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MEMBERS, JUNIOR MEMBERS, ASSOCIATES AND JUNIOR ASSOCIATES LIST OF MEMBERS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS ** Junior Member. t Associate. || Junior Associate. Members are not marked. Capital letters signify Honorary membership. Student Associate and Rocky Mountain members on pages 165-167. Abadilla. Quirico A Catanawan. Tayabas, P. I. Abbey. Robert Graham. District Mgr The W. W. Sly Mfn. Co., 60 Church St New York. N. Y. Abbott. A. N Mines Supt Mazapil Copper Co Ltd . .Conception del Oro. Zac., Mexico. Abbott. Ckrence E Mgr Mines & Quarries, Tenn. Coal. Iron & R. R. Co 1242 Brown Marx Bldg Birminrham. Ala. Abbott. Louie Benjamin. Chief Enar Consolidation Coal Co Elkhorn Div .Jenkins, KY. Abeel. Gsorge H Jr., Cons. Min. Enar .Box 427. Santa Monica. Cal. Abel. Albert E Asst. to Pres Valley Mould & Iron Corp Hubbard. Ohio. Abel. Raymond L. Asst. Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin Univ. of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh. Pa. Abernathy. George Elmer. Prof. of Geol. & Min Kansas State Teachers College. Pittsburg. Kans. IlAbernethy. D. Carl, Jr. Min. Engr Hudson Coal Co .Scranton. Pa. Abey, Hiroshi. Min. & Met. Engr., Min. & Met. Dept., The Higher Technical School, Osaka. Japan. tAbarn, Robert H Instructor in Met Harvard University Cambridge, Mass tAbozeid,Mahmood. Pet. Production E r . . Marland Oil Co. Ponca City, Okla. Abraham. Arthur W Geol., Richfield Oil Co Box 788. Bakersfield, Cal. Abraham, W. E. V Member, Staff of Burmah Oil Co Ltd. Nyaunghla. Upper Burmz, India. Abrahams. Alexander I Gen'l Mgr., Racon Electrical Co Slough, Bucks England. tAbrahammn. C. W Min. Engr The Mond Nickel Co Ltd . Coniston, Ont Canada. IlAbmn. Guy W., Asst. Metallographist, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Research Dept., Youngstown. Ohio. Abstein. Henry T., Engr. & Mgr Profile-Tamarack Mines Co . .Yellow Pine, Idaho. tAcker. E. O'C Met I28 East Washington Lane. Germantown, Philadelphia. Pa. Ackerman. D. E Met. Research Lab International Nickel Co Inc Bayonne. N. J. tAbckerman. Ernest R Pres., Lawrence Portland Cement Co . .Plainfield. Union Co N. J. ||Ackerman. George F Jr. Min. Engr El Potosi Min. Co. .Apt. 13. Chihuahua, Chih Mexico. Acres, T. H Geol. Dept Valuation & Pet. Engr., Richfield Oil Co. 655 S. Flower St Los Angeles. Cal. Adachi. Jinzoo Address Wanted. Adair. Arthur C Valuation Enar., Internal Revenue. Treasury Dept., Washington, D. C. Adam. John. Min. Ennr., The Zinc Corp. Ltd., Box 4 C. Broken Hill, N. S. W Australia. Adami. Arthur E V. P Montana State School of Mines.Butte, Mont. Adami. Charles J Min. Ensr St. Joseph Lead Co 4540 Lindel Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. Adams. C. W.729 South Normandie St LaGranada Apt Los Angeles, Cal. Adams. Cmyler Geerwwd. Minn. Adams. F. J Gen'l Anent. Gulf Production & Pipa Line Cos .Fort Worth. Tex. ADAMS. FRANK DAWSON. Logan Prof. of Geology and Dean, Faculty of Applied Science, McGill Univ Montreal. Que Canada. Adama, Gale L Research Enar., General Pet. Corp. of California, Higgins Bldg Los Angeles. Cal. Adams. George I, Prof. of Geol. & Mineralogy Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Adams. H. H Cons. Geol Room 416, W. T. Waagoner Bldg Fort Worth. Tex. Adams, Henry. Cons. Min. Ennr 1050 Edgewood Ave., Plainfield, N. J. Adams, Henry H.285 Madison Ave., New York. N. Y. Adams, Henry Farnum. Engr., Charge. Experimental Work. Inspiration Concentrator, Inspiration Cons. Copper Co Box 354. Inspiration. Ariz. Adams. Huntington. Min. Enar I41 Broadway, New York. N. Y. Mama, Leland D., V. P., Leslie-California Salt Co 166 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Cal. Adams, Louis W., Illinois Steel Co .Gary. Ind.

Jan 1, 1929

By C. T. Holland

This discussion is concerned with those com-J- paratively infrequent bumps that eject material from the failed mass with enough energy to wreck heavy machinery and seriously injure or kill people. In such cases there is a loud report, and the pressure waves set up in the mine atmosphere wreck ventilation controls several hundred feet from the site of the failure. Vibrations are induced in the earth's crust which may be detected several miles from the point of origin, and explosive gases may be released in large quantities." Usually a dense suspension of dust is produced from the failed mass, together with dust placed in suspension by the resulting air blast. These rock bursts or bumps have also been called mountain shots, bounces, pillar bursts, and crumps. Such occurrences, when extensive, are serious catastrophes, and may force abandonment of the mine.' CAUSES OF ROCK BURSTS Rock bursts in coal mines have occurred in sev-eral places under diverse geological conditions, mining methods, and/or practices. A study of many such occurrences indicates that they depend on the following conditions: 1) cover thickness of 500 ft or more, 2) cover composed of strong members and having a strong member lying close to or on the coal bed, and 3) a floor that does not readily heave. The minimum thickness of cover under which coal mine rock bursts occur is based on observation. Under unusual circumstances involving very strong roof members and/or mining systems, and/or practices especially likely to induce bursts, a burst conceivably could occur under less roof. Under special circumstances rock bursts have occurred in marble quarries almost at the surface.' Furthermore, under very heavy cover it is likely that controlling roof members need not be as strong and as close to the coal bed to cause bumps. Just what constitutes a strong roof or roof member is open to question. Obviously the strength of a roof member is determined by its thickness, the distance between bedding planes across which little or no bond exists, the spacing and development of joints, and the inherent strength of the rock material. Strata sections showing roofs under which rock bursts in coal mines have developed are illustrated in Fig. 2. In several instances the strength of rocks composing the roof of mines developing bumps has been tested. The tests (Table I) show that these rocks develop considerable strength in compression, bending, and shear and that in some cases the strengths are very high. No quantitative data are available concerning joints in roof members over coal beds where rock bursts have occurred, but the author has examined many mines subject to bursts and has received the impression that joints in the shales immediately over the coal beds are always present and well developed. In the main sandstone or conglomerate members themselves, however, where observed, he has yet to see a fracture system indicating well developed joints. Undoubtedly joints are present, but the evidence indicates that they are few, poorly developed, and widely spaced. In a mine subject to bumps, moreover, actual measurements of roof spans up to 225 ft between supports under a cover of about 800 ft have been made before roof failure occurred. Such spans signify strong roof. In coal beds subject to rock bursts, the bottom rock is usually a sandy shale. A few tests (Table I) have been made on the floor rock of coal beds. Observations in mines indicate that they are usually weaker than roof rocks and that under load they show more plastic effects. Observation in ground subject to bursts invariably indicates a relatively strong floor highly resistant to heaving, although some heaving may occur. Other factors listed as favorable to rock bursts are: 1) mountainous surface; 2) steeply dipping beds; 3) proximity of faults, folds, and other similar geologic structures. Many bursts have occurred in mines under mountainous country, although many bursts in mines under a surface with little relief indicate that thickness of cover, not relief, is the essential factor. In steeply dipping beds, many bursts occur in mines that are essentially flat, and rock bursts have been recorded in beds dipping as much as 35o Most rock bursts in the U. S. occur in beds that dip less than 10 pct. It is also true that most U. S. coal is produced from beds dipping less than 10 pct. Geologically, faults are regarded as providing stress relief, but in the vicinity of faults, as well as sharp folds, it would seem that residual stresses could be present. The fact that rock bursts occur in areas remote from faults and sharp folds suggests that their presence is not necessary for this phenomenon to take place. There have been many bursts close to faults and folds, and it may be assumed that occasionally such structures accentuate their occurrence3 The conditions and circumstances under which they occur, coupled with the effects produced, leave In the Crowsnest Pass coalfield, British Columbia, a rock burst is estimated to have released 1.8 million cu ft of methane.

Jan 1, 1959

By J. H. L. Vogt

TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction,...........125 I. The Original Source of the Heavy Metals of Ore-DepoBits,. 126 Distribution of Elementary Substances in the Earth's Crust,. . 128 11. The Relation between Eruptive Processes and the Formation of Ore-Deposits, Especially Buch AS have been Produced by Eruptive After-Actions,........ Ore-Deposits Formed by Magmatic Segregation,..... Ore-Deposits Formed by Eruptive After-Actions,..... Cassiterite-Veins and Apatite-Veins,...... Ore-Deposits of Contact-Metamorphic Origin,.... Pyritic Deposits,.......... Veins of Gold, Silver and Lead-Ore,......142 Conclusions,........... 111. The Nature of the Ore-Solutions in Vein-Fissures, and the Metasomatic Alterations along the Ore-Veins,. .. 147 The Association of Vein-Minerals,.......147 Deposition of the Vein-Minemls,........148 Alteration of the Country-Rock,........ Classification of Metasomatic Alterations,...... 149 Additional Observations,......... Kaolinization,..........150 Comparison between Cassiterite-Veins and Lead-Sulphide Veins,. 154 Comparison between Formation of Greisen, etc., and Propylitiza tion, etc.,........... Conclusions,........... IV. Differences of Depth in the Original Positions of EPIGENETIC Deposits ; and the Secondary Alterations of Deposits,. . 158 Original Differences of Depth,. .. .. .. . Gecondary Altemtions of Ore-Deposits,......, Introduction. In the latter part of November, 1900,I received through the Secretary of the Institute the papers of Messrs. Van Hise, Emmons, Lindgren and Weed, presented at the Washington meeting of February in that year, with the request (urged also by Mr. Emmons) that I would furnish for the Richmond meet-

Jan 1, 1902

By W. M. Weigel

Economic deposits of barite occur in Missouri in two main districts. The most important, the Southeastern or Washington County district, is in the southeastern part of the state, mostly in Washington County with a small extension into the northeastern part of St. Francois County. Roughly, it embraces nine townships or about 200,000 acres and accounts for from 80 to 90 per cent. of the state production. The Central district, is in the central part of the state, includes most of Morgan and Miller counties, and parts of Camden; Benton, Moniteau and Cole counties. The area embraced is much larger than the Washington County district, but the deposits are more infrequent. The location and general area covered by the two districts is shown in Fig. 1. There is another small area in southern Franklin County but so far its production has been of small consequence. It might be considered as a northward extension of the Washington County field. An, area in the central part of Hickory County has also produced a small amount. The outline of the districts as shown indicates the general area in which deposits have been found. The total area covered by deposits of barite is only a small part of this, as, in the Central district especially, there may be miles of supposedly barren areas between ore-bearing areas of an acre or two in extent. The date when barite was first mined in Missouri cannot be definit stated, but the industry probably dates back to about 1860. The occurrence of barite was known long before this, as it was encountered in the lead mines in Washington County and mentioned by several earlier writers." Missouri is reported as producing 8000 tons in 1882 so it is evident the industry was well under way in the seventies in order to have arrived at this substantial production. By 1893 Missouri production had increased so that it ranked with that of Virginia, then the largest producer it increased until in 1914 Missouri accounted for about 65 per cent. of the total United States output.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. D. Begley, A. W. Khair

Introduction The technique being investigated here uses a physical mine model which consists of a plexiglass room-and-pillar model 11.4 x 11.4 cm (4.5 x 4.5 in.). It is placed at the bottom of a larger plexiglass box 25.4 x 30.5cm (10 x 12 in.). The box is then filled with a model material representing geologic overburden. Sand has been selected because of its deformability under gravitational forces. The mine model is capable of creating a cavity and induces movement on the surface of the model material. This surface disturbance can be measured using a photographic technique called holographic interferometry. This paper discusses results of an investigation of the possibility of generating subsidence criteria using physical mine models and laser holographic interferometry. Problem Statement Subsidence appears to be widespread in two states - Pennsylvania and Illinois - although serious subsidence is found in localized areas of numerous other states (HRB Singer Inc., 1977). The US Bureau of Mines estimates that more than 1618 km2 (400,000 acres) of urban areas are threatened by subsidence. Pennsylvania and West Virginia contain 57% of these threatened areas, with the remainder being spread out over 16 states (Johnson and Miller, 1979). Events of subsidence have been reported in urban areas, including Pennsylvania (Gray et al., 1977) and Illinois (Mahar and Marino, 1981). One location has observed three episodes of subsidence beginning in 1950 (Bruhn et al., 1981). These subsidence events all occurred over abandoned room-and-pillar mines. Some mines have been abandoned more than 50 years (Bauer and Hunt,1981) . Available research does not offer much on the problem related to time dependent subsidence, especially those associated with the failure of remnant coal pillars. The physical modeling technique developed at West Virginia University is capable of measuring both instantaneous and time delayed subsidence. Laser Holographic Interferometry Laser holographic interferometry, or holometry, uses the interference properties of laser light to measure small movements of objects. The object requires only optical access and no surface instrumentation. This technique is closely related to photoelasticity. Both techniques rely on the uniqueness of the light reflected off or through an object in any given state of stress. The entire measurement process is done remotely without any surface instrumentation and without using a camera. The interferogram is constructed and visual observation will yield fringes on all areas that yielded or moved. The displacement represented by one fringe was determined by Wilson et al. (1977) and is given by the relationship: [d ='1(1) 2 cos 8 where d = displacement of one fringe 6 = incident angle of laser light A = wavelength of light (632.8 x 10-9 meters for Helium-Neon lasers)] In summary, holometry is capable of detecting very small movements of objects under study. It is a very sensitive process that requires laser light and vibration free experiments. Experimental Program Lab Facilities The primary components of the facilities were the laser and the optical table. The light source was 50 milli-watt, Helium-Neon laser. The optical table was a granite slab weighing nearly one ton. All experiments were performed on the optical table. It consists of a large table sitting on air cells similar to car innertubes. Six air cells were placed on top of two layers of wood and Styrofoam. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the vibration free table. Even with these precautions, the experiments still had to be performed at night to reduce potential traffic related vibrations. Room-and-pillar mine models consisting of three different pillar sizes were constructed out of plexiglass. The models were designed to represent three different extraction ratios. Figure 2 shows the models. The extraction ratios were determined by the tributary loading concept (Peng, 1978). These models were the primary component of a seam extraction simulator. A schematic of this simulation device is shown in Fig. 3.

Jan 1, 1986

By R. D. Nelson, S. D. Dahlgren

The conditions of temperature, strain rate, and total strain favoring deformation by grain boundary sliding, slip, or deformation with concurrent recrystallization were evaluated for alpha plutonium. Grain boundary sliding and slip were studied by examining structures formed on polished surfaces with 4.5 pct compressive deformation. The conditions required for recrystallization were determined from compressive deformation us time curves. At 110" C and at a strain rate of 10&apos;per min, deformation was almost exclusively by grain boundary sliding whereas slip was the predominant deformation mode at -10°C and lo-&apos; per min. Defarmation at intermediate tenzperatures and strain rates produced structures showing mixtures of grain boundary sliding and slip. Recrystallization occurred concurrently with deformation only after a critical strain was reached. About 14, 6, and 3 pct strain was required at 105", llO°, and lZO°C, respectively, before recrystallization started, irrespective of the strain rate in the range of lo-&apos;1 to 10&apos;4 per nzin. L HE temperature and strain-rate dependency of the modes of plastic deformation were evaluated for high-purity as-cast alpha plutonium. The techniques used to study slip and grain boundary sliding were similar to those employed previously for alpha plutonium by Bronisz and Gorum,&apos; and spriet.&apos; Recrystallization was investigated using the methods reported by Nelson.3 Bronisz and Gorum&apos; found that slip occurred on more than one slip system at room temperature, and suggested that grain boundary sliding also contributed to the deformation. spriet2 found that deformation was predominantly by slip at room temperature, and observed one to three orientations of slip traces in individual grains. In addition, he deformed polished samples at 10O° C, but concluded that the deformation character of alpha plutonium at 100° C and at room temperature were not essentially different. Several investigators reported that twinning was only occasionally observed.1&apos;2&apos;4 Nelson3 recently found in creep tests that high-purity alpha plutonium would recrystallize concurrently with compressive deformation at temperatures between 25" and 115°C. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Electrorefined plutonium having less than 300 ppm total impurities was received from Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in the form of +-in. diarn cast rods. Major impurities were americium, <I00 ppm, and tungsten, (60 ppm. Less than 25 ppm each of other impurities were present. The rods were cut into right half-cylinders 0.35 in. long and 0.25 in. in diam, and the flat faces along the cylinder axes were metal-lographically polished. To avoid loss of the metallo-graphic polish by oxidation, the polished samples were deformed in a silicone fluid heat treating medium contained in a chamber evacuated to a pressure of lo-&apos; torr. Deadweight loading was used to compress the samples between 4.5 and 20 pct at strain rates between 10"4 and lo- &apos; min-&apos;. Strain rates were determined by dividing the total deformation by the elapsed time of the test, even though the strain rate was not constant during deformation. Curves of strain vs time for samples deformed with a constant compressive stress3 show that the strain rate changes by less than a factor of four during the testing of a given sample, which is small compared to the three orders of magnitude change in strain rate investigated. Two samples were loaded into an ordinary metallographic mounting mold and impacted by striking the mold piston with one blow of a 2-lb hammer. Deformation temperatures for the two impact samples were 25" and 90°C. The samples, following deformation, were washed in carbon tetrachloride and their polished and deformed surfaces were immediately inspected metallographi-cally. Subsequently, the deformation structures were replicated with acetate replicating tape for later electron microscope examination, and the samples were then repolished and etched to reveal the microstruc-tures of the deformed metal. Second-stage carbon replicas were prepared from decontaminated acetate replicas using the procedure developed by Miller, Bierlein, and astel.&apos; Additional samples, which were 0.35 in. long by 0.25 in. in diam, were used to obtain constant load deformation vs time curves. These samples were deformed 10 to 20 pct with loads of 15 and 20,000 psi at 120°C; 30, 45, and 55,000 psi at 110°C; and 20 and 30,000 psi at 105°C. Samples were polished and etched to determine whether or not recrystallization or twinning had occurred during deformation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The experiments showed that alpha plutonium deforms by grain boundary sliding, slip, and deformation with concurrent recrystallization. Deformation by twinning was insignificant. Metallographic examination of polished and deformed surfaces revealed grain boundary sliding and slip. The start of recrystallization was ascertained from constant load deformation vs time curves. Deformed surface structures of samples compressed 4.5 pct under four different conditions of temperature and strain rate, Fig. 1, show how the deformation mode changes from predominantly grain boundary sliding to predominantly slip with increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature. Deformation at 110°C and 10" 4 min-&apos;, Fig. l(a), was predominantly by grain boundary sliding. Only a few slip traces can be seen in Fig. l(a).

Jan 1, 1969

By H.E. Brauer

Among the zinc base alloys used for casting in metal moulds, pnrticularly die casting, those alloys containing aluminum usually together with copper, are probably the most widely used. The reason lies in their desirable mechanical properties and the fluidity and absence of hot shortncss which facilitate ca,sting. Objection to the use of these alloys may be raised on account of the rather frequent instances of failure of a type variously described as disintegration, exfoliation and intererystalline corrosion. In all cases which have come to our kno~vlcdge where the conditionsof service were known, failure has occurred upon cxposurc to moisture and heat varying from a hot moist atmosphere to lligh pressure steam. RIoreover, the alloys described in all such roses contain impurities or alloying metals which the present authors have found to have enormous accelerating effects on intererystalline oxid:~t&apos;ion in zinc-aluminurn alloys. Thus Williams1 experimented with an alloy containing a large percentage of tin exposed in Cuba. Baucr2 reports failure of a boiler plug containing over 1 per cent. of impurities, doubtless lead for the must part, and Rawdon&apos;s3 examinations were madc on an alloy containing 0.1 per cent. lead also exyosctl to thc Tropics. No thorough investigation of the nature and cause of this type of failure has been made heretofore, so far as the authors are aware, although Rawdon correctly classified it as internal oxidation. We have, therefore, carried out this investigation in order to det&apos;ermine the exact nature of this phenonienon and the effect of other metals present as impurities or intentional additions in accelerating or retarding it. In the appendix we include a considerable amount of data which may be valuable in selecting an alloy combining good physical properties with high resistance to oxidation. At the time this work was undertaken the best available equilibrium *Investigator, Metal Section, Research Division, The New Jersey Zinc Company. &apos;H. W. Williams—Jour. Am. Inst. of AIet,als, Vol. 11, p. 221 (1917). 2o. Bauer—ZeiL, fiir i&apos;vletall Kunde, Vol. 12, .No. 7, pp. 129-31 (1920). 3H. S. Rawdon—Trans. Am. Elcctrochcmic.al Society (1921).

Jan 1, 1923

By H. E. Brauer

Among the zinc base alloys used for casting in metal moulds, pnrticularly die casting, those alloys containing aluminum usually together with copper, are probably the most widely used. The reason lies in their desirable mechanical properties and the fluidity and absence of hot shortncss which facilitate ca,sting. Objection to the use of these alloys may be raised on account of the rather frequent instances of failure of a type variously described as disintegration, exfoliation and intererystalline corrosion. In all cases which have come to our kno~vlcdge where the conditionsof service were known, failure has occurred upon cxposurc to moisture and heat varying from a hot moist atmosphere to lligh pressure steam. RIoreover, the alloys described in all such roses contain impurities or alloying metals which the present authors have found to have enormous accelerating effects on intererystalline oxid:~t&apos;ion in zinc-aluminurn alloys. Thus Williams1 experimented with an alloy containing a large percentage of tin exposed in Cuba. Baucr2 reports failure of a boiler plug containing over 1 per cent. of impurities, doubtless lead for the must part, and Rawdon&apos;s3 examinations were madc on an alloy containing 0.1 per cent. lead also exyosctl to thc Tropics. No thorough investigation of the nature and cause of this type of failure has been made heretofore, so far as the authors are aware, although Rawdon correctly classified it as internal oxidation. We have, therefore, carried out this investigation in order to det&apos;ermine the exact nature of this phenonienon and the effect of other metals present as impurities or intentional additions in accelerating or retarding it. In the appendix we include a considerable amount of data which may be valuable in selecting an alloy combining good physical properties with high resistance to oxidation. At the time this work was undertaken the best available equilibrium *Investigator, Metal Section, Research Division, The New Jersey Zinc Company. &apos;H. W. Williams—Jour. Am. Inst. of AIet,als, Vol. 11, p. 221 (1917). 2o. Bauer—ZeiL, fiir i&apos;vletall Kunde, Vol. 12, .No. 7, pp. 129-31 (1920). 3H. S. Rawdon—Trans. Am. Elcctrochcmic.al Society (1921).

Jan 1, 1923

By Samuel Hoyt

THE writer has long been interested in seeking an explanation of the upper heat effect in the copper-tin alloys over the a + ß range, first described in 1913. These notes are offered, not at all as the final explanation of this heat effect, but rather to indicate certain progress which has been made toward establishing what happens over this temperature interval. While working on the thermal analysis of the copper-rich kalchoids (copper-tin-zinc alloys), it was noted that those alloys containing major portions of tin and minor portions of zinc exhibited two marked heat effects, one at about 520° C. and the other at about 600° C., instead of the single effect which is generally observed in either of the two binary series. This matter was discussed with Dr. Guertler, who suggested that a heat effect at about 600° C. in the pure copper-tin alloys might be expected. This led to a more searching examination of the thermal critical points in the pure copper-tin alloys, with the result that a marked, although somewhat weak, heat effect was located at about 600°. Somewhat later, this upper heat effect was discussed with Dr. Burgess, and it was requested that the Bureau of Standards make heating and cooling curves of one of these alloys for the purpose of removing any possible doubt as to the actual presence of the heat effect. Results obtained by the Bureau are given in Plate I. In an earlier paper1 differential curves were published showing that the heat effect occurred at constant temperature over the a + ß range and increased in magnitude with the amount of a up to a point somewhat above 20 per cent. tin. No heat effect was noticed at this temperature in the eutectoid alloy. The existence of this heat effect seems to require a modification of the present copper-tin diagram in the a + ß field, and it has been the object of the work here presented to secure the evidence upon which such a change should be based.

Jan 12, 1918

By A. S. Callen

These iron mines of Spain are located on the mountain ridge forming the boundary between the Teruel and Guadalajara provinces, called Sierra Menera. They form a property of 25 mines extending over an area of 1,677 hectares (4,140 acres) situated at a height varying from 1,200 m. (3,940 ft.) to 1,500 m. (4,920 ft.) above sea level. The deposit follows the direction north to south; huge masses of ore are being found both on the slopes and at the summit of the Sierra. The ore occurs among quartzites and magnesite limestone, in some places overlaid by quartzite 15 m. (50 ft.) thick; in some others (and this is more general) the ore is overlaid by earth and boulders of quartzite origin; this layer is about 8 m. (26 ft.) thick. The ore beds occupy the geological horizon of the Superior Trias or Muschelkask, which are here in direct contact with the Silurian quartzites. The lime-stones have been more or less transformed. There is ample evidence to show that these mines were worked in very ancient times—objects and tools employed in mining by the ancient Romans and Arabs are to be found plentifully in old workinigs which extend down into the deposits. It has been estimated that more than 10,000,000 tons of ore were mined in the old days in this district and carried to the primitive forges in the vicinity where iron of much renown in Spain was extracted. Remains of more than 20 of these forges are found in the neighborhood of Sierra Menera and are usually situated near waterfalls and forests. Much investigation has been carried on for the purpose of determining the quantity of ore to be found in these mines, but no exact calculations can be made at present. When the investigation is completed it will surely be found that the deposit contains a much larger quantity than the 100,000,000 tons indicated by the present workings. The mines are now worked as open quarries and this method can and will be followed for a long time, probably until the deposit is worked out. Figs. 1 and 2 give some idea of the quarries in operation and the reserves, the iron-ore stocks, screening installation and general arrangement. From these quarries 1,000,000 tons can be mined annually (987,000

Jan 1, 1916

By J. L. Gillson

The big mass of anorthosite in the Lake Sanford district and the bodies of titaniferous magnetite that occur in a small area near the south margin of the mass have been described repeatedly, and the puzzling problems of the genesis of the rocks and ores have stimulated the deductive reasoning of geologists for a hundred years. Some of these men have taken a leading part in describing the anorthosite rock and forming hypotheses concerning its origin; some have contributed most to the study of the ore deposits; and some have made classical Studies introducing a basic approach to the problems of the anorthosite rock and genesis of the titaniferous magnetites. Much of the writing on the problems of rock and ore genesis has been based on physical-chemical reasoning rather than on field and microscope observations of the rocks and ores. Most of these geologists conclude that the anorthosite was formed by true magmatic crystallization, involving previous settling or squeezing out of ferromagnesian minerals from the parent magma. The associated gabbro is a separate segregation or later intrusion, and the lighter colored and finer grained facies of the anorthosite is either a chilled border zone of the anorthosite or the result of granulation by crushing of the coarse, dark blue rock of the main mass. This blue rock, called the Marcy type, is named after the highest peak in the range. The finer grained and lighter colored rock is called the Whiteface, after another mountain appropriately named for a cliff colored by this facies of the anorthosite.

Mar 1, 1956

By F. R. Zachar

IT has always been understood, in northern West Virginia where both the Pittsburgh and Sewickley seams are mined, that pillaring or splitting in the lower Pittsburgh seam could break the interval strata and make mining in the overlying Sewickley difficult or impossible. In some instances, however, mining methods practiced in the overlying Sewickley have reversed the problem, resulting in a shifting of the intermediate layer and destroying valuable acreages of the Pittsburgh seam below. The Pittsburgh seam in this area is, on the average, 102 in. thick. About 18 in. of low-quality head coal are left for roof protection as it is mined. Immediately over the coal are two draw slates, two rider &apos;seams, and a good hard black shale, locally called black rock, which serves as a permanent roof where draw slates and riders are taken down on certain main haulroads. In most areas mined in this seam in the past the bottom has been satisfactory but soft. However, in areas now being mined by the Christopher Coal Co. in Monongalia County the bottom is very hard and unyielding. The Sewickley seam, lying 85 ft above the Pittsburgh, will average nearly 70 in. in thickness and is overlain by massive shales and sandstones. Much of the seam is mined only down to the "sheep skin," a hard band about 4 in. above the bottom, which is composed of relatively hard shale. Fig. 1 shows a typical cross-section through the Pittsburgh and Sewickley seams in the area being discussed. The thin Redstone seam is not deep-mined but is stripped in some locations where it outcrops. Most of the Sewickley seam in the Morgantown areas has been mined out from 10 to 30 years. There are at present only two large mines and five or six others of small production operating in that seam. Mining systems in the past were generally of the room and pillar type with some full pillar extraction. This seam in the Scott&apos;s Run area was operated by as many as thirty or forty different companies at one time, during an era beset with strikes, market failures, and depressions. Most of the barrier pillars along the many main haulroads were abandoned, and blocks of Sewickley coal that would be fully recovered with today&apos;s machinery were left unmined when conditions became anything less than favorable. Consequently the mined-out Sewickley is spotted throughout with solid blocks varying in size from 100x100 ft to 200x400 ft and larger. It is these unmined Sewickley blocks surrounded by worked-out portions that have caused transmissions of roof stresses to underlying Pittsburgh mining areas, see Fig. 2, resulting in untold difficulty. As the Christopher Coal Co. operates both the Pittsburgh and Sewickley seams, accurate maps of workings in both seams are readily available and are regularly consulted. The first Pittsburgh squeeze attributed to overlying Sewickley blocks occurred in the Arkwright mine, where a shuttle car crew was developing a section consisting of seven panel headings. These entries were being driven in solid coal 3400 ft from the nearest worked-out Pittsburgh area. As mining advanced it was noticed that certain ribs began to slough and certain areas to show signs

Jan 1, 1952

By R. B. Walker, R. Palmer, L. C. Bryner

The purpose of this investigation was to further study some of the factors affecting the air oxidation of sulfide minerals. Data obtained from laboratory studies on the effect of temperature, concentration of iron salts, pH, and other catalysts on the biological and nonbiological oxidation of sulfide minerals are presented. The oxidation of copper sulfide minerals and subsequent leaching of the soluble copper has long been a profitable operation. The chief oxidizing agent is oxygen from the air. This reaction is influenced by a number of different factors such as temperature, light, hydrogen ion concentration, oxidizing agents, and various catalysts. Sullivan1 found that copper sulfide minerals are slowly oxidized by the air and that dilute sulfuric acid and iron (111) increased their solubility. At that time it was not known that bacteria were involved in the oxidation of the sulfide minerals. It has been shown that pyrite, molybdenite, free sulfur, and the copper sulfide minerals found in the waste rock dumps in Bingham Canyon, Utah, are largely oxidized by chemosynthetic autotrophic microorganisms found in the leaching streams.2-6 Similar organisms have been isolated in other mining areas7,8 and from the effluents from coal rnines.9 The following are some of the questions that have arisen regarding the mechanisms of the reactions involved in the leaching process. How dependent is the leaching operation upon the biological reactions? How does the temperature effect the biological and non-biological reactions? How does the concentration of iron (II) and (111) effect the rate of oxidation of copper (II) sulfide? Does the iron act as a catalyst? Does activated carbon act as a catalyst on the oxidation of sulfide minerals? What effect does the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) have on the above reactions? The purpose of this paper is to report the results of laboratory studies on these problems. EXPERIMENTAL The apparatus used in this investigation was an air lift percolator described in our earlier work.&apos; The percolator consisted essentially of an air lift which enabled the leaching solution and microorganisms to pass freely through a suspension of mineral (substrate) in Ottawa sand. The air lift served the additional purpose of maintaining an ample concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the nutrient (leaching) solution. (See Fig. 1.) The percolators were so constructed that they could be immersed in liquid constant temperature baths for temperature studies. The thermostats were controlled to +0.5°C. The reactions were all run in the dark. The percolators were charged with one to three g of mineral, dispersed in 100 g of Ottawa sand and 100 ml of nutrient or leaching solution. The sand was purified to remove traces of iron by digesting with concentrated hydrochloric acid and washng with distilled water until free from chloride. After drying, the sand was ready for use. The compressed air supply was regulated to 5 psi and bubbled through an aerator containing distilled water, which was maintained at the same temperature as the bath used. The air was filtered through cotton plugs to maintain sterile conditions. The tops of the

Jan 1, 1968

Jan 1, 1886

By Edward W. Parker

THE agreement of September, 1922, between the anthracite operators and the United Mine Workers of America, which followed the 54.5 months strike during the summer of that year, contained the following provision : The parties unite in a recommendation to Congress that legislation be forthwith enacted creating a separate anthracite coal commission with authority to investigate and report promptly on every phase of the industry and the parties hereby ask the President to request the enactment by Congress of the recommended legislation. The continuance of production after Aug. 31, 1923, shall be upon such terms as the parties may agree-upon in the light of the report of the Commission.

Jan 1, 1924

LIST OF MEMBERS, ASSOCIATES AND JUNIOR ASSOCIATES ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED ||Abad, Leopoldo F, College of Min, Univ of California Berkeley, Cal &apos;23 ||Abarquez, Ramon F, Met, Bureau of Seience Manila, P I &apos;24 ||Abbey, Robert Graham, Student, Case School of Applied Science Cleveland, Ohio &apos;21 Abbort, A N , Mines Supt , Mazapil Copper Co , Ltd Concepcion del Oro, Zacatecas, Mexieo &apos;23 Abbott, Clarence E , Gen&apos;l Supt , Iron Mines Div , Tenn Coal, Iron & R R Co , 1405 Minnesota Ave , Bessemer, Ala &apos;04 Abbott, Louis Benjamin, Chief Engr, Consolidation Coal Co, Elkhorn Div Jenkins, Ky &apos;15 Abbott, Robert R , Met Engr , Peerless Motor Car Co Cleveland, Ohio &apos;12 ||Abbott, Wells Osborn, Ray Consolidated Copper Co Hayden, Ariz &apos;23 Abeel, George H, Jr, Cons Min Engr 4812 W 17th St, Los Angeles, Cal &apos;18 Abel, Albert E, Asst to Pres, Valley Mould & Iron Corpn Sharpsville, Pa &apos;19 Abeloff, Miran S Address Wanted &apos;21 Abernathy, G E, Kansas State Teachers College Pittsburg, Kans &apos;20 Abey, Hiroshi, Min & Met Engr. Takata & Co, 2 Yeirakucho, Niehome, Kolimachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan &apos;17 ||Aborn, Robert H 24 Groveland St, Auburndale, Mass &apos;19 Abouchar, Sylvain Sley, Min Engr & Geol , Care of S H Sekaly, 13 Rue El Nimr, Cario, Egypt &apos;17 Abraham, Arthur W 1828 N Alexandria Ave, Los Angeles, Cal &apos;20 Abrahams, A. I 115 East 82nd St. New York, N Y &apos;14 ||Abrahamson, C. Walter, Min Engr, Brule Min Co Stambaugh, Mich &apos;21 Abrams, Charles Jackson Columbia Bldg, Spokane, Wash &apos;21 Abrams, David H, Min Engr, S E Dickey & Co, 809-11 Johnstown Trust Bldg, Johnstown, Pa &apos;20 Acker, E 01C, Met 128 East Washington Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa &apos;86 Acker, William L, Diamond Drill Contractor Mears Bldg, Scranton, Pa &apos;18 Ackerman, Ernest R, Pres Lawrenee Portland Cement Co Plainfield, Union Co, N J &apos;15 Adachi, Jinzoo 11 Shiba Park, Shiba-Ku, Tokyo, Japan &apos;88 Adachi, Yuich, Meeh Engr, Anzan Steel Works, Anzan, South Manchuria, China, (Via Dairen) &apos;21

Jan 1, 1923

By A. A. Bauer

The ?-to-? transformation has been studied in zirconium alloys containing 22 to 70 wt pct U. In this range of compositions the ? phase can be retained by quenching. Transformation to ? occurs by a nucleation-and-growth process. The diffusion of atoms to preferred lattice sites to yield a partially ordered structure apparently controls the rate of reaction. Alpha uranium and a zirconium precipitate from the supersaturated E phase initially formed in alloys outside the equilibrium E phase composition limits. ZIRCONIUM-Uranium alloys have long been of interest for reactor-fuel applications because of the low thermal-neutron cross section of zirconium. Considerable information is available on the various properties and behavior of these alloys1 although there had been a number of areas where information was incomplete. As part of a program to provide more detailed knowledge in these areas, the presently reported investigation was undertaken. The constitutional diagram of the zirconium-uranium system is shown in Fig. 1.&apos; The system is distinguished by a region of complete solid solubility between the body-centered cubic ß-zirconium and ? uranium phases and the existence of an intermediate phase in the vicinity of 50 wt pct U. This intermediate phase, designated as E, is reported3 to have a primitive hexagonal structure with a = 5.03 and c = 3.08A. The structure is partially ordered with zirconium atoms at the 0, 0, 0 position and zirconium and uranium atoms located randomly at the 1/3, 2/3, 1/2, and 2/3, 1/3, 1/2 positions. While the E phase may be nominally designated as of UZr2 stoichio-metry, the random distribution of uranium and zirconium atoms permit a considerable range in composition. Of interest in the research performed were alloys in the range from 20 wt pct (10 at. pct) to 70 wt pct (47 at. pct) U. In this range of compositions the body-centered-cubic ? phase can be retained either completely or partially on quenching. The nature and kinetics of transformation of the ? phase were the subject of study. Proceeding concurrently with the presently reported work was an investigation by Kearns4 which has since been reported. Kearns studied alloys containing 50 to 60 wt pct U prepared from sponge zirconium. While the work reported here is for alloys prepared from crystal-bar zirconium and the techniques of study are to some extent dissimilar to those employed by Kearns, general agreement so far as results and interpretation can be reported. Experimental Techniques—Alloys were prepared and the transformation of the ? phase studied during interrupted-quench and quench-and-temper isothermal heat treatments by means of hardness measurements and X-ray diffraction and metallographic techniques. The isothermal transformation of the ? phase on quenching and tempering was investigated further employing dynamic-modulus measurements. Electrical resistivity and limited Hall coefficient measurements were also obtained as part of the study. Alloy Preparation and Heat Treatment— Alloys containing 15, 20, 22, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, and 70 wt pct U were prepared from as-reduced uranium and crystal-bar zirconium. The alloys were double arc melted by consumable-electrode are-melting techniques. The final ingots were forged and rolled at temperatures between 790" and 840oC to 1/4-in. rod and 1/8-in. sheet. Chemical analyses of the fabricated alloys were

Jan 1, 1961

By F. G. BREYER

ZINC metallurgists continue to follow with keen interest reports of successful results from the continuous retort plants at Palmerton, Pa., and Meadowbrook. W. Va. The new process had already demonstrated its ability to reduce the lead content of the metal and to effect savings in labor and fuel. The past year has shown that the retorts themselves can he built to last long enough so that the retort cost per ton of metal is lower than in past practice with small horizontal re- torts. A number of the latest type of retorts are reported to have been in continuous operation for over 18 months without a failure and are said to be still in good condition. This seems a complete answer to the last question which remained before continuous zinc smelting could he pronounced commercially practicable.

Jan 1, 1932

By AIME AIME

INSTITUTE HEADQUARTERS, Hotel Statler. On Monday evening, Oct. 28, 1912, the visiting members and guests were informally received by the Local Committee at the Headquarters of the Institute at. the Hotel Statler. The evening was very pleasantly spent in renewing old acquaintances and friendships and in forming new ones. The first session, held Tuesday morning, Oct. 29, 1912, in the impressive Assembly-Room of the hotel, was called to order by David T. Croxton, Chairman of the Local Committee. Mr. Croxton introduced the Hon. Newton D. Baker, Mayor of Cleveland, who extended a cordial welcome to the members and guests present. James F. Kemp, President of the Institute, who subsequently presided at the meeting, responded in behalf of the Institute.

Nov 1, 1912

By AIME AIME

THE official opening at the 134th general meeting of the Institute was held on Oct. 6, but it was prefaced by two round table conferences on Oct. 5. The open-hearth group held the fourth of their semi-annual conferences at the William Penn Hotel, devoting the morning session to discussing a paper by R. L. Cain on the "Manufacture of Forging Steel by the Open-hearth Process," and the afternoon to discussing P. H. Shaeffer&apos;s paper on the open-hearth charge. At the Bureau of Mines, a round table conference on the combustibility of coke was held on Tuesday morning, and the afternoon was devoted to a similar conference on the testing of coke. The formal opening session of the meeting assembled in the Music Hall of Carnegie Institute at 10.30 a. m. Graham Bright, chairman of the Pittsburgh Section; called the meeting to order and presided. President Taylor welcomed the visiting members and guests to his home city and reviewed briefly the advancement of mining in the past half century during which, for ex- ample, the coal output had increased from 53,280,000 tons to 523,357,000 tons per year. He emphasized the important part Pennsylvania played in mining and brought out the principal changes that had taken place in methods. In part, his remarks were as follows: The centennial year, 1876, found the coal business of. this country, as a whole, producing 53,280,000 tons, of which amount the bituminous mines of this State yielded 24 per cent. In 1925, this country produced 523,357,000 tons of coal, of which Pennsylvania produced 24 per cent.

Jan 1, 1926