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"Correlatina Lung Crackle Usina Holographic lnterf erometryAli Afshari, MS, West Virginia University, 1989The Effect or Surfactants on Suppression of Non-Wettable ParticlesAli Alaboyun, MS, Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 1989Geochemical Characterization of Kerogem, ShaJes, and Coal .Refme ~ted with Allegheny Fonnationof Cases of Northern West VirginiaDick Andre, MS, West Virginia University, 1987Particle Concentrations in a Hazelton Inhalation ChamberShahram Bavani, MS, West Virginia University, 1985Use and Potential of Luer Holographic Interferometry and Subsidence Model Study of an Underground.Room and Pillar MineRichard Begley, MS, West Virginia University, 1984Development of a Mechanistic Model for Prediction of Subsidence in a Longwall MineRichard Begley, PhD, West Virginia University, 1990.Redesign of Micro-Orifice Unifonn Deposit ImpactorSteve Behm, MS, University of Minnesota, 1991A Fracture Mechanics Study of Crack Propagation Mechanism in Coal: The Mechanics of Fine FragmentFonnationZ. T. Bieniawski and R. Karl Zipf, Jr., Mining Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University,University Park, PA. Final Report, October 1, 1988A Mathematical Model for the Prediction of Ambient Dust Concentrations in Mine AtmospheresR. Bhaskar, MS, Mining Engineering and Operations Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 1984Spatial and Temporal Behavior of Dust in Mines-Theoretical and Experimental StudiesR. Bhaskar, PhD, Mining Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 1987Experimental Studies of Dispersion and Deposition of Fane Particles in a Wind Tunnel and Mine AirwayKlaus Bode, MS, Mining Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 1991Perf'onnance of the High Yield Technology PM - 100 - Particle 11ux MonitorRobert Caldow, MS, University of Minnesota, 1987Development of Improved Methods for Monitoring and Control of Diesel Particulate in an Underground CoalMineD. H. Carlson, B. C. Cornilsen, P. L. Loyselk, X. Shan and J. H. Johnson, Michigan Technological University,Houghton, Ml. Final Report, June 15, 1991"

Mar 1, 1992

By R. R. Sayers

Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the most widely distributed and most frequent causes of industrial accidents . Carbon monoxide gas is a product of incomplete combustion , and since it is without color , odor , or taste , its presence is frequently unsuspected in many places where it exists . It is an ever present danger about blast and coke furnaces , smelters , and foundries . It may be found in buildings having a leaky furnace or chimney , and in buildings where a gas stove is used without a proper flue connection , such as is often found in tenements , tailor shops , and boarding houses . Hospitals receive annually a great number of victims of poisoning , either by accident or in an attempt at suicide , from artificial illuminating gas . People may be affected by leaks wherever water gas is formed or used . The exhaust gases from gasoline motors under average running conditions usually contain 5 to 7 per cent carbon monoxide , and sometimes as much as 13 per cent ; deaths from running an automobile engine in a closed garage are not infrequent . A similar danger may arise in operating gasoline engines in launches without sufficient ventilation . The gas is formed also in stoker rooms , in gun turrets on battleships , in petroleum refineries , and by the Lablanc soda process in cement and brick plants . In underground mines carbon monoxide may appear as the result of shot firing , mine explosions , or mine fires , and in tunnels where automobiles , coal or oil - burning locomotives are operated . In spite of the common occurrence of carbon monoxide poisoning there appears to be no uniformly recognized treatment for a person overcome by carbon monoxide . In the rescue work of the United States Bureau of Mines , however , a method has been developed which has been supported by laboratory investigation , and has proved successful in practical experience , over a period of years . As outlined in this article , the method is useful in the hands of first -aid men as well as physicians .

Dec 1, 1921

By Raja V. Rarnani, Robert L. Frantz

"The Generic Mineral Technology Center for Respirable Dust (GTCRD) was created at The Pennsylvania State University and West Virginia University by a congressional initiative in 1983 responding to recommendations in the 1980 National Academy of Sciences study on the Measurement and Control of Dust in Mines. Many of these recommendations dealt with the need to initiate focused fundamental research for further professional progress in dust control. Long-term, sustained support was emphasized to develop expertise in respirable dust research. In creating this Center, Penn State and West Virginia University were specifically recognized for their expertise in and facilities for research on coal mining and medicine. Today, the Center includes the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Minnesota, and the Michigan Technology University. The Respirable Dust Center is the only organization that coordinates and integrates the medical, scientific, and engineering aspects of respirable dust disease. The Center works with the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM), Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), and the U.S. coal industry in defining the research priorities for the programs of the Center to enhance research synergism.The Center's mission is to enhance the health, safety and productivity of miners by advancing the fundamental understanding of all aspects of respirable dust associated with mining and milling and the interaction of dust and lungs to reduce the incidence and severity of respirable dust disease.All Dust Center activities are focused to be responsive to this mission, which is shared by the several federal agencies closely associated with the GTCRD. While significant progress has made mine atmospheres cleaner and healthier, respirable dust-related disease remains the nation's most pernicious industrial hazard.The goals of the GTCRD were formulated with recognition of the diverse scientific, engineering, and medical aspects of respirable dust, in addition to a need to enhance researcher interaction, as well as education and technology transfer efforts, in the respirable dust area. These goals reflect the needs of the mining industry as determined by the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Measurement and Control of Respirable Dust study done in 1980. The report of this committee encouraged the Bureau of Mines to redirect its research efforts ""...toward obtaining fundamental understanding of the origin, transport and characteristics of respirable coal mine dust."" The GTCRD's goals, detailed in chapter three of this document, were formulated to mesh with NAS recommendations."

Jan 1, 1995

Objective: To identify and evaluate a durable, flexible, and practical stopping to direct ventilation airflows in large-opening metal/nonmetal mines.

May 1, 2006

Objective: Construct a research facility to test sensor technology and engineering controls and to increase awareness of the proper functioning of mine hoists. Improve saferty and prevent injuries and fatalities to vertical movement of personnel and meterials in mine shafts and ore passes.

May 1, 1997

By Staff

This Bureau of Mines report is devoted to descriptions of investigations pertaining to underground mine trailing cables, their handling, splicing, and the use of couplers.

Jan 1, 1979

By F. N. Kissell, J. Kohler

Proper measurement of dust particle concentration is a critical step toward the elimination of dust-related occupational disease. This paper examines the development of dust sampling methods in U.S. coal mines, with emphasis on the benefits of personal sampling and on recent developments that permit real- time assessment of dust exposure.

Objective: To continuously monitor, display, and record concentration levels of respirable coal mine dust in mines to an accuracy of ±25% with a 95% confidence level for at least 30 days without servicing.

Jul 1, 1997

By R. V. Ramani, R. Stefanko, G. W. Luxbacher

THIS PROGRAM TRANSFORMS FREE FORHATED BRANCH DATA INTO A FORMAT SUITABLE FOR INPUT TO THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY MINE VENTILATION SIMULATOR (PSU/HVS 1. BRANCH RESISTANCES ARE ASSUMED TO HAVE BEEN ALREADY CALCULATED, IIOWEVER THIS PROGRAM CAN BE EASILY MODIFIED TO HANDLE THE ADDITIONAL INPUT DATA REQUIRED FOR RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS IN THE PSU/MVSO THE PROGRAM IS WRITTEN IN FORTRAN IV WITH WATFIV.

Jan 1, 1977

Objective: To discourage miners from going inby unsupported mine roof by developing intrinsically safe devices that render the attendant hazard more evident, direct a person's attention to read the warning message on the module, and thus avoid the hazard beyond the device.

May 1, 1997

By Isaac A. Zlochower

A number of ignition incidents involving mining and farm equipment have illustrated the surprising danger of drilling, cutting, or otherwise penetrating sealed compartments or frames that are filled with metal scrap for ballast. The presence of chemically-reactive metals (or electrochemically-active pairs), such as zinc in galvanized steel, can produce hydrogen from moisture in the steel scrap, and the resulting pressure, due to the internally-generated hydrogen, can produce an easily-ignited gas jet when the sealed component is penetrated.

By Hans M. Cassel

The specific objective of research presented in this report was clarifi- cation of physicochemical fundamentals of the mechanism of dust explosions. The equipment, techniques (chiefly photographic), and dusts (chiefly graphite and light metals) employed are described. From behavior of individual par- ticles, conclusions are drawn as to their cooperative function in ignition and combustion of dust clouds. Results are interpreted using thermal theory as accepted for combustible gas mixtures. Radiative transfer across the flame front, as a characteristic of dust flames, is given particular atten- tion. Related studies by other investigators are discussed.

Jan 1, 1964

By D. O. Kennedy

THIS CHAPTER on minor nonmetals covers greensand, meerschaum, mineral wool, and wollastonite. Mineral wool was by far the most valuable material among these minor nonmetals reported in the United States in 1956. GREENSAND Output of greensand (glauconite) declined in 1956. The Kaylorite Corp., Dunkirk, Md., and the Inversand Co., Sewell, N. J., were the only firms that reported production of this commodity. Output came from open pits in Calvert County, Md., and Gloucester County, N.J.

Jan 1, 1958

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

B 3 Principle Program Nomenclature The principal variable names used in the computer program are defined below. The following dimensions are applicable, unless otherwise indicated. Distance - Ft Velocity - Ft. /Minute Time - Minute

Jan 1, 1976

By S. Gallagher, A. Mayton, R. Merkel

The prolonged exposure of equipment operators to shock and whole-body vibration (WBV) is linked to cumulative back, neck and abdominal disorders. In low coal mines, space restrictions make it difficult for seat suspensions to isolate operators from shock and WBV Researchers at NIOSH's Pittsburgh Research Laboratory are responding to these issues by investigating viscoelastie foams. For the full-load case, an ergonomic seat made with viscoelastie foams can isolate the shuttle-car operator from shock at 15 Hz. Researchers used results from additional foam testing using an analytical model to identify viscoelastic foams that provide shock isolation at a frequency below 5 Hz.

By R. S. Conti

The US Bureau of Mines (USBM) has developed an inflatable feed-tube seal (IFTS) for high-expansion foam generators. The IFTS is a lightweight, portable, rectangular inflatable bag that can be used by firefighters to rapidly seal large openings, such as those in underground mines, and to simultaneously provide a feed-tube for a high- expansion foam generator. Thus allows fire-fighting foam to freely flow to the fire site and control or extinguish the fire. Studies indicated that a high-expansion foam plug will travel 183 m (600ft) down an entry with a 4.5% rise in elevation, before leakage of foam from around the inflatable partition.

By Kenneth P. Klouse

The current rulemaking on mine illumination makes it necessary for mine personnel to have an understanding of the behavior of light. They must be able to understand many terms that are new to the industry and must be familiar with the use of various types of photometers. With this knowledge, the enforcement criteria for mines can be understood and compliance can be maintained.

Jan 1, 1976

By Deno Pappas, Gregory Molinda, Eric Bauer, Christopher Mark, Daniel Babich

Groundfalls are much more likely to occur in coal mine intersections than in entries. NIOSH is using the experience of U.S. coal mines to determine the factors which influence intersection instability and provide guidelines for the safe excavation and support of intersections. Detailed field investigations have resulted in a database of U.S. coal mines containing 12 mines and 639 roof falls so far. By using the roof fall rate as the outcome variable, correlations between roof geology (CMRR), intersection span, and roof support have been established. Case studies have indicated that replacing 3- way intersections with 4-way intersections may not reduce the total number of roof falls. Additionally, the size of intersection spans tend to decrease with lower (weaker) CMRR. Protocols have been established for the collections of roof bolt parameters. The performance of individual roof bolts can now be tracked with roof fall rate.

By Robert F. Randolph

Research on improving haulage truck safety, started by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, is being continued by its successors. This paper reports the orientation of the renewed research efforts, beginning with an update on accident data analysis, the role of multiple causes in these accidents, and the search for practical methods for addressing the most important causes. Fatal haulage accidents most often involve loss of control or collisions caused by a variety of factors. Lost-time injuries most often involve sprains or strains to the back or multiple body areas, which can often be attributed to rough roads and the shocks of loading and unloading. Research to reduce these accidents includes improved warning systems, shock isolation for drivers, encouraging seatbelt usage, and general improvements to system and task design.

Jan 1, 2000

By Margaret R. Egan

In an underground mine fire, a toxic mixture of combustion product gases and particulate matter is transported by the ventilating system endangering everyone downstream. To determine the magnitude of the problem that these toxic combustion products pose, the U.S. Bureau of Mines is investigating the combustion products of typical materials found in underground mines. The total toxicity of the combustion products depends upon the evolving gas species and particulate matter, the amount of material involved, and the ventilation rate. In a simulated mine environment, the products from smoldering poly- vinyl chloride (PVC) brattice and conveyor belting were analyzed for gas concentrations and smoke characteristics. The primary toxic gases are hydrogen chloride (HC1) and carbon monoxide (CO). Smoldering conveyor belts are more detectable than smoldering PVC brattice cloths. These results, combined with previous analyses, are used to estimate relative toxicities, product levels, and detect-ability of smoldering mine combustibles.

Jan 1, 1992