOS in the electrolytic bath did not result in any noticeable change in the crystal orientation of the cobalt electrodeposits except at higher concentrations (50 g/L) of the additive. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that smooth, compact and uniform deposits of cobalt were obtained at 10 mg/L of the additive beyond which there is detoriation in the quality of deposits. Polarisation of the cathode was seen in the presence of SOS. The effect of SOS on the electro kinetic parameters: Tafel slope (b), transfer coefficient (a) and exchange current density (I0) has also been investigated.INTRODUCTIONCobalt is recognised to be a strategic metal among the various base metals, owing to its numerous applications in various industries. Cobalt as a metal finds its use in the preparation of rechargeable batteries, as an alloying component in the manufacture of space craft and jet engines, as a drying agent for paint varnishes, ground coats for porcelain enamels and in the manufacture of the catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries (Davis, 2000). Although there is a huge demand of the metal the supply of the metal is limited due to its scarcity in the earth crust. The metal comprises of only 0.02% of the earth’s crust for which the metal is recovered from various ores of nickel and copper as a byproduct (Hawkins, 1998). The present day techniques for cobalt production includes mostly hydrometallurgical methods which are preferred over the earlier used pryometallurgcial methods carried out for the metal production. Almost 70% of the world’s cobalt produced currently is from hydrometallurgical techniques in which electrodeposition of the metal from aqueous solutions is the final step for metal production (Verney, 1988). The most preferred route for electrodeposition of cobalt metal involves a sulphate medium (Das and Subbaiah, 1984; Lenthall and Bryson, 1997; Sharma et al., 2005)."

Jan 1, 2016

By John T. Whetton

"FROM 1850 when the annual production was around 50 million tons, coal output in Great Britain expanded rapidly to 225 million tons in 1900 and 287 million tons in 1913. However, during the First World War, countries which had previously bought large quantities of coal from Britain sought other sources of sup-ply or developed their own coal re-sources. Thus from the record figure of 73 million tons exported in 1913, Britain's coal exports declined until in 1938 they stood at 39 mil-lion tons. An important reason for this was the development of oil engines for marine propulsion. Today, nearly all the navies and mercantile shipping in the world have turned to oil engines. Sometime in the future, however, it is reasonable to expect nuclear power to replace oil.During the Second World War, coal output in Great Britain and manpower at the mines were reduced considerably and in 1.945, 175 mil-lion tons were produced by 709,000 miners. Exports were meagre, only 8.""7 million tons went to foreign consumption. During the severe winter of 1947, inland demand for coal exceeded production and exports were prohibited. Even importation of coal was required to meet inland demand. These were years when the coal industry of Great Britain made immense efforts to secure maximum output irrespective of economy. The energy needs of Great Britain appeared insatiable; but had it been possible to export, the nationalised mining industry could have made huge profits as there was a world shortage of coal. However, home needs were considered to be the priority and many overseas markets were lost. Other producers moved in and secured long-term contracts. Not only was the British export market lost, but also the nationalised industry had to sell the imported coal at the same prices as home-produced coal and suffered losses up to of:3 per ton. Bence, at a time when the National Coal Board might have ac-cumulated a reserve fund to cope with less prosperons times, it was having to spend large sums of money securing sufficient coal for inland consumption. This was a time when intensive efforts in the mining industry, comparable with those of many industries and establishments inclusive of the armed services during the war, would have produced a greater amount of coal and have been of immense value to the country as a whole."

Jan 1, 1960

"In response to mine head grades declining and orebodies becoming more complex, Glencore Technology has developed an alternative method for recovering economic minerals once leached into solution, rather than relying on conventional flowsheet options. The method involves the precipitation and separation of base metals from solution with limestone or lime. The final grade of these precipitate is not usually high enough to attract favourable terms of sale due to dilution from gypsum and sulphate salts. A set of operating conditions have been developed to allow the separation of the base metal precipitate from gypsum by exploiting the difference in particle size. A high-grade oxide product can be easily separated from the gypsum stream at very low cost. This process was originally developed by Glencore for zinc and copper systems. This paper reports on the successful application to nickel and cobalt, and this process has significant advantages over the incumbent precipitation process utilising magnesia.INTRODUCTION During evaluation of transitional and oxide zinc ore deposits during the 1990’s, Noranda Inc. (now Glencore) developed a sulphate based ore leach process to extract zinc into solution. For flowsheet development, conventional schemes dictated that once the zinc was dissolved in an acidified solution it was recovered by means of purification or solvent extraction followed by electrowinning and casting to produce zinc ingots. The deposits Noranda evaluated were high grade but had a relatively short mine life (10 years) and economic analysis showed that the projects couldn’t sustain the investment of a full zinc refinery. Compounding this problem was the lack of power supply infrastructure and the high power cost in the region. Noranda then evaluated alternative means of recovering zinc from solution. Laboratory testwork showed that a high-grade zinc precipitate (+50 wt% Zn) could be produced as an oxide, carbonate or sulphide by contacting acidified zinc sulphate solution with a number of reagents including soda ash, sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogen sulphide. Economic evaluation showed that the cost of the reagents are prohibitive, especially when the final product is still a metal intermediate (ZnO, ZnCO3 or ZnS). Noranda then continued to focus on fine zinc oxide precipitation for supply into the automotive tyre industry as this product would attract favourable terms of sale as a premium on Special High Grade (SHG) zinc."

Jan 1, 2017

"IntroductionNOTE.-All figures on the supply and consumption of coal in Canada cited in this paper were collected and reported by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. The friendly and efficient co-operation of the officials of the Bureau. is the foundation upon which it has been my privilege to rely in the preparation of this and two earlier papers ( 1). My thanks are due also to our own staff on the Dominion Coal Board, who spared neither time nor effort in helping to prepare this paper.STATISTICS are comparatively dull and, to many people, coal statistics are duller than most. Coal is, however, the one basic mineral upon which our whole way of life depends and it may be well if attention is drawn to this fact by an occasional statistical review of the coal position in Canada. The recent furore over the oil and gas discoveries has so obscured the basic position of coal in many minds that a little basic coal information may be useful. It is for this reason that, for the third successive year, a factual survey of the coal position is being presented.In the previous papers (1) explanations have been given of the basic considerations in the preparation of these reports and some special phases of the overall picture have been examined. For these explanations, the earlier papers may be consulted."

Jan 1, 1952

By H. A. Khorami, T. Wong, B. Velapatino, E. Asselin, T. Donnelly, E. Bryce, R. Dixon

A copper–nickel concentration gradient alloy was designed and fabricated through a powder metallurgy (PM) process. Copper and nickel powders were mixed with different weight ratios from 0 to 100% copper in 10% increments. Each powder mixture was poured inside a cylindrical die and compacted between two punches using a hydraulic press machine at pressures up to 70 MPa, resulting in approximately 1 mm thick layers (discs) of pressed Cu–Ni powder. These 11 Cu–Ni compacted powder layers, i.e. 0–100% Cu with 10% increments, were then compressed together with pressures up to 420 MPa to form a green part. The green part was sintered in a vacuum furnace at 1000°C for 10 hours to form a solid mass (PM part) of Cu–Ni concentration gradient alloy. In the sintering process, Cu and Ni particles fused together and formed a single piece due to diffusion of the atoms across the boundaries of the particles. The diffusion of atoms also converted the stepwise concentration change into a uniform concentration gradient. INTRODUCTION Copper has numerous applications in different industrial sectors due to its superior physical, electrical, mechanical and chemical properties such as its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, resistance to fatigue, high ductility, and resistance to corrosion. Moreover, copper and its alloys have natural antimicrobial properties. This has opened up new applications for copper–based self–disinfecting surfaces in healthcare in an effort to mitigate healthcare–associated infections (HAIs). HAIs affect millions of patients each year, leading to significant morbidity and mortality as well as financial losses to healthcare systems (World Health Organization, 2016). HAIs spread through three main routes: (a) iatrogenic in which HAIs are a direct consequence of medical encounters and/or treatment; (b) person to person where organisms are transferred between healthcare workers, patients, and visitors; and (c) environmental where transmission occurs via contaminated surfaces and equipment (e.g. doorknobs, railings, toilets/commodes, medical carts). The use of antimicrobial copper–based materials on high touch surfaces could diminish pathogen transmission via this latter rout. This has subsequently led to the development of a variety of copper–based materials for use in healthcare settings and promoted the investigation of the antimicrobial efficacy of copper–based materials.

Jan 1, 2019

By C. Allen, V. Hensel, J. S. Stachulak

"Vale has been actively evaluating new technologies to curtail diesel emissions. This paper discusses the selection, installation, operation, and evaluation of the MANN+HUMMEL SMF®-AR diesel particulate filter system to reduce diesel particulate matter emissions in underground mines. The system uses a sintered metal filter element, an iron fuel-borne catalyst with an onboard dosing system, an electric heater that uses onboard power, and a sensor-based control unit. More than 6,000 h of testing demonstrated that the system represents a breakthrough in the successful control of soot emission from light-duty vehicles with differing soot emission levels, exhaust temperatures, and duty cycles.RÉSUMÉ La compagnie Vale évalue activement de nouvelles technologies pour réduire les émissions de diesel. Le présent article discute du choix, de l’installation, du fonctionnement et de l’évaluation du système MANN+HUMMEL SMFMD-AR de filtrage des particules de diesel pour réduire les émissions de particules de diesel dans les mines souterraines. Le système utilise un élément filtrant en métal fritté, un catalyseur à base de fer dans le carburant avec un système de dosage intégré, un élément de chauffage électrique qui utilise l’alimentation incorporée et une unité de contrôle avec un capteur. Plus de 6 000 heures d’essais ont démontré que le système représente une avancée pour réussir à contrôler les émissions de suie des véhicules légers avec différents niveaux d’émission de suie, différentes températures d’échappement et différents cycles opératoires."

Jan 1, 2015