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By A. Erdem

In this study, approximately 3 tons of coal sample taken from thickener entrance was prepared by mineral processing techniques and cleaned by gravity methods. The samples were classified to 5 size fractions by wet screening. The size fractions of +1mm and -1 +0.500 mm were chosen for direct consumption or cleaning by spirals. The studies by Multi Gravity Separator (MGS) were carried out with the -0.500 +0.280 mm and -0.280 +0.020 mm size fractions where the -0.020 mm fraction does not used in the experiments. The clean coal fractions of +1 mm and -1 +0.500 mm obtained by classification were subjected to lower calorific value (LCV), ash and total sulphur analyses. The results were 4168-4946 kcal/kg (on dry basis), 31.01-38.54 % ash and 4-4.27 % total sulphur content respectively. The results of the clean coal concentrated by MGS experiments in -0.500 +0.280 mm fraction was found 5918 kcal/kg LCV, 19.82 % ash content and 80.47 % combustible recovery. The results for the -0.280 +0.020mm fraction were 6004 kcal/kg LCV, 19.19 % ash content, 80.47 % combustible recovery respectively. With reference to the above experimental results, pre-economic evaluation studies were completed and decided to construct an additional unit to the plant. Capacity of the constructed unit is 75.000 t/y which corresponds $ 2.600.000 income in a year. General Directorate of Turkish Coal Enterprises concluded to apply this project to the other coal washing plants in the country due to the successful results of this study and laboratory studies has been going on by MTA currently. Keywords: coal tailings, mgs, recovery, washery, pre-economic evaluation

Sep 1, 2012

By Lang Shiping

The criteria for designing a crushing chamber are presented and a program for designing the shape of the chamber is proposed. During the chamber shape design, major design parameters are analyzed first, optimized parameters are determined next and the basic shape of chamber is figured out finally. In the basic chamber design program, the influence of abrasion of basic chamber shape and material characteristic are not accounted for usually. Here, based on the minimum abrasion of chamber shape and uniform particle size theory, the equation for chamber surface curve and the transcending function were formulated and a low-abrasion chamber was designed. Since the chamber shape designed based on experience and experiments is not necessarily the best, optimal design of the crushing chamber shape was carried out. Cubic spline function was used to represent the chamber shape curve and a mathematical model was formulated. The optimal shape solution was obtained using a complex method. Finally, the optimal chamber shape was determined by matching the moving cone stroke S, moving cone speed N and the moving cone bottom angle Thus, superior technical performance of the cone chamber was achieved.

Sep 1, 2012

By M. McClintock

"High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR) is increasingly being chosen for comminution circuits for its energy-efficiency for hard rock mining operations. Despite HPGR’s growing popularity, geo-metallurgy programs are still prohibitively expensive because of large sample requirements. Traditionally, sizing HPGR application requires a significant amount of sample, in the order of 1 to 10 tonnes, depending on the level of study and complexity of the resource. Therefore, engineering and design of HPGR circuits typically are reliant on few composites that are required to be representative of the resource and mine plan. Three bench scale HPGR test methodologies were developed in 2015 at NBK Institute of Mining Engineering at the University of British Columbia (UBC) capable of defining the energy size breakage relationship of pilot HPGR. These methodologies were developed to allow bench scale testing for different levels of study from PEA (Preliminary Economic Assessment) to detailed design and operations. The Piston Press test defines the energy size reduction relationship by measuring specific energy consumption and corresponding feed and product size distributions. The advantage of Piston Press testing is the small sample requirement of 5 to 10 kg. Small sample requirements allow multiple samples to be tested across a deposit. Piston Press testing allows extensive geo-metallurgy programs that can determine ore variability and inform in optimization and production planning. To date, the Piston Press methodologies have been validated on a pilot-scale HPGR unit located at UBC. Recently, testing was conducted to calibrate and validate the Piston Press test against full-scale HPGR on a gold sulphide ore deposit. The program included the collection of operational data with the respective HPGR feed and recycle sample. Sample collected was used both for Piston Press testing and HPGR piloting. This paper discusses the test-work and results as carried out during this program, using the aforementioned methodologies."

Jan 1, 2018

By V. V. Morozov, Ganbaatar Zorigt, Delgerbat Lodoy, Y. P. Morozov

"At the processing plant Erdenet, a new facility for advanced ore diagnostics in-stream (at the conveyor), based on optical analyser of mineral composition, was tested. Such systems provide highly accurate in-stream measurements of ore properties. The system provided information on the ore mineralogical composition, the particle size distribution and the impregnation of minerals. A special flatbed facility for optical spectrum-based estimation of fine-crushed ore has been developed, being incorporated into the existing system of ore sampling and analysis. Application of the flatbed facility renders possible a high accuracy of determining ore mineralogical composition. High precision of the optical spectrum-based estimation is achieved using special devices, installed in the sampling and the sample analysis flow sheet, applied by the technical control department. Modern systems for optical spectrum-based estimation of ore grade provide a basis for effective automated control of ore benefication processes, based on the principle of advanced ore grade control. Process management task of grinding and flotation was to choose options that take into account the composition and grade of the ore coming. The calculation data array comprises consumption of reagents, ore processing, grind size etc. The systems implemented at the processing plant contributed to increasing copper and molybdenum recovery. INTRODUCTION In-stream ore grade analysis is a new trend in effective control of ore benefication processes. This is realised based on radiometric measurements in the X-ray and visible spectrum regions, in which mineral components of the initial ore (Sbárbaro and Villar, 2010) or the benefication products become apparent (Hyotyniemi and Ylinen, 1998; Haavisto and Hyötyniemi, 2010). An important advantage of such methods is in-stream measuring ore parameters, including mass fractions of individual minerals, which makes it possible to use the information obtained in the processes of automated control."

Jan 1, 2018

By Q. Zhang

This paper, by studying the surface properties of pure dolomite minerals separated from representative marine sedimentary rare earth-bearing phosphate ores in Zhijin, Guizhou, aims to study the effect of different anions on the ? potential of dolomite. The research findings showed that the dolomite mineral had a point of zero charge (PZC) at pH 6.5, and the PZC shifted towards lower pH values with addition of anion SiO32- and PO43-. However, addition of anion CO32- and F- resulted in higher PZC values. Keywords: dolomite, ? potential, PZC, anion

Sep 1, 2012

By N. Vasumathi

Most of the Iron ore washing plants set up in India in the earlier days consist of sizing of the ore by dry / wet screening, washing and classification by screw classifiers. In this classical approach, iron values were lost in the form of fines and ultrafine into the tailing ponds as they had little commercial value in those days and accumulated in huge quantities over the years. As the high grade deposits are getting exhausted and the demand for high grade finer material for pellet making is ever increasing, focus is shifting towards recovering the values from the erstwhile tailing ponds by column flotation. This is also supposed to mitigate to a certain extent the environmental problems caused by the ever expanding and unmanageable tailing dams. A case study is presented wherein a composite sample is prepared from samples drawn systematically from multi - locations in a sprawling tailing dam. Laboratory scale column flotation tests on this composite tailings sample, basically originating from two operating iron ore beneficiation plants of JSW Steel Ltd., one of the leading producers of steel in India are found to be encouraging. Desliming followed by reverse and cationic flotation tests using flotation column resulted in the concentrate of 61.88% Fe, 4.81% SiO2, 2.52% Al2O3 and 3.30% loss on ignition (LOI) from the tailings analyzing 57.86% Fe, 7.10% SiO2, 3.52% Al2O3 and 6.14% LOI with 52% weight recovery. The causes for the quality improvement could be attributed to desliming of un-liberated ultra fines of kaoline and hydrated iron oxides and their further reduction by efficient flotation process. The process and the cationic collector developed for this purpose are adopted in the new flotation plant created to treat these tailings. Keywords: iron ore, washing, ultra fines, tailings pond, column flotation

Sep 1, 2012

By M. Karamoozian

Modelling and optimisation of the power draw of large SAG mills are important due to the large power draw which modern mills require (5~10 MW). The cost of grinding is the single biggest cost within the entire process of mineral processing. Traditionally, modelling of the mill power draw has been done using empirical models. Although these models are reliable, they cannot model mills and operating conditions, which are not within the model database boundaries. Also, due to their static nature, the impact of the changing conditions on the power draw, within the mill, cannot be deter-mined using such models. Despite advances in computing power, on-line modelling of large plant scale mills could be a time consuming task. On the other hand, using on-line parameters for model-ling, result in more reliable control of SAG mill without performing any more costly tests. In this paper, SAG mill power draw is modelled using neural network approach. Six inputs, namely: solid percent, two bearing pressures, noise, recycle and feed rate were used to model the power draw. The produced model shows an acceptable correlation coefficient, R2 =0.9623.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. Shibayama

Soil contamination by organic compounds is one of the most concerned issues on polluted soil. It is well known that there are limited methods to remediate the contaminated soil on site. Especially, the in-situ method for contaminated soil is too difficult to de-contaminate the organic pollutant. In this study, the fundamental ability of soil remediation, which aimed to decrease oil concentration in, in-situ process, have been researched by using a high pressure gas generated from ?crush composition? on artificially oil contaminated soil. The n-hexadecane (n-C16H34) and other organic compounds were selected as soil oil contaminators, gravimetric analysis by soxhlet extraction and GC-MS were used as qualitative and quantitative analysing methods. For the experimental examination, the influences on the difference in the concentration of n-hexadecane (and other organics), the tamping amount, position and repetition of crush composition in soil, and scale (size) of experimental model were investigated. The n-hexadecane concentration reduced by the explosive effect of crush composition showed a reasonable decrease of about 30 wt%~60 wt% compared to the initial n-hexadecane. The removed amount of n-hexadecane and distance from explosion point of the crush composition was related in scale and model of contaminated soil.

Jan 1, 2014

The energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis technique is a rapid and accurate method for describing sample?s element component and percentage composition. On the base of profound research for the national and international development and research condition, the author researched the EDXRF analyze technique and the EDXRF analyzer?s principle in depth, the difficulties and the key points for research and development of EDXRF analyzer; gave a scheme for re-search of bench EDXRF analyzer; researched some algorithms used in energy spectrum analysis; developed the energy spectrum analysis software based on the Visual C++ 6.0; together with the energy spectrum analysis software, the author designed and processed the structural of the bench XRF analyzer and integrated the import X-ray tube, thermoelectrically cooled Si-PIN photodiode X-ray detector and pulse amplitude analyzer as a model machine. The result shows: The model machine can be used in multi-element analysis at the same time for different types of dry mineral samples, with fast analysis speed, accurate model and high stability.

Jan 1, 2014

By Jihoe Kwon, Daeyang Lee, Mario Fujimura-Kashiwagui, Heechan Cho

"Calcium carbonate is one of the most widely used mineral in today's industries such as plastic, paper and pigment. There are many essential physicochemical properties required by each industry field but the most common requisite is size. One way to achieve appropriate size is grinding. Grinding is typically an energy intensive process, consuming about 40% of total energy cost in mineral process. Due to that reason, optimization of grinding process is a critical element to achieve price competitiveness. Two different type of grinding apparatus were hired to find out optimum condition in terms of energy efficiency. Utilizing samples containing 10, 20, 30 and 40% solids concentrations, a 1l batch type attrition mill was operated as the first grinding step at various operating speed with 1? to 5? grinding media in order to study the optimum operating conditions to reach submicron particles. Next, a 0.15l vertical beads mill was tested as next step with 100? to 500? grinding media to study the optimum conditions in the submicron range. Net energy and the specific energy input was measured to reach stated size ranges. Also, using a back-calculation based on the population balance model further operating conditions were studied. There were several competitive combinations which showed significant energy efficiency improvement when compared with the single step grinding."

Jan 1, 2014

By H. Deng

Oxidized zinc ores are the main source of zinc metal except sulfides. To have a better understanding about the performance of smithsonite and the main gangue, quartz, in flotation, the aggregation behaviors of smithsonite and quartz in water were confirmed by different techniques (sedimentation tests and optical microscopy). The experimental results show that smithsonite and quartz particles aggregate in the pH range 7.5-11. The results of zeta potential suggest that the aggregation does not correlate with the DLVO theory, when the iso-electric point of smithsonite and quartz is 8.0 and 2 respectively. When the solution pH is less than 8.0, smithsonite has an opposite charge to the quartz particles. Electrostatic adsorption makes effort on these two kinds of particles according to DLVO theory. Whereas, solution chemistry calculation shows the pH range 8-11 corresponds to hydroxide formation, suggesting that this is the species responsible for aggregation. And their concentrations are much higher in sodium hydroxide system than that in sodium carbonate system. Aggregation of smithsonite and quartz due to the flocculation action of zinc hydroxide is proposed.

Sep 1, 2012

By S. Groudev

Acid drainage waters generated in the uranium deposit Curilo, Bulgaria, were treated by means of a pilot-scale passive system consisting of a permeable reactive multibarrier and a constructed wetland connected in a series. The multibarrier had a total volume of 23 m3 and consisted of an alkalizing limestone drain and an anoxic section for microbial dissimilatory sulphate reduction, bio-sorption and additional chemical neutralization. The waters had a pH in the range of about 2.5 ~ 4.0 and contained radionuclides (uranium, radium), heavy metals (copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese), arsenic and sulphates in concentrations usually much higher than the relevant permissible levels for waters intended for use in agriculture and/or industry. The water flow rate through the multibarrier varied in the range of about 1 ~ 17 m3/24 h, reflecting water residence times of about 300 ~ 18 hours. An efficient removal of pollutants was achieved by the multibarrier during different climatic seasons, even during cold winter days at external air and water temperatures close to 0oC. The multibarrier effluents were enriched in dissolved organic compounds and in some cases still contained manganese and iron in concentrations higher than the relevant permissible levels. These pollutants were removed in the constructed wetland as a result of the activity of different heterotrophic microorganisms, including some bacteria able to oxidize the bivalent manganese and iron ions to Mn4+ and Fe3+, respectively.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. Zou

With the increasing applications of the Chinese metal magnetic liners, the requirement for their technical specifications has become stricter and stricter. It is necessary to deeply analyse the metal magnetic liners in order to improve their reliability and economics. The key issue of metal magnetic liners is magnetic forces: their attractions to mill shell and protection layer. Mathematical models were developed using finite-element analysis software and systematic simulation analyses of the two most critical indexes of magnetic liners were performed to find out the most important parameters and their effect on the liner?s characteristics. The relationships between magnetic forces and installation gaps, thickness of permanent magnets and thickness of protection layer may be used to guide the design of metal magnetic liners for ball mills in order to achieve good economic indexes.

Jan 1, 2014

By T. Sun, J. Kou, C. Sun, D. Gong

"HPGRs (high pressure grinding rollers) have demonstrated higher energy efficiency than conventional comminution equipment due to their application of particle-bed breakage mechanism. In the past decades, a large number of studies have been conducted to understand the characteristics of particle-bed breakage, however, few of them concerned the difference between single-particle and particle-bed breakage in compression comminution. This comparison is able to demonstrate possible advantages of particle-bed against single-particle in a breakage event due to the isolation of the effect of force loading mechanism. The present study investigated progeny fragment size and energy efficiency of these two breakage methods at variable energy inputs and particle sizes. The results show that at low energy inputs of around 0.25 kWh/t, the numbers of fines resulting from the two breakage methods are very similar. However, at higher energy inputs of around 1.0 or 2.0 kWh/t, particle-bed breakage generated significantly more fines. From the perspective of newly generated surface energy, particle-bed breakage is obviously more energy efficient than single-particle breakage at energy inputs between 1.0 and 2.0 kWh/t. It was also found that HPGRs demonstrate high energy utilization rate in generating new surface energy within their typical range of specific energy input. INTRODUCTION Rock comminution is an important and energy-intensive process in mining operations. Nowadays, decreasing head grade and mineral liberation size of ore deposits greatly increase the energy cost of comminution process. HPGRs have been successfully applied in the mining industry to improve the energy performance of comminution circuits. Typically, 10 to 30% of energy saving can be achieved due to the application of HPGR (Wang et al., 2013; Casteel, 2005; Günter et al., 1996)."

Jan 1, 2018

By S. K. Pan

The process flow-sheet adopted in treating hematite iron ore in India through wet circuit generates not only 15-25% slime of Run-of-Mine (ROM), but also results in loss of very high quality fine iron ore particles along with it. As the reserves of hematite iron ore is depleting, it is necessary to explore the possibility of upgrading other types of low grade iron ore and slime for recovery of iron minerals; extensive research in this field is being carried out. While beneficiation of low grade ore is yet to be established, slime beneficiation has been quite successful and many installations of slime treatment plant are underway. In SAIL mines, the slime is mainly the discarded particles from Classifiers, which are less than 0.2 mm sizes. R& D initiative has been focussed on the beneficiation of the slimes (49-60% Fe, 3-10% Al2O3 & 4-10% SiO2) of Dalli mines to generate concentrates assaying 62-64% Fe, 2-3% Al2O3, 3-4% SiO2 and a few innovative facilities for the same has been introduced at this mines of Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP). At Dalli mines, the slime is of very poor quality. A typical slime analysis assays 48.54% Fe, 15.1% SiO2, 8.5% Al2O3 and consists nearly 60% (by wt.) particles less than 38 micron. Slime analysis revealed substantial quantity of very high density mineral particles, those causes jamming of Thickener due to faster settling. A novel technique has been implemented to classify the concentrate ore particles from the gangue mineral particles by processing through Fluidized Bed Classifier (FBC) system, which is a gravity concentrator, to treat 50% of the slime generated and the rest is treated through de-sliming hydro-cyclone followed by Medium Intensity Magnetic Separator (MIMS). A special self-vibrating launder has been designed and introduced into the system to recover tiny iron ore particles, which could not get captured by the permanent Neodymium rare earth magnet in MIMS. The classified iron mineral particles from FBC are further treated in a battery of hydro-cyclones followed by modified Slow Speed Spiral Classifier (SSSC) unit. Multiple feed entry system to the SSSC unit is unique and use of particular feed entry point depends on the desired quality of the product and thus converted to a beneficiation equipment rather than mere de-watering unit. By processing slime in FBC system, the valuable iron ore particles with 62.5% Fe, 5.2% SiO2, 2.23% Al2O3 has been recovered from the slime at a material yield of 30%. And very high valued concentrate particles with more than 65% Fe has been sorted out through the magnetic separation route. The overall extra production of beneficiated slime concentrate is 40-45 tph with 63-64% Fe from a slime feed of 120-130 tph solid. This paper outlines few new approaches in iron ore slime beneficiation at Dalli mines for maximum recovery of valuable minerals. Keywords: fluidized bed classifier (fbc), iron ore slime of dalli mines, medium intensity magnetic separator, slow speed spiral classifier (sssc)

Sep 1, 2012

By Luis G. Bergh

Today, large size mechanical flotation cells of 100 to 300 m3 are used in rougher operation in different flotation industrial plants, in Chile and worldwide. However, in spite of the advances in fundamental research and the notable growing in equipment size, with more complete instrumentation systems, there are still a lack of reliable data for industrial flotation modeling and simulation to advance in better control systems design. In this work, a model of a rougher flotation circuit, based on operating variables and parameters fitted from industrial data, obtained in some previous work, is used to develop a set of logic rules in order to aid operating decisions. The simulator was first used to sensitize the effect of changing the froth depth profile on target variables, and then to find out the best profile to reject common disturbances coming into the plant. The flotation circuit simulator was redesigned to incorporate an expert system following the proposed control algorithm. Several tests were performed to evaluate the control responses to different correlated series of input variables, such as feed grade, tonnage, particle size distribution, and solid percentage. Control alternatives are discussed based on the circuit simulator. Keywords: modeling, industrial data, flotation control, mineral processing.

Sep 1, 2012

By D. Krawczykowski, D. Saramak, T. Gawenda

"Annual world zinc consumption is as high as nearly 14 millions of tonnes. Approximately 50% share of zinc is used for corrosion protection in processes of continuous galvanization and the hot dip processes. In the latter, two zinc containing residues are produced: zinc ash and hard zinc, which constitute around 10% each. Paper concerns the method of possible separation of metallic zinc from the non-metallic zinc compounds from the zinc ashes – the waste product of hot dip galvanization process. The investigative programme covered the comminution tests of the feed (zinc ash) in selected crushers: jaw crusher, roller crusher and impactor. Results of investigations show that application of individual crushing device results in various breakage of the feed sample. Impact force caused the highest increase in finest particles size fractions of the product, while metallic and non-metallic fractions were comminuted differently. The compression force, in turn, caused the selective comminution, i.e. the breakage of metallic zinc was observed in a higher degree. The presented approach appears to be an economical supplementary method of initial recovery of metallic zinc from metallurgical zinc waste. For the high demands for the zinc in the world and the need of corrosion protection, the method presented in the paper helps in more effective zinc recovery and environmental protection.INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY World production of metallic zinc during last decade shows a slight increase and in recent years its consumptions reach 14 millions of tonnes. Figure 1 shows world production of zinc in the time period 2009 – 2016. Main directions of zinc utilization include: - Galvanization - Production of zinc alloys - Brass and bronze production - Semi-manufactures of zinc - Chemicals The major share in global zinc consumption constitute galvanization process (Bright 2007). Two main types of zinc galvanization are: hot-dip galvanizing (HDG) and electro-galvanizing."

Jan 1, 2018

By M. M. Moghaddam

Charge motion is of prime importance in the efficiency of comminution in tumbling mills. Since direct observation of charge shape and its motion in industrial mill are not possible, a combination of analytical and physical studies was used to determine charge trajectory. Software packages, which predict charge motion such as the GMT (Grinding Media Trajectory) only consider the outermost layer of charge (single ball) and ignore the interactions of grinding elements. In this research, the measured charge trajectory in a 1m-diameter mill with the transparent end, called model mill, was compared with that of the GMT. Four types of polyurethane rings were accurately machined to scale down the liners arrangements at two industrial mills. To explore various charge shapes and trajectories, the model mill was operated at 55, 70 and 85% of critical speed for five levels of mill filling (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% by volume). The angular displacement of the toe, toe departure, shoulder and charge impact point were determined from the photographs taken from the model mill. New relationships to predict charge shape and charge impact points were introduced to modify the GMT results. The relationships were validated by the model mill using the new liner of the Sarcheshmeh copper complex SAG mill. The relative error of prediction was found to be 1.1%. The results indicated that when the lifter face angle increased from 7 to 30º, the distance between the charge impact point and the toe decreased from 52 to 31º for 25% filling. This meant increasing the probability of charge impacting the toe not the liner which favoured more efficient comminution practice. After converting AG mills to SAG mills on account of liner profile change, 31% increase in throughput (from 419 to 548 t/h) in addition to 4% decrease in the product size (from 516 to 496 µm) were realized which was a significant contribution in the plant performance improvement.

Sep 1, 2012

By U. M. J. Boin, E. V. Verhoef

Pyrometallurgical reactors constitute a key processing component in the total primary and industrial/recycling resource cycle, being involved both in primary smelting, converting and extraction, as well as the reprocessing of scrap, from aluminium cans to end-of-life automobiles. Therefore the pyrometallurgical reactor?s role in achieving sustainability is the central theme discussed in this paper since optimising their operation minimises waste, residue and offgas (NOx, dioxin, CO2) and maximises product quality and therefore efficiency. To effectively control the overall resource cycle, one needs to take a systems modelling approach of the whole cycle, seeking to also understand the dynamic process behaviour of the individual components of the cycle, and then especially the part that contributes most to the chemical conversion, namely the pyrometallurgical reactor. This paper highlights the role of pyrometallurgical thermodynamics in the whole resource cycle and specifically places equilibrium thermochemistry in the context of process dynamics where large, variable inventories are recycled or maintained within the system. This paper will therefore review the semi-empirical dynamic modelling tools, which are used to model complex systems with the specific goal of developing dynamic predictive models, which also include slag-alloy chemistry, towards controlling the recycling in a feed forward manner. To illustrate the primary production of metals, high carbon ferrochrome and Ni-Cu-matte smelting will be presented as a brief case study. Also fundamental studies in blast furnace and waste incineration kilns will be given. It also will show how the distributed nature of the chemistry of melts in the case of primary extraction, and industrial (recycling) materials such as recycled end-of-life vehicles, have a significant impact on the process outcomes and model predictions. It is therefore argued that the fundamental thermodynamics and kinetics in metallurgical reactors play a final crucial role in modelling the closed material cycle, but only when it is used in conjunction with process systems theory based on reconciled data for parameter estimation and model calibration. System models for aluminium and car recycling will be given as well as a dynamical system model that describes the interconnected material flows for Ag, Au, Bi, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, PGM, Sn and Zn for a study on lead-free solder.

Jan 1, 2003

The ball level and pulp load play a key role in the operation of industrial scale ball mills. These two operating variables have a significant influence on the performance of the ball mill and any attempts to optimize these devices require manipulating either one or both of these variables. There are several models that can be employed to perform simulations to optimize the performance of industrial ball mills. However, most of these models require ball load and pulp load measurements as inputs to calibrate the model. The changes suggested by the simulator also provide operating regimes that involve moving either the ball level or pulp load and sometimes both of these variables. A ball mill model coded in JKSimMet was used in conjunction with the Sensomag to optimize the secondary ball mill at Waterval concentrator in South Africa. The results show that the perfect mixing ball mill model can be used in conjunction with the Sensomag to optimize the performance of the secondary ball mill.

Sep 1, 2012